Etymologia

La palabra española "etimología" es propiamente un préstamo lingüístico que la lengua española tomó de la latina (etymologia) y ésta de la griega, lengua en la cual fue acuñada relativamente tarde la voz: ἐτυμολογία (etymología), un compuesto de ἔτυμος (étymos “verdadero”, cf. Suda, Lexicon epsilon.3340.1: ἔτυμος ὁ ἀληθής) y λογία (logía  “estudio”). El texto añade algunos datos adicionales a esta información para ir un poco más allá etimológicamente hablando.

W pamiętniku Cezara „O wojnie galijskiej”  (łac. Commentarii de bello Gallico), opisującym 9 lat wojen galijskich (58-50 p.n.e.), czytamy o wielu nazwach i ugrupowaniach plemiennych oraz o informacjach geograficznych, które wykorzystywano do rekonstrukcji obrazu antycznej Galii i Germanii. Problem w tym, że łacińskie transliteracje lokalnych nazw pozostawiają wiele do życzenia, a językoznawcy głowią się nad ich pochodzeniem. Niestety w tych zabiegach pomijają oni w ogóle możliwość ich wendyjskiej (prasłowiańskiej) etymologii, gdyż przyjmują bezmyślnie fałszywy paradygmat naukowy, że Wędów / Wendów (Prasłowian) wówczas nie było na tych terenach. Zapominają też przy tym o obecności Wenetów w Armoryce i Brytanii, którzy bezsprzecznie byli związanie z Wendami.

W tym krótkim opracowaniu staram się przekazać najważniejsze informacje z pamiętników Cezara o wojnie z Galami, Brytami, jak i Germanami, którzy często angażowali się w lokalne potyczki za lewym brzegiem Renu, stając po różnych stronach konfliktu. Bacznie przyglądam się też możliwym źródłosłowom poszczególnych nazw własnych i miejscowych podawanym przez Cezara. Dostrzegam w nich wendyjskie korzenie, co może wydać się szokujące po pierwszym czytaniu. Mam nadzieję, jednak, że po bliższym zapoznaniu się z faktami i przedstawioną przeze mnie argumentacją, niektóre propozycje etymologii wydadzą się przekonujące.

The language relations between France and lusophone countries, especially Portugal, have a long tradition. Without a doubt, these relations have led Iberian languages to borrow more from French than vice versa.  However, Portuguese has also contributed many words to French over centuries. Of course/Certainly, not all of these words come ultimately from the Iberian Peninsula but Portugal has played the role of intermediary between French and, Portuguese in its non-European variants as well as certain American, African and Asian languages. Thus, the main focus of this paper is the study of words which can be roughly classified as lusophonisms.

Résumé
Les relations linguistiques entre la France et les pays lusophones, surtout le Portugal, ont une longue tradition. Sans le moindre doute, ces relations ont amené les langues ibériques à emprunter plus au français qu’inversement. Cependant, le portugais, au cours des siècles, a aussi fourni à la langue française de nombreux mots. Bien entendu, pas tous ces mots, proviennent, en fin de compte, de la Péninsule Ibérique mais le Portugal a pu joué un rôle d’intermédiaire entre le français et, d’une part, le portugais dans ses variantes hors-européennes, et d’autre part, certaines langues américaines, africaines et asiatiques. Ainsi nous voulons, dans cette contribution, nous occuper des vocables que nous pouvons dénommer grosso modo comme des lusophonismes.

Tarihinde ilk kez Eski Uygurcada ‘alçak gönüllü, mültefit (EUTS: 7); freundlich, mild (UW: 92)’ anlamıyla rastlanan alçak kelimesinin etimolojisi hakkında farklı görüşler vardır. Bu çalışmada alçak kelimesine dair fonetik, morfolojik ve semantik hususiyetler ortaya konarak, kelimenin paralel örneklerle takip edilebilen yeni bir etimolojisi yapılacaktır.

An addendum to Kamil Stachowski and Olaf Stachowski’s “Possibly Oriental Elements in Slavonic Folklore. Upiór ~ wampir” (2017). Etymological propositions involving Old Slavonic pirъ “a feast” are discussed: one by Jan L. Perkowski from The Darkling: A Treatise on Slavic Vampirism (1989); three by Bruce A. McClelland from Slayers and Their Vampires: A Cultural History of Killing the Dead (2006); and one by Michael Dilts, from the remarks in his peer review of this paper.

Conca d’oro è il nome della fertile piana, compresa tra mare e monti, che circonda la città di Palermo per una estensione di ca. 100 km2, celebrata per la sua feracità sin dalla antichità classica. Il presente studio intende delineare la storia del toponimo, indagando le implicazioni linguistiche e culturali ad esso connesse. Attestato come Co(n)ca  aurea nella temperie di rinnovamento culturale che investe la città di Palermo intorno al 1470, il toponimo potrebbe celare una formazione paraetimologica ibrida arabo-latina, in analogia ad altri casi siciliani già noti (es. Mongibello).

