Error

This is a contemplative article that examines the question of whether we have a right to end our lives at our own will and timing, that deals briefly with Joiner's Theory of Suicide and that provides a metaphysical answer and demystifies suicide and sheds light on the question whether God will punish suicide.

The development of automatic narrative systems has been largely driven by the engineering tendency to anthropomorphize the machine logic so they can ‘tell stories’ similar to how humans do. From the artists’ perspective, however, the experimentation with their media is often more important than the (plausibility of) storytelling, and it often unfolds in non-verbal events that have a potential to generate diverse narratives through experience of the audience. We discuss the emergence of the creative practices that enrich the poetic repertoire of new media art by playfully utilizing the machine flaws, irregularities, errors and systemic technical imperfections thus revealing the human biases and fallacies entangled with technology. One of the implications of these practices is that if the AI research opens up a broader space in which a machine could achieve its own authorial voice, our concept and understanding of the narrative would need to be reconsidered.

This paper analyzes secondary and primary source literature written about William Marshal - a comparatively famous 12th century knight - in order to determine what influences his reputation has had on authors, as well as what consequential perceptions there are of him due to that distortion.

A failed business operation due to a mistake or error is the last thing that Managers do not want to hear in business. Since workplace errors have serious direct ramifications on business and career of staff, management always wants smooth operations to achieve the desired objectives. This study therefore, works to design and develop a comprehensive Error Proofing Plan taking into account various critical factors that cause industrial errors. The Study researches that; if staff and workforce trained systematically along with machines properly programmed or installed, plus workers can exercise very careful moral due diligence in all their work processes and steps, mistakes are practically impossible to occur. However, or at the least they are easy to detect and correct. Research also speaks about how robust mistake proofing policies can be implemented and achieved for Organizational prosperity.

As the use of qualitative inquiry increases within the field of social work, researchers must consider the issue of establishing rigor in qualitative research. This article presents research procedures used in a study of autoethnographies that were written regarding the experience of being Jewish. In this project, the researchers utilized reflexivity, audit trail, triangulation by observer, peer debriefing, member check and prolonged engagement in order to manage the threats to trustworthiness as discussed by Padgett (1998). Implications of the project suggest that research procedures utilized by qualitative researchers to establish rigor are an important way to increase our confidence that the voice of the participants is heard, therefore fitting the mission of the social work profession.

Writing plays an integral role in English students' academic life. Background study reveals that 'grammar' is one of the most significant challenges concerning students' academic writing performance. The present paper aims to find out the grammatical difficulties that university students face in their academic writing and to identify the causes of this problem. Furthermore, the study seeks to investigate the strategies and solutions to tackle this problem. Data in this research were collected from 200 students of B.A. in Education (with the sub-major in English) at the University of Nizwa in Oman. The samples were students' assignments throughout the semester. A table of frequency was formed to list the type of grammatical errors and the number of times the mistake was observed. Three grammatical points, namely, tenses, adverbs and pronouns were students' most frequent mistakes. Then an interview was conducted with the students to figure out their perception of the mistakes in their academic writing skill. Students' perception was looked into against their actual mistakes in writing. Finally, the sources of these errors were investigated in the background study and the related literature, and some pedagogical implications were made. The method of research in this study is qualitative.

Accounting is more integrated with the technology today compared to the previous years. The increase in a variety of technological developments and commercial transactions has further increased the number and type of errors as well as frauds related to the accounting profession. This causes misleading information for several stakeholders. Stakeholdes sometimes make false decisions based on the financial statements created as a result of false and fraudulent transactions. In order to minimize the errors and frauds concerning the accounting system of enterprises, effective internal controls and auditing systems should be in order. It is evident that, setting up the required internal controls and auditing systems reduce asset losses and provide great benefits in the long run for firms. Existence of strong internal controls and auditing systems in enterprises has gained great importance in Turkey. This study provides information about the audit techniques that can minimize accounting re...

There is a particular space-time combination in which poetry is meant to find its perfect place, its perfect happening: it’s the meridian moment, the midday spent in a locus amoenus singing and playing along with fellow-poets. It seems to be what Bachtin defines as a cronotope. Anyway, in lyric poetry this time-space reveals itself to be more and more a foundational ideal. In the bucolic world a man has to renounce personal experience, because it is a place full of (re-told) stories but without Story. Lyric poetry, instead, needs existential experience. Even bucolic love is not suffered by the subject as much as elegiac love, it does not possess the same degree of reality. The bucolic midday could be desired and invoked as a utopia of eternal harmony, but it cannot be real in a lyric text. Even when the (young) subject finds himself in the middle of such locus amoenus – as Freud shows in his story – he has to reject the full situational enjoyment and think that behind all that vital splendour there is always the constant menace of time and death. The subject defines himself in the desiring position and he is too attracted and tied to the object to abandon it and turn his mind toward abstraction as a true philosopher would (platonically) do. Finally, the investigation of the topos will lead to a reconsideration of Lacan’s idea of artistic creativity as a sublimation.

