Elektronika

Abstrak— Rendahnya kemampuan peserta didik dalam memahami konsep-konsep abstrak dalam proses pembelajaran memerlukan adanya solusi berupa penerapan alat peraga sehingga meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi belajar. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan alat ukur untuk menentukan kelajuan bunyi di udara menggunakan sensor ultrasonik berbasis Arduino. Metode rancang bangun alat ukur terdiri dari perangkat keras (hardware) dan perangkat lunak (sotfware). Rancang bangun alat ukur laju bunyi di udara dikembangkan dengan memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonik sebesar 40 kHz yang dibangkitkan oleh sensor ultrasonik tipe HY-SRF05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat ukur yang telah dikembangkan mampu mengukur laju bunyi di udara pada suhu 250C. Hasil pengukuran laju bunyi di udara yang diperoleh menggunakan alat ukur yang dikembangkan adalah sebesar 348,3 m/s dengan persentase error sebesar 2,29%..Kata kunci: laju bunyi, sensor ultrasonik, Arduino— Students’ ability which is very low in comprehend...

The paper presents the impact of different slippage of driving sistems of the crawler tractors on the dinamics changes of the parameters values mechanical properties on the marsh area (shear stress, moment of torsion, cone index - CI) . The analysis of the results (Ivanovo area) has shown a different increase of the shear stress for the tractor BNT-105 tracks trail (in comparison with the untreaded soil), with the smallest tractor tracks slippage δ=3%, (10-30 cm depth) from 6.96 to 13.74 kPa. The analysis of the shear stress mean values, with the biggest tracks slippage (δ=10%) has shown the following changes from 8.19 to 14.05 kPa. The analysis of the results for tractor TG-160 (Makiš area), has shown a different increase of the shear stress in the tracks trail, with the smallest slippage of the tracks (δ=3%), at the same soil depth, of the shear stress is 8.53 to 17.12 kPa. The analysis of the shear stress mean values, for maximum slippage δ=10%, has shown the changes from 8.50 to...

A car driver often had trouble to park his car a narrow location, caused by a narrow parking area on the wane.Also, cars had often crashed the electric pillar or scratched the car on the wall while retreat. The problem was the driverdidn’t know condition behind vehicle because of limited of view. The research aimed to make a system that can easily helpdriver in parking his car, by using of ultrasonic parking sensor. The method used in sensor scheme parks is ultrasonicisensor to detect and measure car and balk distance by utilising of 851 family microcontroller as the main system. Theresult indicates that ultrasonic censor effective deep measurement was on distance of 2 cm – 30 m. It is that enoughultrasonic censor is effective to be implemented on censor parks.

Electrical equipment e.g. smartphones, notebooks represent one of the fastest growing waste (WEEE) stream. These electrical devices contain a lot of rare earth elements, platinum group metals, precious metals and other valuable metals. Critical raw materials can be recovered from electronic waste and recycled into the manufacturing process, thus significantly reducing dependence on primary sources, but the mining of these remain strategic importanc

Visual servoing merupakan sebuah metode umpan balik pada kendali gerak robot menggunakan teknologi vision. Teknologi ini dapat di aplikasikan di berbagai bidang seperti robotika, teknik kendali, industri, pendidikan, petanian, kedokteran, dan lain sebagainya. Dengan banyaknya manfaat tersebut, trainer visual servoing perlu dikembangkan sebagai media pembelajaran khususnya mata kuliah robotika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan rancangan, menguji unjuk kerja, dan mengetahui tingkat kelayakan trainer visual servoing yang sesuai media pebelajaran mata kuliah Robotika. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research and Development dengan tahapan: (1) mengidentifikasi masalah penelitian (2) pengumpulan data, (3) desain produk, (4) validasi desain, (5) revisi desain, (6) uji coba produk, (7) revisi produk, (8) uji coba pemakaian, dan (9) revisi produk. Objek penelitian adalah media pembelajaran visual servoing. Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Teknik Elektronika...

Sensor arus listrik merupakan sensor yang dapat mendeteksi terjadinya kebocoran arus listrik pada water heater. Sensor akan mendeteksi terjadinya kebocoran arus listrik dalam aliran air dari water heater. Sensor dibuat dari elektroda tembaga yang ditanam dalam pipa PVC. Pengujian sensor dilakukan terhadap variasi tegangan pada hambatan tetap dan variasi hambatan pada tegangan tetap. Variasi tegangan AC dilakukan dari 0 sampai 220 volt sementara variasi hambatan mulai dari 1 KW sampai 100 KW. Kondisi hambatan 1 KW mewakili hambatan kulit tubuh manusia dalam keadaan basah dan 100 KW mewakili hambatan kulit tubuh dalam keadaan kering terisolasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sensasi syok tidak nyeri mulai dapat dirasakan pada tegangan 30 V arus sebesar 5,16 mA pada kondisi hambatan 1 KW. Sementara pada kondisi kebocoran tegangan 220 V, sensasi syok tidak nyeri mulai dirasakan pada kondisi hambatan tubuh 42 KW dengan arus sebesar 4,99 mA.

