Drainage Engineering

The declining availability of fresh water has become a worldwide problem, which maintains the development of alternative, secondary quality water resources for agricultural use. Several studies recommend that give attention for selected crops that can tolerate a degree of water and salinity stresses when saline water is used for irrigation. In this study, the effects of different irrigation intervals at different salinity levels of irrigation water on Soybean yield and their impacts investigated using three irrigation intervals (I1 =3 days, I2=4 days and I3=5 days) with four salinity levels (S1=4 dSm-1, 5 dSm-1 and 6 dSm-1) in a factorial combination using CRD with three replications. The result showed that salinity, irrigation interval and their interaction were highly significance effects (p<0.001) on number of pod per plant, number of seed per plant and grain yield of Soybean. The highest number of pod number (88.33), grain yield (2.31 ton/ha) and number of seed per plant (172...

Desenvolver uma matriz energética cada vez mais limpa no Brasil constitui um grande desafio. Para garantir a segurança hídrica e alcançar as metas e compromissos assumidos nos acordos climáticos internacionais, é essencial que o país aumente e diversifique sua matriz por meio de fontes renováveis e sustentáveis. Nesse sentido, destaca-se o crescente investimento em projetos e construção de usinas fotovoltaicas, que aponta interessante complementaridade com a geração hidroelétrica, embora possa gerar impactos hidrológicos ainda pouco estudados. A implantação desses empreendimentos em grandes áreas enfrenta desafios, principalmente no que diz respeito ao manejo das águas pluviais dentro e fora do parque. A relevância deste trabalho consiste em discutir acerca da resposta hidrológica em parques solares e identificar os potenciais riscos associados à implantação de um sistema de drenagem, objetivando-se buscar ações inovadoras para tratar do tema. Em especial, incorporam-se os conhecimentos de ecodesign no desenvolvimento de soluções para o projeto de engenharia de drenagem. Mostra-se, a partir do conceito de economia circular (EC), como a solução aqui proposta está relacionada com o princípio da criação de valor compartilhado (CSV). Os resultados do trabalho indicam que a solução identificada é promissora pelos benefícios econômicos e socioambientais contabilizados.

Poor drainage contributes immensely to pavement deterioration and subsequently causing increased annual repair expenditure. The investigation is conducted to provide extensive diagnosis to point out the causes of roads problems associated with poor surface drainage and provides possible mitigation measures to overcome the problem in Khartoum state. Some cases of existing roads in different regions in Khartoum state, suffered from severe distresses and damages due to poor drainage were studied. The method used to assess the existing drainage system of the studied roads is field survey. Based on field observations, the drainage structures suffered from blockage with dumping wastes, inadequate inlets and outlet channels, failure of side walls and bed erosion. This critical situation of drainage, leads to severe distresses and damages of the investigated roads. The results revealed that the causes of drainage problem were found mainly linked to poor design, construction, and maintenance of drainage structures as well as negative attitude of residents. Finally, based on the investigation results, some recommendations are provided to design and construct adequate drainage system and apply proper maintenance in order to enhance pavement performance and life time.

A new technology (Capiphon Drainage Belt, or CDB) is applicable to drainage and irrigation tasks.  When compared with existing drainage technologies such as slotted pipe, the technology is expected to provide:
• simpler installation
• less clogging
• lower susceptibility to physical damage
• greater control of the water table, rather than simple overflow or excess water removal.