Öz: Türkçe kanat kelimesinin izlerine, Köktürkçe dışında tarihî ve çağdaş hemen hemen tüm Türk lehçelerinde rastlanabilmektedir. Eren çağdaş diyalektlerde 'balık kanadı, yüzgeç' olarak kullanılan kanar biçimiyle kanat arasındaki benzerlikten bahseder. Rásonyi Nagy '(bir şeye) asmak' anlamındaki Teleütçe kana-kökünden geldiğini dile getirmiş; Ramstedt, 'kanatların büyük tüyleri' anlamına gelen Moğolca kana biçimiyle karşılaştırmıştır. Kelimenin etimolojisi hakkındaki görüşlerin geneli Moğolca kana kelimesine {+t} çokluk eki getirilmesi yönündedir. Türk dilinin tarihî ve çağdaş lehçeleri tarandığında kanat kelimesinin çırp-(mak), ur-(mak)/vur-(mak) ve kak-(mak) fiilleriyle birlikte kullanıldığı dikkat çekmektedir. Bahsi geçen birleşik fiil Türkiye Türkçesinde kanat çırp-(mak) şeklinde karşılık bulduğu için, Türkiye'deki iştikaklı kelime çalışmalarında yer bulmamıştır. Kelimenin etimolojisi hakkında Moğolca kana kelimesinin Eski Türkçe çokluk eki {+t} ile türediği görüşünden hareketle başka bir görüş daha ileri sürülebilir. Bize Abstract: The traces of Turkish kanat word can be found in almost all historical and contemporary Turkish dialects, except of Kokturkish. Eren, refers to the similarity between the kanar as the "wing of the fish, fin" and kanat in contemporary dialects. Rásonyi Nagy, expresses that it derived from Teleütçe word kana-as a meaning of 'hanging something on', Ramstedt compared it to Mongolian word kana as a meaning of 'large feathers of wings'. The general aspects on the etymology of the word is that the word is the form of {-t} plural suffix added to Mongolian kana word. When the history and contemporary dialects of the Turkish language are studied, it is noteworthy that the kanat word is used with çırp-(mak), ur-(mak)/vur-(mak) and kak-(mak) verbs. Because the so-called compound verb are used in Turkish as kanat çırp-(mak), it is not studied as a figura etymological word. Therefore, there could be a new argument on the etymology of the word kanat, moving from the view that the word is derived from the Mongolian kana word by {+t} plural suffix in Old Turkish. According to us, the kanat kak-(mak) verb is in the second group of figura etymological verbs and the both words are composed by cognate words: kanat < kana+t < kana < *ka-> kak- .

Dünya dillerinin kaynağını bulmak uzun zamandır dilbilimcilerin hayali olmuştur. Bunun için yapılmış olan girişimler 18. Yüzyılın sonlarında başlamış ve şu ana kadar da çok verimsiz olmuştur. Dilin süreç içerisinde değişkenliğini göz önüne aldığımızda, bir dili sınıflandırmak, o dilin birkaç yüzyıl öncesinde nasıl bir yapısı olduğunu gösteren bir kayıt olmadan, son derece zor gözükmektedir. Ne var ki sürekli yeni verilerin bulunması, çok farklı dil akrabalıkları üzerine ışık tutulmaktadır. Aksan’ın da ileri sürdüğü gibi, biçim ya da yapı bakımından dilleri öbeklere ayıran bugünkü sınıflamanın temelini-daha önce birtakım ilkeler konmuş olmakla birlikte-ünlü Alman dilcisi August Schleicher’e dayandırabiliriz. Bilginin ünlü soykütüğü kuramı (Stammbaumtheorie) Hint-Avrupa ailesindeki dilleri, tıpkı bir ağacın dallara ayrılması, dallanmasında olduğu gibi, bir kökten ayrılan dallarla göstermiştir.

All the Macedonians are familiar with the ancient folktale of 'Silyan the Stork' (Mkd.Latin: Silyan Štrkot, Mkd.Cyrillic: Сиљан Штркот). It is one of the longest (25 pages) and unique Macedonian folktales. It was recorded in the 19th century, in vicinity of Prilep, Central Macedonia, a territory inhabited by the most direct Macedonian descendents of the ancient Bryges and Paionians. The notion of Bryges appear as from Erodot (Lat. Herodotus), who noted that the Bryges lived originally in Macedonia, and when they moved to Asia Minor they were called 'Phryges' (i.e. Phrygians).
Who was Silyan? The story goes: Silyan was banished to a faraway island and migrates from there like a stork to his homeland. He has a bottle of magic water around his neck that should turn him from a stork into a human, but the first time he breaks it… nevertheless, later he transforms successfully. Silyan’s parents are called 'Božin' and 'Božinitsa' (God's and Goddess's), and so on…