Abstrak— Teknologi Robot merupakan karya terbaik yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia modern saat ini untuk mempermudah semua pekerjaan manusia. Perkembangan dunia robot saat ini akan difokuskan pada robot yang memiliki fitur mirip manusia. Bahkan diharapkan memiliki kemampuan berinteraksi dan berperilaku seperti manusia yaitu robot humanoid, mekanisme dari gerakan robot humanoid memiliki derajat kebebasan Degree of Freedom (DOF). Layaknya pada manusia robot diberi kemampuan penglihatan untuk mendeteksi adanya objek yang ditangkap secara real time Penelitian kepala robot 2 degree of freedom (DOF) untuk pendeteksi wajah secara real time menggunakan metode Deep Integral Image Cascade untuk deteksi wajahnya. Untuk keakurasian pendeteksi wajah dengan real time pada penelitian ini dengan pengujian akurasi terbesar adalah 95,25% dengan waktu respons pendeteksi tercepat 7 detik dengan waktu terlama 8,55 second rata-rata data citra semuanya tidak terdeteksi dengan benarKata kunci: Ras...

Logic gates are basic components in digital systems that are responsible for performing logic operations such as AND, OR, NOT, and so on. This research aims to investigate the basic concepts of logic gates, including their types, operating principles, and applications in digital technology. Through a comprehensive literature study and in-depth analysis, we summarize various important aspects related to logic gates. Our findings show that a good understanding of logic gates is essential in designing efficient and reliable digital circuits. We also highlight the challenges and opportunities in the development of more advanced logic gates in the future. It is hoped that this research will make a positive contribution to our understanding of logic gates and drive innovation in digital technology.

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang menyelesaian Sistem Persamaan Linear Fuzzy dengan Membanding kan Metode Iterasi Jacobi dan Metode Iterasi Gauss-Seidel. Metode iterasi Jacobi merupakan salah satu metode tak langsung, yang bermula dari suatu hampiran Metode iterasi Jacobi ini digunakan untuk menyelesaikan persamaan linier yang proporsi koefisien nol nya besar. Iterasi dapat diartikan sebagai suatu proses atau metode yang digunakan secara berulang-ulang (pengulangan) dalam menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan matematika ditulis dalam bentuk . Pada metode iterasi Gauss-Seidel, nilai-nilai yang paling akhir dihitung digunakan di dalam semua perhitungan. Jelasnya, di dalam iterasi Jacobi, menghitung dalam bentuk . Setelah mendapatkan Hasil iterasi kedua Metode tersebut maka langkah selanjutnya membandingkan kedua metode tersebut dengan melihat jumlah iterasinya dan nilai Galatnya manakah yang lebih baik dalam menyelesaikan Sistem Persamaan Linear Fuzzy. Kata kunci: Sistem Persamaan Linear Fuz...

INDONESIA: Skripsi ini membahas tentang solusi numerik persamaan Forced Korteweg de Vries (KdV) yang merupakan persamaan diferensial parsial nonlinier orde tiga dengan menggunakan metode beda hingga skema Crank-Nicolson. Langkah awal adalah dilakukan diskritisasi pada persamaan Forced KdV dengan metode beda maju terhadap waktu dan beda pusat terhadap ruang, kemudian diterapkan skema Crank-Nicolson. Selanjutnya linierisasi dengan menggunakan aproksimasi deret Taylor agar mendapatkan persamaan yang linier. Dalam skripsi ini juga dibahas kestabilan dari metode yang digunakan dengan menggunakan metode stabilitas von Neumann, dalam hal ini didapatkan bahwa metode tersebut adalah stabil tanpa syarat. Analisis konsistensi juga disajikan dalam skripsi ini, hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai galat orde dua dan . Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa metode tersebut konsisten. Selanjutnya juga disajikan simulasi dan interpretasi yang menunjukkan bahwa perhitungan yang dilakukan sudah benar dan se...