The CDB is a novel design that consists of multiple keyhole-section channels in a thin plastic belt.  The channels take up water by capillary action, and are not prone to clogging.  Once water is flowing in the tubes, it continues to flow by siphon action even if the belt is not laid on a uniform slope.
This paper is the first of a series that will report on tests into the effectiveness and behaviour of the new technology (CDB).  The simple field drainage trial reported in this paper will consist of a series of plots with conventional (ag pipe) and CDB drainage systems.
The plots will be slowly wet and then irrigated until steady state flow is achieved.  Irrigation or rain water supply and outflows from the various plots will be recorded.  Soil moisture conditions will be monitored by surface measurements and subsurface profiling using dielectric and resistivity methods.  Water samples will be taken for basic analysis of chemical and particulate parameters.  Trial plot testing and completion is underway now (August 2005) and results will be finalised in November 2005.  The plots will be turfed with a standard grass with known properties, allowing an estimate of evapotranspiration. 
It is hoped to achieve a steady state or pseudo steady state condition, allowing water balance modelling of the systems, and consequent indications of flow regimes and response behaviour.
Current results are for installation and costing comparisons, and preliminary static moisture contents and resistivity profiles.  The moisture content results show that the methodology will allow good definition of the profile and drainage systems.
The CDB is more expensive than traditional drainage materials, which was reflected in the costing for the trail plots.  Costing estimates for more typical installations indicate that CDB may not be more expensive than traditional drainage installations, due to the much lower installation costs.  When the behaviour of CDB is better understood, it is anticipated that revised layout and installation methods may further reduce these installation costs.  It is also expected that CDB would become cheaper as production and supplies increase.

Da tempo era sentita la necessità di raccogliere in un
volume la ricchezza patrimoniale presente nel Consorzio
di bonifica, una ricchezza purtroppo sconosciuta alla
maggior parte dei cittadini. Questa ricchezza è costituita
innanzitutto dalle risorse umane presenti, con la loro
professionalità, esperienza e cultura storica, che fino a non molti anni fa era tramandata oralmente da generazione in generazione, in secondo luogo vi è una ricchezza fisica costituita da costruzioni, archivi storici, biblioteche che sono serviti a rendere il territorio vivibile nei secoli ed a renderlo fertile così come oggi lo conosciamo.
Il libro è un maestro che ci accompagna per mano in un
itinerario storico turistico e si sofferma punto per punto
per illustrarci le varie opere d’arti con grande suggestione collegando i vari luoghi. Il patrimonio descritto rappresenta solo le opere principale e più suggestive ed interessanti per il lettore, ma è bene ricordare che esso è solo una minima parte dell’esistente ed ogni opera è collegata alle altre attraverso un sistema complicato di canali e corsi d’acqua che a partire dalla montagna giunge sino a Po. E’ un sistema affascinante che tutti dovrebbero conoscere in quanto elemento indispensabile per la vivibilità sul territorio.

Kecamatan Benowo merupakan kawasan kota tepi pantai yang potensial untuk pergudangan, perindustrian, dan perumahan. Dan dalam waktu dekat, akan ada beberapa pengembangan kawasan, salah satunya adalah kawasan perumahan Benowo. Kawasan perumahan Benowo terletak di DAS Romokalisari yang mana sering terjadi banjir setiap tahun. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya perencanaan sistem drainase untuk kawasan perumahan Benowo agar tidak terjadi banjir. Dalam perencanaan sistem drainase, perlu dilakukan beberapa analisis, antara lain analisis hidrologi dan analisis hidrolika. Analisis hidrologi digunakan untuk mencari debit banjir rencana. Analisis hidrolika digunakan untuk mencari dimensi saluran dan dimensi kolam tampung. Dalam perencanaan ini, kawasan perumahan Benowo dibagi menjadi enam blok, dengan dua saluran utama dan dua kolam tampung. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan, didapatkan curah hujan rencana periode ulang 5 dan 10 tahun masing-masing 83,78 mm dan 93,04 mm. Debit banjir rencana saluran utama 1 7,59 m3/s. Debit banjir rencana saluran utama 2 4,06 m3/s. Dimensi saluran utama 1 adalah 5×2 m. Dimensi saluran utama 2 adalah 3×2 m. Kolam tampung 1 direncanakan seluas 16.875 m2 dan dengan kedalaman 2,2 m. Kolam tampung 2 direncanakan seluas 6.348 m2 dan dengan kedalaman 2,2 m. Debit maksimum yang diizinkan masuk Sungai Romokalisari dengan pompa maupun pintu dari saluran utama 1 dan saluran utama 2 masing-masing adalah 5,13 m3/s dan 3 m3/s.