The paper shows that the RG score, used by the Researchgate open scientific gateway, is seriously flawed. The hard-core center of the RG Score, besides interactions, is the journal impact factor system, used in the RG Score and the overall ranking of journal publications. Upon closer inspection, it is evident that RG impact factors are based on the geographically and culturally very biased Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge (WoK) database, but that the RG team even commits errors and omissions in feeding the original WoK impact factor data into the RG system.

Scopus, the fierce Thomson Reuters competitor, managed by Elsevier, offers a database, which is geographically much more diverse and already includes 18.854 journals, and only 30% of them are located in the United States of America. Scopus indeed is far better suited to serve as the basis of journal impact factor calculations than the Web of Knowledge data base, especially from the viewpoint of the rising scientific power of the BRIC countries, but also from the viewpoint of the growing knowledge power of other rapidly advancing developing countries, among them in the Muslim world.

Now what seems to happen is that while the RG impact factor data for most medical journals and science journals, checked by the present author, like the impact factor for the famous medical journals as the “The Lancet” (38.28) and “New England Journal of Medicine” seem to coincide with the current WoK figures, there are severe errors and omissions in other cases, even if we assume that the basis of the RG journal impact factor score is based on WoK. Since the present author happens to have written recently for the “rapid response” online section of the “British Medical Journal” (BMJ), I discovered by chance and with great dismay that the BMJ is listed none the less than 3 times with either different impact factors or ISSN numbers or both in the RG system.

The current RG impact factor system, as it is operated in the RG, also severely discriminates against the social sciences. This is my next and equally serious point of critique. Even the “American Political Science Review”, the journal of the most important political science association of the world, the American Political Science Association, published by Cambridge University Press, and according to the World catalogue of books (http://www.worldcat.org/advancedsearch) available at 1296 libraries around the world (print version alone), is not even awarded an impact factor in the RG system.

Scopus is much more realistic in assigning a weight of somewhere near 5 at maximum to the leading medical journals, while the weighting in WoK is simply an expression of the fact that science unjustly dominates over the social sciences in that index system. Nobody can reasonably state that a medical journal is 19 times more important than an economics journal, but Researchgate system does so!

Even the neoliberal giant Milton Friedman receives from the system an impact factor of 0.

We list the RG-scores and impact factors of the Nobel laureates in economics over the last years. All are handsomely surpassed according to these RG statistics by 5% or even 50% of Researchgate users, which is comfortable to 300.000 to 3.000.000 scientists.

We simply suggest to the Researchgate decision makers to dump in into the dustbin of scientific errors and useless concepts, for good and forever.

Riassunto.
L'esistenza di peggioramenti nei pazienti in psicote­rapia, feno­meno noto da tempo come "deteriora­mento", può essere studiato come effetto di errori di condotta tera­peutica a diversi livelli, oppure di carenze intrin­seche alle proce­dure, se l'errore in psicoterapia è concepito come lo scarto obiettivi-risultat­i, cioè l'er­rore proce­durale. Data sia la diffusione degli errori, per la dimostrata falli­bilità della mente umana, che la loro fertilità, si può definire uno sbaglio quello di sco­tomizzarli o sottovalutarli. È pos­sibile vedere nei fallimenti la conse­guenza di uno o più sbagli rilevanti o sistema­tici, laddove un fallimento gra­ve e persistente po­trebbe essere indicato come "cata­strofe". Inoltre, il dubbio di poter essere in erro­re è mo­tore di ap­prendimento cognitivo, ovvero di nuova cono­scenza. Ciò è possi­bile qua­lora si accetti e quindi si cerchi l'errore, si cer­chi di controllarne le fonti, si co­struiscano ipotesi alternative, si esplorino nuove moda­lità o vie per rag­giungere un risultato desiderato o si riconoscano gli effetti di errori “fortunati”. A livello metodologico, si può mo­strare come il controllo delle fonti di errore sia alla base dello stesso meto­do speri­mentale. Questo pro­cesso ricorsivo di pro­blem solving può descrivere sia l'inte­razione terapeutica, sia l'iter procedurale in psi­coterapia cognitivo-comporta­mentale, nella pra­tica cli­nica e nella ricerca.
Parole chiave: errori, psicoterapia, problem solving, metodo scientifico