The accumulation of information and tendencies in the study of loanwords: The research history of Baltic loans in Proto-Finnic

The old layer of vocabulary of Baltic origin in Finnic, or the Baltic loans in Proto-Finnic, was described by Vilhelm Thomsen in his monographs from 1869 and 1890. Altogether over one thousand Finnic words have been associated with this layer of loans in various sources. My research material consists of the etymologies correct or rejected posited for these words and the discussion thereof in printed sources between 1869 and 2009.
I define the concept of Baltic loan etymologies in Proto-Finnic via their hypernyms. The definition of an etymology draws borders with other etymologies of the same word and etymologies of other similar words. A loan etymology must consist of two parts, equation and claim of origin. The definition of these loans as Baltic distinguishes them from Pre-Baltic loans, while their definition as Proto-Finnic distinguishes them from later loans of Baltic origin.
The work includes an appendix consisting of a broad research-historical table in which the rows contain the posited origin of each word considered in the literature to be of Baltic origin. The columns consist of etymologies and the claims made to support them, grouped based on their argument types.
I categorize the posited origins based on the novelty and Baltic-ness of the etymologies they contain. The posited origins make up the reception history of each etymology: based on them, an etymology can be defined as generally accepted, questionable, generally rejected or unresearched at each moment of its reception history. The reception history of Baltic etymologies and their various alternative explanations demonstrates that loan explanations increased in popularity in the beginning of the period under consideration, decreased after the 1920s and have been on the increase once again since the 1970s. I list all Baltic loan etymologies in groups according to their conceptualization as of 2009.
The arguments used in loan etymologies are related to form, meaning, source language, distribution and the existence of layers of loans. By examining the historical development and usage context of each argument type, I bring to light very well founded research data and the accumulation thereof. The largest number of sustainable arguments has come from the Neogrammarian school of the 1890s and from structuralism beginning in the 1970s. By applying these paradigms, I identify dozens of generally accepted and questionable Baltic etymologies that should be rejected, as well as several rejected ones that should be accepted.

Although nobody doubts today that a Ural-Altaic protolanguage is an obsolete idea there still exists some peculiar conformity between Uralic and Altaic that cannot easily be explained by simple borrowings. In this article some similarities between Turkic and Uralic pronouns are to the fore.

This paper addresses an etymological study of the word "cunt",  the history of its usage, and the potential problems/obstacles it faces to ameliorate the word in post-modern society because of it's phoentic origins, relating to pre Indo-European languages and it's taboo in correspondence to Biblical ties of the fall of mankind

Dating and locating the ancient contacts between Baltic and Finnic is a crucial question when searching for the origins of the Finnic languages. Evidence gained from linguistic palaeontology seems to place Proto-Uralic in the Volga-Kama Basin, some 2000 kilometres east of the Baltic, in a region where the Uralic Mari and Udmurt languages are still spoken today (see Toivonen 1952 for a well-detailed study of the fi eld and Häkkinen 2009 for a somewhat revised view). However, there is no clear linguistic or archaeological evidence to tell us when Proto-Uralic broke down into its different daughter languages and when one of these, Proto-Finnic, had left this eastern area and spread to the shores of the Baltic Sea. In order to reconstruct the process and its different stages we require information that can be provided by the Baltic loanwords. As the Baltic loanwords are not attested in the more eastern Uralic branches, with the exception of a relatively few lexical items in Mordvinic (cf. van Pareren 2008 and Grünthal, this volume, for a recent detailed overview of the question), we must assume that the contacts took place when Finnic already was an independent branch within the Uralic language family or was at least in the process of breaking off. The contacts cannot be located far away from where the Baltic languages are or have been spoken. The area in which the Baltic languages were spoken was prehistorically much wider than it is today, since the major hydro-nyms of a vast area between Moscow and the mouth of the Vistula are of Baltic origin (Toporov – Trubačev 1962). The Volga-Kama Basin lies still too far east to be included in a list of possible contact locations. Instead, we could look for the contact area somewhere between Estonia in the west and the surroundings of Moscow in the east, a zone with evidence of Uralic settlement in the north and Baltic on the south side. Since present-day Finland lies quite far away from this zone, the discussion regarding the areal dimension of the contacts has concentrated on whether to include Finland in the contact area or not, and this question has chronological implications. There have been two main concurrent hypotheses concerning the assumed contacts in the territory of present-day Finland, fi rstly, the alleged migration of the Finnish settlement and, secondly, its continuity on the northern side of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, some other models have also been proposed. Here we shall discuss these theories and their strong and weak points.