The most often remediation measure for landslide stabilisation is the construction of drainage system that controls the underground water as most often trigger for soil failure. Deep gravity drains are usually designed to reduce hydrostatic water pressure. Since the named pressure influence the soil strength by reducing the effective stress, the concept of preventing high water levels along the slope is for a long time recognized as remediation measure in practical geotechnical engineering. The construction phases for this kind of remediation measures are well known in local practice. It consists of excavation of trench that is usually performed in segments. After the excavation, the lean concrete is poured, drainage pipe is installed and covered first by filter material wrapped around by geotextile and later by granular material. Finally, near the top of the excavation, natural fine grained soil is used as trench cover for preventing the infiltration of surface water into the drainage system. This remediation measure is found as relatively cost effective and practical solution that is known to local construction companies for a long time. One of the practical examples is selected as case study for this manual. The details like construction sequence, geotechnical investigations, numerical analysis and practical construction details are presented in order to share experiences with this concept of landslide remediation. On the other hand, the shortcomings of this remediation approach are highlighted to draw the attention to practical engineers that will design it and construct it in the future.

As is well known, solar pavements are gaining more and more relevance in civil engineering due to their potential in terms of energy harvesting.
This notwithstanding, several issues still hinder these typologies from getting an outstanding role, among which their uncertain durability, their surface performance (friction, drainability, texture).
In the light of the above, the study described in this paper focuses on permeable and solar roadways.
An innovative pavement type was designed by means of the synergistic consideration of hydraulic- and transport-related issues and performance.
Once formulated and designed, the pavement underwent the preliminary feasibility study in terms of hydraulic and friction-based characteristics in order to assess its ability to perform satisfactory in dry and wet conditions.
Results of the study demonstrate that the idea of coupling energy harvesting and premium properties (such as permeability) can be further developed and future research will be devoted to produce a prototype.
The contributions of this study is to improve from a draining point of view the typical solar pavement structures. Results can benefit both practitioners and researchers.

Résumé – Jusqu’à la seconde guerre mondiale, la plaine littorale albanaise
était occupée par un vaste complexe de deltas, lagunes, marais et prairies
humides. Les travaux de bonification de la période communiste (1945-1990)
ont transformé ces écosystèmes en profondeur. L’assèchement et la mise en
culture furent d’une ampleur et d’une rapidité qui n’ont eu d’équivalent
en Europe que la bonifica integrale de l’Italie fasciste. L’étendue spatiotemporelle
de ces transformations et leurs conséquences sur les écosystèmes
sont ici présentées ainsi que le rôle des milieux humides placés au centre
de la politique agricole nationale. L’influence positive des bouleversements
socio-économiques de la période post-communiste sur le fonctionnement
hydrologique et la connectivité écologique des zones humides résiduelles
et leur renaturation progressive est soulignée. Si la plaine littorale joue
aujourd’hui un rôle crucial pour le pays, en concentrant une grande partie
de la population et la majorité des activités économiques, le complexe de
zones humides est aussi au centre d’enjeux environnementaux nationaux
et internationaux. En effet, de par sa situation géographique, il possède un
rôle écologique majeur (couloirs de migrations avifaunistiques) mais est
aussi à un carrefour entre de nouveaux pôles de développement de l’Albanie
et à la croisée de projets d’infrastructures internationales de transport
d’hydrocarbures. Cette situation nécessite la mise en place d’initiatives
et d’outils de gestion et de conservation adaptés à des écosystèmes dont
l’importance écologique dépasse largement le cadre national mais aussi à
des contraintes réglementaires liées à la récente signature par l’Albanie des
principales conventions environnementales internationales.