Abstract.
Errors in psychotherapy are conceivable as mismatches between goals and outco­mes. So, the reality of worsening in patients during psychotherapy, a fact known as "deteriorat­ion", can be studied as an effect of therapeutic errors at different levels or as deficien­cies inherent to used procedures. Given both the diffusion of errors, as exam­ples of the demonstrated fallibility of the human mind, and their fertility, to underestimate or sco­tomize them can be defined as a mistake. We can see as failures are resulting from one or more major or systematic mistakes, whereas a serious and persistent failu­re might be referred to as "catastrophe". Furthermore, the doubt to be wrong is a propeller of cognitive learning, or new knowledge. This is possible if we accept the error and then try to look for its sources, if alternative hypotheses are built, and if we will explore new modes or ways to achieve a desired result or otherwise recognize the effects of "luc­ky" errors. At a methodological level, we can show how the control of sources of error is the basis of the experimental method itself of science. This recursive process of pro­blem solving can describe both the therapeutic interaction, and the formal procedures in cogniti­ve-behavioral psychotherapy in clinical practice and research.
Key words: errors, psychoterapy, problem solving, scientific method

Negative forms of leadership have recently become a popular topic of study, yet most of the attention has focused on intentionally committed behaviors. To address other forms of negative leadership, the present review will discuss the nature and antecedents of leader errors. We propose an error taxonomy based on Fleishman, Mumford, Zaccaro, Levin, Korotkin, and Hein’s (1991) behavioral framework and explore the antecedents of these errors at leader, group, and organization levels of analysis. The review has implications for practice by highlighting factors that should be controlled in order to reduce the frequency of errors. Finally, the review will discuss how leader errors should be incorporated into empirical research and the antecedents and out- comes of errors upon which future research should focus. For practitioners and researchers alike, the review will enhance the understanding of what errors are and why they occur.

Researchers have explored various diagnostic cues to the accuracy of information provided by child eyewitnesses. Previous studies indicated that children's confidence in their reports predicts the relative accuracy of these reports, and that the confidence-accuracy relationship generally improves as children grow older. In this study, we examined the added contribution of response latency to the prediction of children’s accuracy over and above that of confidence ratings. In Experiments 1 and 2, 2nd and 5th graders studied picture-event pairs, and were tested using forced-choice, 2-alternative or 5-alternative questions. In Experiment 3, children watched a slideshow depicting a story, and were tested by 5-alternative questions about story details. The children indicated their confidence in each response, and response latency was measured. The results of all experiments suggested that children in both age groups relied on response latency as a cue for confidence, and this reliance contributed to the success with which they monitored the accuracy of their reports. When the test format was easy (Experiment 1), 2nd graders were as accurate as 5th graders in monitoring the accuracy of their answers, and the latency of their responses was no less predictive of accuracy. When the task was more difficult, age differences emerged. Nevertheless, in all experiments and for both age groups, response latency was found to have added value for predicting accuracy over and above that of confidence. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for predicting the accuracy of children’s reports are discussed.

Trata-se de uma revisão critica da teoria dos vícios do consentimento, causa de anulabilidade dos negócios, tendo em vista o universo peculiar dos contratos de saúde, pois somente o vicio do estado de perigo costuma ser invocado nesse tipo de contrato. Descreve e explica os requisitos necessários para a configuração de cada vicio de consentimento invalidante. Constatou-se, por fim, a possibilidade de todos os vícios do consentimento serem invocados em contratos de saúde; e, de outro lado, que o estudo desses vícios nos contratos de saúde desvela melhores entendimentos e formas peculiares de aplicação desses institutos. O método utilizado para a coleta de informações foi o da pesquisa documental e bibliográfica; para a analise dos dados, o da leitura analítica, sintópica e comparativa.

This is a critical review of the general theory of law about the vices of consent, cause of invalidation of juridical business, considering the peculiar universe of health contracts, because only the state of danger is usually invoked in this type of contract. Describes and explains the requirements necessary for configuring each vice of consent. Finally, it was verified that all vices of consent could be invoked in health contracts. On the other hand, the study of these vices in health contracts reveals better understandings and peculiar forms of application of these institutes. The method used to collect information was the documentary and bibliographic research; and, for the data analysis, the analytical, comparative and syntopic reading.