An electronic circuit that functions to block or hold signals with intermediate frequencies (median) and will forward signals between low frequencies and high frequencies is the definition of a Notch Filter. The Band Stop Filter, also often referred to as the Notch Filter, is a combination of a Low Pass Filter and a High Pass Filter connected in parallel. This connection differs from the Band Pass Filter, which connects the Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter in series. This study aims to discuss the simulation of the Sallen-key notch filter Circuit. The author also conducts real simulations to prove the Circuit by changing or adjusting the value of the components installed in the Circuit so that the frequency response is according to the target. The purpose and role of the Sallen-key notch filter and the working principle of the theory of each filter used. The research method used in the research work is to carry out virtual simulations using virtual simulators and live simulations

The paper discusses in what degree the usage of agricultural tractor tires with lower rolling resistance can benefit in traction. The component of the rolling resistance due to deflection that depends on tire design characteristics and that considerably easy can be measured is analyzed. The resistance of tires due to the deflection, for tires made by different manufacturers, was determined experimentally. Using numerical traction model, influence of measured values on the tractor’s tractive performance was analyzed. Obtained results show significant difference of deflection resistance for different tires and imply that tire selection for tractors mainly used for transport on road or firm soils can be based on selection of tires with lower rolling resistance. This can be significant for our practice where agricultural tractors are widely used for transport.U radu se utvrđuje u kolikoj meri korišćenje pogonskih pneumatika poljoprivrednog traktora sa manjim otporima kotrljanja može da ...

ABSTRAK Jenis catu daya yang sering digunakan untuk praktikum elektronika dasar adalah adjustable power supply karena membutuhkan arus relative rendah dengan tegangan bervariasi. Sistem keamanan yang umum digunakan untuk power supply biasanya berupa sekring. Jika terjadi arus berlebih dari sekring yang telah terpasang akibat kesalahan rangkaian atau pengkabelan akan membuat sistem proteksi ini aktif maka akan diperlukan pergantian sekring. Untuk memberi peringatan bagi mahasiswa saat terjadi arus berlebih di Laboratorium Elektronika Dasar Politeknik Negeri Malang, dirangkailah sebuah catu daya yang dapat diatur dengan menggunakan proteksi arus memanfaatkan IC LM 723 untuk level operasi catu daya 2 Ampere. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan 2 sistem proteksi yang diterapkan pada catu daya yaitu menggunakan buzzer sebagai sistem peringatan dan sekring sebagai pemutus arus. Penelitian ini akan menjelaskan tahapan pembuatan dan pengujian sistem. Sistem membatasi arus kerja maksimum 2.5 Amp...

Penelitian ini membahas tentang menyelesaikan permasalahan-permasalahan persamaan polinomial dengan perbandingan penyelesaian persamaan polinomial menggunakan metode Muller dan metode Birge-Vieta dengan bantuan Program R berdasarkan akar, galat terkecil, iterasinya dan waktu komputasi. Persamaan polinomial merupakan persamaan yang sering ditemui pada banyak analisis problem. Persamaan yang digunakan penulis pada penelitian ini meggunakan persamaan berderajat 4 yaitu , persamaan berdejat 5 yaitu , persamaan berderajat 6 yaitu  dan persamaan berderajat 7 yaitu . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada metode Muller membutuhkan iterasi yang sedikit dan memperoleh akar berubah akar real dan komplek, tetapi galatnya masih besar dan membutuhkan waktu komputasi yang panjang, sedangkan pada metode Birge-vieta membutuhkan iterasi yang lebih banyak dan akar yang diperoleh berupa akar real saja, tetapi galatnya kecil dan membutuhkan waktu komputasi yang lebih sedikit.

The article presents the 17-year history (2005-2022) of the Polish Chapter of the Electromagnetic Compatibility Society operating within the Polish Section of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (USA), starting with a descrip-tion of its creation and presentation of its subsequent Boards. The objectives of the Chapter's operation, various forms of its activities and the most important achievements are described. The main attention was paid to the period of spe-cial activity and achievements of the IEEE EMC-S-PL Chapter from mid-2020, when a new initiative called the EMC Mara-thon was launched and effectively implemented in the form of interactive webinars devoted to the broadly understood subject of electromagnetic compatibility. Various forms of integration of the Chapetr’s members, marketing and popu-larization of the field of electromagnetic compatibility were also shown, as well as their importance for the specialists involved in it and its sympathizers.

Compact antenna, appropriate gain, high efficiency, wide bandwidth, minimum envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), large total active reflection coefficient (TARC) bandwidth, and low specific absorption rate (SAR) are certain conditions set on the present/future generations of wireless communication antennas with the lowest cost of implementation. A compact low profile folded MIMO antenna has been designed using CST tool to cover application at 5.2 GHz. The reported folded MIMO antenna has bandwidth of 600 MHz (5.0-5.6 GHz) and has fractional bandwidth of 11.32 % along with the compact size of 37.5 × 17.0 mm2 . The reported MIMO antenna has ECC of < 10-2. The proposed folded MIMO antenna resonates at 5.2 GHz and has return loss of -44.0 dB. The inter-port isolation in antenna ports is > 11.50 dB in the defined frequency band. The response of TARC shows > 580 MHz of bandwidth with pair of excitation angles at antenna ports. The gain of antenna is > 3.0 dBi in the operati...