Abstract – The article concerns a region of the Balkans where the
people-wetland dynamic received little attention in academic studies
until the past decade: the Albanian coastal plain. It especially describes
the widespread and rapid elimination of wetlands by drainage and the
concurrent land reclamation for agricultural purposes with crossnational
comparisons at the same time. In this work, transformations
of coastal wetlands in Albania during the communist period, from 1945
to 1990, which deeply altered aquatic ecosystems, local biodiversity
(especially birds) and physical environment, are presented (especially
for the coastal hydrosystem and sediment fluxes). This diachronic
cartographic-based analysis has allowed an understanding of the rapid
anthropogenic changes that have affected the coastal plain and the
evolving role of wetlands for society in socialist Albania, then during the
post-socialist period from the 1990s. The key role played nowadays for
the country’s economy by the coastal plain, which contains the greatest
part of the population, as well as most of the economic activity and
agricultural production, induces in turn collateral damages and major
environmental challenges for both the conservation and restoration of
remaining wetlands.

Sustainable drainage approaches are expanding in function to include water harvesting, water storage and renewable energy. These multi-functions are expected to continue to expand in view of changing climate, water scarcity and rising cost of energy as well as the need to pursue sustainable approaches and resource optimization. This chapter explores the transition from conventional drainage system to sustainable drainage system as well as the multi-benefit applications of sustainable drainage techniques. It appears that the sustainability score card of sustainable drainage systems is also expanding to include other components which are not related to the four pillars of SuDS, but are also sustainable, such as renewable energy generation and water harvesting. It is expected that these expanding functions would drive increased adoption of the technology even in developing countries.

Keywords: Sustainable drainage, renewable energy, water harvesting, stormwater
Access: https://novapublishers.com/shop/stormwater-sources-monitoring-and-management/

The Unus Drainage System (UDS) is one of the drainage systems in the city of Mataram. Nowdays, this catchment area in the UDS has a fairly large and rapid change in land use, from agricultural land to housing, building shops, offices and other buildings, so causing floods in several area. New construction and maintenance of drainage channels have been carried out by several agencies, both the City, Provincial, and Central Government, but the development are still partial or not comprehensive, so that many inundation problems become moved to other place and not resolved properly. For this reason, it is necessary to do zonation of the drainage network and its catchment area in order to facilitate the arrangement of drainage network. The objectives of this study are to find out the drainage network and catchment area of each drainage channel, so that the mapping can be made, and to evaluate the drainage channels capacity or the ability of the drainage channels to accommodate runoff. The conclusions of research are the results of mapping or zonation of the UDS are divided into 20 Primary Drainage Blocks in the Right UDS and 10 Primary Drainage Blocks in the Left UDS, the capacity evaluation of the existing drainage channel in this system is that most primary channels are still able to accommodate flood discharge, except the Sekarbela, Asrama Gebang, and Abian Tubuh Mayura primary channel. With zonation and evaluation the capacity of this drainage channel, planning for the development and maintenance of drainage system can be integrated and comprehensive, so that flood control can be better in accordance with its priorities.

Heinrich Martin or Henrico Martínez was aparently a German from Hamburg who came with Viceroy Velasco II to Mexico with a royal title as cosmographer, serving also as translator to the Inquisition and was some years later in Charge to inaugurate what later became the "desagüe de Huehuetoca". The article resumes the scarce Information on this self-declared Hamburg-Born imigrant to New Spain.

Groundwater from a shallow unconfined aquifer at a site in coastal New South Wales has been causing recent water logging issues. A trend of rising groundwater level has been anecdotally observed over the last 10 years. It was not clear whether the changes in groundwater levels were solely natural variations within the groundwater system or whether human interference was driving the level up. Time series topographic images revealed significant surrounding land use changes and human modification to the environment of the groundwater catchment. A statistical model utilising HARTT (multiple linear regression hydrograph analysis method) simulated the groundwater level dynamics at five key monitoring locations and successfully showed a trend of rising groundwater level. Utilising hydrogeological input from field investigations the model successfully simulated the rise in the water table over time to the present day levels, whilst taking into consideration rainfall and land changes. The underlying geological / land conditions were found to be just as significant as the impact of climate variation. The correlation coefficient for the monitoring bores, excluding MB4, show that the groundwater level fluctuation can be explained by the climate variable (rainfall) with the lag time between the atypical rainfall and groundwater level ranging from 4 to 7 months. The low R2 value for MB4 indicates that there are factors missing in the model which are primarily related human interference. The elevated groundwater levels in the affected area are the result of long term cumulative land use changes, instigated by humans, which have directly resulted in detrimental changes to the groundwater aquifer properties.

URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2175/106143017X14839994523785

A study was conducted to assess the performance of surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems using different irrigation water levels on water distribution in soil and wetting pattern and in order to establish relationship of moisture content, distance and depth relationship. The field experiment was conducted in sandy loam soil from October, 2014 to May, 2015 in the farm of University of Rwanda (UR) Nyagatare Campus. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with three replications to study the effect of depth of placement of drip lateral and different levels of irrigation water. The treatments are three levels of depth of laterals i.e. at surface, 10 cm depth from surface and 20 cm depth from surface. Soil moisture content at 0, 20 and 40 cm distances from emitter, and depths at 0-15, 15-30 cm depths was determined every 30 days before and 24 hours after irrigation to estimate soil profile moisture depletion. Based on wetting pattern radius, a linear equation was developed to evaluate relationship at the surface drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation at two considered depths (10 cm and 20 cm). For Vertical wetted depth, they were: Y (0 cm) = 0.217X + 5.2203, R 2 = 0.9532 (surface drip), Y (10 cm) = 0.2996X + 5.8946, R 2 = 0.9647 (subsurface drip, 10 cm depth) and Y (20 cm) = 0.2927X + 6.7402, R 2 = 0.957 (subsurface drip, 20 cm depth). In case of horizontal wetted radius, the obtained equations were: Y (0 cm) = 0.217X + 5.2203, R 2 = 0.9532 (surface drip), Y (10 cm) = 0.2996X + 5.8946, R 2 = 0.9647 (subsurface drip, 10 cm depth) and Y (20 cm) = 0.2927X + 6.7402, R 2 = 0.957 (subsurface drip, 20 cm depth). All these values of regression coefficients indicated that the variation of vertical wetting front and horizontal wetted radius was highly correlated to the time increase.

Drain depth and spacing Soil salinity Sum of water table exceedance Water table depth a b s t r a c t Water and land are the two natural resources restraining crop production in South Africa. With the increasing demand for food, emphasis has shifted from the sole reliance on rain fed crop production, to irrigation. The deterioration in irrigation water quality from surface water sources is, however, posing a big challenge to the sustainability of irrigated crop production. This is because more water is required for leaching, resulting in shallow water tables in agricultural lands. The installation of well designed sub-surface drainage systems alone is not enough; the provision of timely maintenance is also necessary. In this study, the extent and severity of problems as a consequence of shallow water tables and their possible causes were investigated at three sugarcane fields in Pongola, South Africa, having low hydraulic conductivity soils. Also investigated were soil salinity levels and the temporal variation in the salinity of the irrigation water. A water table map of a 32 ha sugarcane field was generated, using observed water table depth (WTD) data from 36 piezometers monitored from September 2011 to February 2012. Out of the total 32 ha under cultivation, 12% was found to be affected by shallow WTDs of less than the 1.0 m design WTD. The inability of natural drainage to cope with subsurface drainage needs and the poor maintenance of subsurface drainage systems contributed to the shallow water tables in the area. Furthermore, the currently adopted drainage design criteria also proved unsatisfactory with mean observed water table depth and drainage discharge (DD) of 20% and 50%, respectively, less than their respective design levels. The salinity of the irrigation water was, on average, 32% higher than threshold tolerance level of sugarcane. The root zone soil salinity levels at the three study sites were greater than the 1.7 dS m À1 threshold for sugar cane. The subsurface drainage design criteria adopted at the site needs to be revisited by ensuring that the slope of the land is taken into consideration in the drainage design in addition to adhering to a recommended maintenance schedule.