's poetry offers a further approach to an understanding of the lyric as it is reconfigured in contemporary practice. In contrast to Charles Bernstein's 'ideolectical' construction of the lyric and its revision as a polyphonic score, Palmer's ambition is to create a composition that has 'nothing at its center.' 1 Palmer's poetry and poetics gesture to the lyric as 'nobody's voice' and this apparent evacuation is a direct antithesis to Bernstein's multiplicity of ideolects. But 'nobody's voice' is not just the voice of no one; Palmer's explanation posits one directly within a context of European lyricism and a tradition he identifies as 'the analytic lyric'. Paul Celan becomes a key figure in Palmer's consideration of the lyric self in language: His response to the discourse of totalitarianism is to create out of the German Expressionist tradition a body of intensely concentrated lyric poetry which addresses the reconstruction of human speech. I was very much moved by the sense of the dispersal of the subject, but also the reaffirmation, the fact that it was nobody's voice and yet it was, also, somethingagain and again and again. 2

Truth is for sale today, some critics claim. The increased commodification of science corrupts it, scientific fraud is rampant and the age-old trust in science is shattered. This cynical view, although gaining in prominence, does not explain very well the surprising motivation and integrity that is still central to the scientific life. Although scientific knowledge becomes more and more treated as a commodity or as a product that is for sale, a central part of academic scientific practice is still organized according to different principles. In this paper, I critically analyze alternative models for understanding the organization of knowledge, such as the idea of the scientific commons and the gift economy of science. After weighing the diverse positive and negative aspects of free market economies of science and gift economies of science, a commons structured as a gift economy seems best suited to preserve and take advantage of the specific character of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, commons and gift economies promote the rich social texture that is important for supporting central norms of science. Some of these basic norms might break down if the gift character of science is lost. To conclude, I consider the possibility and desirability of hybrid economies of academic science, which combine aspects of gift economies and free market economies. The aim of this paper is to gain a better understanding of these deeper structural challenges faced by science policy. Such theoretical reflections should eventually assist us in formulating new policy guidelines.

Abstract: The article examines Polish translations of the Derridian term différance. Polish philosophical discourse uses the following renditions of différance: róż (ni (c) oś) ć by Bogdan Banasiak, różNICa by Tadeusz Sławek, gra-na-zwłokę-o-różnicę by Stanisław Cichowicz and the most popular: różnia by Joanna Skoczylas. Should a mistake be deliberately committed in Polish, as it was done in the original? Or should it be corrected, and if so–how to explain the correction?

O problema do erro é um tema recorrente na história da filosofia. Diversos pensadores já se debruçaram sobre essa questão no decorrer da história da filosofia. Porém, o período mais efervescente dessa discussão, sem dúvida, foi a época moderna, em que pensadores racionalistas buscavam reinterpretar e derrubar muitas das verdades tidas pelos escolásticos, alguns com maior sucesso, outros nem tanto. Esse debate sobre a questão do erro envolve perguntas como: Seria possível haver o erro num mundo em que tudo foi criado por um ente absolutamente perfeito? Como se dá o erro, em que momento ele acontece? Quem seria responsável pelo erro (e pelo pecado)? O homem que cometeu o erro ou o criador que possibilitou que o erro acontecesse ao criar o homem imperfeito? Seria o erro uma ficção, uma ilusão criada por uma mente imperfeita que não conhece as verdadeiras causas das coisas no mundo? Algumas dessas perguntas serão debatidas no decorrer deste texto, enfatizando o diálogo entre Espinosa e os escolásticos, além de Descartes, que reproduziu muitas das verdades escolásticas, mesmo sendo considerado um crítico da Escola. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar, brevemente, esse debate enfatizando alguns pontos relevantes para a discussão da questão do erro. Com isso, é esperado que fique claro qual era essa questão e as diferenças de posição entre os autores. Um segundo objetivo é detalhar a posição de Espinosa e fazer uma crítica razoável do conjunto de seu pensamento sobre este tema.