The paper presents the methodology to compute modulo multiplication with the moduli set 2n, 2n−1, 2n+1. In addition to this, designs of the modulo multipliers, namely 2n, 2n−1, and 2n+1 (with n = 4, 8, and 16), have been proposed which are based on half adders, full adders, 4:3 compressor, 7:3 compressor, and the multi-column compressor namely 5,5:4. The gate level design of 4:3 compressor is carried out by solving the truth table using the K-map reduction. To verify the functionalities we have implemented the proposed modulo multipliers using VHDL coding in Xilinx 14.2 design suite. Simulation using Virtex-6 device has been performed to estimate delay, power consumption, and power-delay product (PDP). Moreover, the modulo multipliers are simulated in Cadence RC compiler using 0.18 µm technology to estimate the area. One of the major contributions to the arts of this work is in the partial product reduction stage which utilizes the multi-column 5,5:4 compressor to reduce power and a...

The paper presents the mid-term results of the implementation of Master study program on Digital Broadcasting and Broadband Technologies in Western Balkans countries. In this period the teaching courses are developed and the corresponding laboratory equipment is acquired. The project takes part of the Erasmus+ program for Capacity Building in Higher Education. In the rest of the project lifetime the new courses will be carried out altogether with laboratory exercises.

This paper presents transistor level design ofoperational transconductance amplifier in CMOS technology.Custom designed, circuit is to be built-in into the mixed-signal,switched capacitor circuit. Amplifier targets relatively high slewrateand moderate open loop gain with megahertz order gainbandwidth.Adopted architecture is discussed appreciatingapplication in switched capacitor circuits. Circuit behavior isexamined through set of simulations. Obtained results confirmeddesired behavior. Target technology process is TSMC 350nm.

Pada penelitian ini dibahas keakurasian metode shooting/tembakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah kondisi batas Dirichlet pada persamaan Sturm-Liouville yang berbentuk persamaan diferensial orde dua, dengan kondisi batas Dirichlet. Persamaan Sturm-Liouville diselesaikan numerik menggunakan metode shooting. Simulasi numerik dilakukan dengan beberapa nilai  (ukuran langkah). Keakurasian metode shooting diperoleh dengan cara dibandingkan solusi numeriknya terhadap solusi eksak, serta dibandingkan dengan solusi numerik menggunakan metode beda hingga. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa metode tembakan (shooting) menghasilkan solusi numerik yang lebih baik untuk mengaproksimasi masalah kondisi batas pada persamaan Sturm-Liouville dibandingkan metode beda hingga karena menghasilkan kesalahan numerik yang lebih kecil.

This paper proposes an innovative experimentation for communication between two computers. The proposed technique uses FSK modulator and demodulator as a modem. A file or data from one PC can be transferred to another PC in serial form by using Hyper Terminal and USB to TTL converter. The purpose of design of this experiment is to study the basic technical concepts of interfacing analog ICs and electronic circuits with PC, use of USB to TTL converter, serial data transmission of PC, use of Hyper Terminal, understanding the concept of Acoustic Coupling, by using the existing set up in the lab.

This article's focus is on the numerical estimation of the overall instability of microelectromechanical-system-based (MEMS) resonators, caused by intrinsic noise mechanisms that are different in nature (electrical, mechanical or chemical). Heterogeneous intrinsic noise sources in MEMS resonators that have been addressed here are Johnson–Nyquist noise, 1/f noise, noise caused by temperature fluctuations and adsorptiondesorption induced noise. Their models are given first (based on analytical modeling or based on empirical expressions with experimentally obtained parameters). Then it is shown how each one contributes to the phase noise, a unique figure of merit of resonators instability. Material dependent constants  and knee position in noise spectrum, needed for empirical formulae referring to 1/f noise, have been obtained experimentally, by measurements of noise of MEMS components produced in the Centre of Microelectronic Technologies of the Institute of Chemistry, Technology...

The development of modern electronics and computers has important influence on agriculture and working machine industry. The most high-tech electronic configurations are applied on modern agriculture and working machine. The application of electronics components on agriculture and working machine makes easier operateds work, and also has huge influence on safety and security. The modem transmission systems, fueling systems, braking systems, machine managing, as well as working process's control, must be controled by modern electronics components, with managing and controling working process. Higher development level of mechanical components of machine, is the precondition for properly using of electronics compoments. The special role in development modern agriculture technics has electronical systems for posing machines in the field. (GPS). GPS systems have possibility to register many parameters and information about effects, income, fuel's consumotion and other machine&#39...