There is a closely relationship between geomorphological formation, development processes and the establishment, development of drainage network. Factors such as fluvial processes, tectonism and structure affect the geomorphological structure of the basins and the drainage network. This allows us to learn about the relationship between the geomorphological evolution of the basins, the types of drainage networks and topography. This morphological structure and the effects of the processes can be interpreted by the numerical values obtained by the morphometric analysis. In this study, Dilderesi Basin, which is located in the Kocaeli Plateau and which mostly flows in the north-south direction, has been investigated. In the research, the boundaries of the basin and the geological, geomorphological and hydrographic characteristics were determined through the DEM data transferred to the ArcGIS program. In addition to this, morphometric indices were applied for better explanation of the drainage network with the geomorphological structure of the basin. Morphometric index results and previous researches, maps and field studies were analyzed and evaluated. As a result of the information obtained, the Dilderesi basin had a topographic view close to the maturity stage, however, it was found that drainage lines were far from being fully mature in profile due to lithological differences and active tectonics. In addition, asymmetric structure was found in the upper and lower parts of the basin, tectonism was observed in the valleys. Although there is generally a dendritic drainage network in the basin, different drainage types can be seen due to many factors in morphological development.

CHIARA VISENTIN, Percorsi nel paesaggio culturale e architettonico della bonifica idraulica, in Manuel Ramello (A CURA DI), La
riconversione del patrimonio industriale. Il caso del territorio Casalese nella prospettiva italiana ed europea, Editore Alinea,
Firenze 2014, pp.44-49, ISBN 978-8860558091.

Il paesaggio italiano, un paesaggio antico che è stato plasmato nel modo in cui oggi tutti lo vediamo (o lo dovremmo conoscere), deriva in modo indissolubile dalla forte e continua interazione con le identità delle comunità locali che permangono su di esso. Un reciproco e ininterrotto scambio di memorie e rapporti. Un territorio che è una sorta di museo a cielo aperto, come testualmente, e in modo molto semplicistico, il sito ufficiale del turismo italiano cita essere: “Oggi l’Italia, che vanta il 65% di tutte le opere d’arte e dei monumenti di valore artistico presenti nel mondo, è un vero e proprio museo a cielo aperto: visitarla significa non solo entrare in contatto con il passato ma anche vivere il presente con una varietà infinita di culture, dialetti, gastronomie, tradizioni” : osservazione questa si spera volutamente semplificata, ma che dovrebbe significare il fondamentale nesso contesto-storia-città che è l’Italia e il suo paesaggio. Conoscere il nostro paesaggio diventa perciò un dovere: lo attraversiamo continuamente, lo vediamo da svariati punti di vista  (da terra, dal treno, dall’aereo o dal satellite, dalla bicicletta) eppure non lo guardiamo, eppure non lo conosciamo.

A large number cut slope failures were observed along the existing railway and motorway routes in coherent materials. Most of such a failures were trigged by heavy rainfall that causes increment of pore water pressure and reduces the soil strength by reducing the effective stress. The most practical and cost effective solution for remediation after this kind of failures is to perform the toe improvement by replacing the existing material with crushed stone granular material. This kind of material has favourable mechanical and hydraulic conductivity properties. Namely, along with slope draining, it provides additional shear resistance in comparing to in situ coherent material. The construction phases for this type of retaining structures will be defined by presenting the details of practical case study. Since this remediation measure is found as cost effective solution that is adopted to local construction companies for a long time, it is not surprising that it was involved in mentioned project as well. The details like construction sequence, geotechnical investigations, numerical analysis and practical construction details are presented in order to promote this type of landslides remediation meassure. On the other side, some shortcomings of this method are highlighted to draw the attention to practical engineers that will use it as design solution in the future.

Buy the book for € 39,95 incl.  P&P from www.hoornseboekhandel.nl 600 pages in four volumes, full colour, hundreds of illustrations, state of the art research in dikes, palynology, settlements, material culture (metal, import ceramics), house building, crafts, The Dutch Golden Age wealth and poverty, Scandinavian and Baltic wood trade, sea worms, windmills/sluices, tidal landscapes, WW2 and the Cold War, flooding/land loss and water board organization during the late medieval and modern period.
Abstract in English and German.
Fully annotated and indexed.
For content see www.stiawf.nl