En nuestra cultura, asumimos el error como algo vergonzoso, como un resultado ajeno a nuestra consciente autoría. Normalmente tendemos a querer desentendernos de él, pues se suele asociar a que ha sido el resultado de un accidente involuntario. Un acontecimiento que realmente no tendría que haber sucedido.
Al contrario que ocurre en la cultura, la incorporación del error en la producción o en la industria no es realmente un hecho aislado, u olvidado, sino un conocimiento al que se destina numerosos esfuerzos para poder hallar sus diversas naturalezas.
Un acercamiento al error bajo la lectura del habitar, no sólo nos permite su integración como posible conocimiento a poner en práctica, sino también nos acercamos a todos aquellos proyectos, planes, conceptos o métodos que han sido desechados como “erróneos”.
Saber cómo nos podemos enfrentar, reconocer o encontrar algunos tipos de “errores” nos puede deparar nuevos resultados que pongan en valor cualidades que hubiésemos perdidos de los actuales modos de habitar.

This work seeks to present matters relating to the importance of failures in art as a strategic resource towards innovation and the promotion of diversity. As creative feedstock, we make the distinction of failure as deviation from the norm and as negation of it, once the former exploits failure from an aesthetic dimension, and the latter from a poetic one.

Accounting is more integrated with the technology today compared to the previous years. The increase in a variety of technological developments and commercial transactions has further increased the number and type of errors as well as frauds related to the accounting profession. This causes misleading information for several stakeholders. Stakeholdes sometimes make false decisions based on the financial statements created as a result of false and fraudulent transactions. In order to minimize the errors and frauds concerning the accounting system of enterprises, effective internal controls and auditing systems should be in order. It is evident that, setting up the required internal controls and auditing systems reduce asset losses and provide great benefits in the long run for firms. Existence of strong internal controls and auditing systems in enterprises has gained great importance in Turkey. This study provides information about the audit techniques that can minimize accounting related frauds and errors in businesses. The research includes and employs an interview with auditing professionals as the research methodology. Auditors working within three audit firms were selected by simple random sampling via the LinkedIn social media. The three participants were directed 10 semi-structured and open-ended questions. Qualitative analysis was adopted for this study. According to the results of research, companies use a number of tools to prevent accounting related frauds and errors. These most effective tools to minimize the frauds and errors are detected as internal auditing, internal controls and independent (external) auditing. Auditing professionals have high awareness about accounting related fraud and errors. But, auditor independency should be higher, proactive approach must be utilized and auditors must closely follow the new laws and regulations in addition to being familiar with the firms's operations and sectors to minimize the fraud and errors. The Benford's law, artificial neural networks, analytical methods, data mining, red flags and analytical methods are commonly used by the auditors against frauds and errors. In general, the internal controls and auditing professions are in a much better situation today in Turkey compared to the previous years. But, this is still not adequate and there is a long way to complete ahead based on the opinions of auditing professionals.

While the indirect communication is a well-known ‘signature piece’ of Kierkegaard’s writing, this paper explores the ambiguities which this medium necessarily carries – the deception, mistake and mis-reference at work throughout his expression of authentic singular existence. The paper takes a cryptic passage from the book Stages on Life’s Way, where the reader is asked to consider a list of printing errors found in a book which contains a more expressive reading than the book it corrects, as a means to explore the role of such errors within the idea of indirect communication. It suggests that focusing solely on the distinctive and original ‘philosophical’ meaning of the passage is overly-reductive to the creative possibilities of error and reproduction that Kierkegaard’s work opens, and in particular the ways in which these reflect the ‘pseudological’ ground upon which indirect communication takes place.

A consideration of poetry as an ethical enquiry is given a considerable focus in Hejinian’s recent poetics; indeed the essay ‘Barbarism’ retro¬spectively stresses that the intersection of aesthetics and ethics is ‘one of the basic characteristics of Language Writing.’  This recipro¬cal relationship proposes that ‘aesthetic discovery is congruent with social discovery. New ways of thinking ... make new ways of being possible’ (322). Hejinian’s configuration of an ethical enquiry is related to situating the praxis of poetry in the everyday. For Maurice Blanchot the everyday resists formulation or predetermination: ‘It belongs to insignificance; the insignificant being what is without truth, without reality, and without secret, but also perhaps the site of all possible signification. The everyday escapes.’  Hejinian’s mapping of an ethical poetics extends a consideration of the everyday beyond a fas¬cination with the strangeness of the ordinary; moreover the provision¬ality associated with the everyday has a particular corre-spondence with her suspicion of a predetermined ethical investigation.

Corrective feedback (CF) and its subsequent impacts on language learning is one of the most important fields of the language studies which has newly grabbed a lot of attention. There is a considerable amount of research investigating corrective feedback and error. What had not been researched extensively yet was the investigation of the effects of corrective feedback on Iranian EFL learners. Few researches have studied on the effects of corrective feedback on Iranian EFL learners. To this purpose, 180 male and female teachers(purposive sampling) who were teaching EFL classes in an ELT program in foreign language institutes in Zanjan, Iran and 350 students chosen through stratified random sampling(from 4000 English language learners by Morgan's sample size). Three instruments were used in this research. PET Test, a questionnaire used by Fukuda (2004) and the next one was Hamouda (2011). The findings suggested that corrective feedback had a significant effect on their writing, but the teachers did not think so. In terms of perceptions about the effect of corrective feedback on the correct writing of English language students, there is a significant difference between the group of students and teachers. It is concluded that most of the feedback given by teachers was concentrated on grammatical errors whom teachers' view of feedback was based on the context, which might origin from the absence of sufficient teacher training. The fact that feedback was based on each context may be positive, because all students were different, even teacher trainees might still take advantage from studying the provision of feedback. Pedagogical implications extracted to assist English language instructors to be informed of the advantages and values of the many types of corrective feedback, to effectively establish the necessary activities in the classroom, and to successfully supply the students with appropriate kind of oral corrective feedback.

This paper analyzes the nude woman presented in Ralph Ellison's "Battle Royal" as a potential image the corruption caused by greed. The speaker, along with his companions are idealistic high-school graduates who are shocked by the effect that this woman is having on the physically. In contrast to these students are the "Big Shots" wealthy members of the community who allow the nude woman to impact them so profoundly that they accidentally destroy their livelihood in the pursuit of her.

With the tertiary education mantra of creativity, critical thinking and innovation in mind, we consider the critical-creativity of error. Taking the university to model social orthography, or “correct writing,” according to the norms of disciplines, we consider the role of error in the classroom. Error questions the norms governing norms and the instability of disciplinary grounds; it involves a mis-taking, or taking another way. By tracing the origin of error, we are able to reconstruct the social world in terms of which it is conceivable for a mistake of any kind to have been made. The university, we find, withholds worlds which are not new but are sources of creativity, and constitutes a pluriversity or poly-versity.

The development of automatic narrative systems has been largely driven by the engineering tendency to anthropomorphize the machine logic so they can ‘tell stories’ similar to how humans do. From the artists’ perspective, however, the experimentation with their media is often more important than the (plausibility of) storytelling, and it often unfolds in non-verbal events that have a potential to generate diverse narratives through experience of the audience. We discuss the emergence of the creative practices that enrich the poetic repertoire of new media art by playfully utilizing the machine flaws, irregularities, errors and systemic technical imperfections thus revealing the human biases and fallacies entangled with technology. One of the implications of these practices is that if the AI research opens up a broader space in which a machine could achieve its own authorial voice, our concept and understanding of the narrative would need to be reconsidered.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of peer-feedback and teacher-feedback on form and content revision in high and low proficient Iranian EFL learners' writings in comparison with self-revision in control group. For this purpose, six intact EFL classes were selected from available classes at Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch and Kish Language School with 180 learners aged about 20 in high and low proficiency levels. One group in each proficiency level received peer-feedback, another teacher-feedback, and the other was instructed to self-revise. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the effects of teacher-and peer-feedback groups on the frequency means of preposition errors in the high or the low proficient groups. However, each of these experimental groups differed significantly from the no-feedback control groups. In spelling errors, while in the low proficient group, both the teacher-and the peer-feedback groups outperformed the no-feedback control group; in the high proficient group, the no-feedback control group managed to do as well as the peer-feedback group and only the teacher-feedback group managed to outperform the control group. In content revision, there was no significant difference in the high proficient learners' text revision among any of the three groups. However, although there was a significant difference between the experimental groups in the low proficient learners, neither of them differed significantly from the control group, indicating that self-revision was as effective as both the teacher-and peer-feedback. The findings suggest that the effect of feedback is not straightforward to interpret.

This study aims to develop an assessment tool to evaluate multilingual questionnaires by categorizing the types of translation issues that can lead to measurement errors in cross-cultural surveys. Based on the results of two multilingual projects that cognitively pretested the 2010 U.S. Census questionnaire in five languages and the American Community Survey questionnaire in two languages, we developed a coding scheme guided by sociolinguistic approaches to language and culture to evaluate translated questionnaires by classifying translation issues. In this paper we discuss how the coding scheme is useful in the evaluation of multilingual questionnaires and how it could be integrated productively into the development of such questionnaires and the early rounds of translation. We also suggest feasible solutions to translation issues, to ensure translation quality and achieve not only semantic but functional equivalence across translations. Keywords: survey translation