ÖZET Köken bilgisi çalışmalarında bir sonuca ulaşmak için birbirini izleyen bilimsel birçok mantıklı süreçten geçilir ve bunun sonucunda sözcüğün kökeni ile ilgili bir karara varılır. Bununla birlikte, bu araştırmalarda aynı süreçler izlenmesine rağmen bazen birbirinden çok farklı sonuçlar elde edilebilmektedir. Bu yazıda yarlıg sözcüğünün kökeni ile ilgili yeni bir etimoloji denemesi yapılmıştır. Sözcüğün kökeni tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Türkçenin erken dönem metinlerinden başlamak üzere izini sürebildiğimiz yarlıg sözcüğü ve bu sözcükle ilişkili farklı gövdeler hakkında bugüne kadar birçok araştırmacı çeşitli görüşler ileri sürmüştür. Köken bilgisi sözlüklerinin madde başları dışında, bu sözcük, özgün bilimsel çalışmaların da araştırma konusu olmuştur. Aşağıda kısaca üzerinde durulacak bu araştırmalarda dikkat çeken husus yarlıg sözcüğünün kökeni ile ilgili henüz ortak bir yargıya varılmamış olmasıdır. Çalışmada sözcüğün kökeninin tespitine çalışılmış, kökün sözcükle anlam ve şekil bakımından uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Sözcüğünün su ile ilişkisi kurularak sözcüğün kök ailesi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. ABSTRACT In Etymological studies to reach a conclusion followed each other many scientific processes is applied. As a result, a decision is reached regarding the origin of the word. However, in spite of the same processes in these studies sometimes very different results can be obtained. * Bu makale 2010 yılında kaleme alınmıştır. Çeşitli bilim adamlarının görüşlerine başvurmak ve konu hakkında ileri sürdüğümüz görüşleri tartışmak makalenin yayınlanma tarihini geciktirmiştir. Bu arada konuyla ilgili yeni yayınlar yapılmıştır. Yarlıg sözcüğü üzerine yapılmış bu yeni yayınlara ilişkin değerlendirmemize makalenin ilerleyen bölümlerinde yer verilmiştir. Bu makale Crosscheck sistemi tarafından taranmış ve bu sistem sonuçlarına göre orijinal bir makale olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract: In many etymologic lexicons there isn’t knowledge about the etymology of the word “satın”. Besides there are different claims about the structure of the word in various studies about grammar and texts. Furthermore the issue about its depiction in indexes and as an article in lexicons is also problematic. In this study it is aimed to discuss the etymology of the word “satın”, which hasn’t been analyzed before in etymologic lexicons and other studies, by presenting morphologic and syntactic proofs.
Key words: satın (almak), etymology, morfology, syntax, Turkish
**
Özet: Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüklerinin çoğunda satın kelimesinin etimolojisi hakkında bilgi verilmemektedir. Ayrıca kelimenin yapısı hakkında çeşitli gramer ve metin incelemelerinde farklı görüşler vardır. Bununla beraber kelimenin dizin ve sözlüklerin madde başlarında gösterilmesi de problemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gerek etimolojik sözlüklerde gerekse diğer çalışmalarda daha önce ele alınmamış olan satın kelimesinin etimolojisinin morfolojik ve sentaktik delillerle ortaya konulmasıdır.
Anahtar kelimeler: satın (almak), kökenbilimi, şekil bilgisi, sözdizimi, Türkçe

UNE GENEALOGIE DES MOTS
De l'indo-européen au français : Introduction à l'étymologie lointaine. Éditions Errance, fév. 2019, 231 pp. (see back cover)
Available in French bookshops and on the net (Actes Sud, Amazon, FNAC).
Presentation of the book (in French) here : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2t-yuxTzaI

Itämerensuomalaisissa kielissä on tunnetusti ainakin 200-300 kantasuomen aikaista lainasanaa balttilaisista kielistä. Myös balttilaisesta kielikunnasta on etsitty iältään vastaavia itämerensuomalaisia tai laajemmin uralilaisia lainoja. Artikkeli käsittelee kriittisesti esitettyjä 56 uralilaista lainaetymologiaa, jotka osoittautuvat riittämättömästi perustelluiksi. Vain liettuan šeškas, latvian sesks-sanaa on syytä tutkia edelleen mahdollisena uralilaisena lainana, mutta siltäkään ei puutu vaihtoehtoisia selityksiä.

W artykule omówiono szczegółowo sześć polskich imion żeńskich (Jagoda, Kalina, Malina, Melisa, Róża, Ruta), które brzmią identycznie jak nazwy roślin. Pochodzenie imion zestawione zostało z etymologią nazw tych roślin, w celu odpowiedzi na pytanie o wspólne źródła językowe. Artykuł prezentuje również popularność omawianych imion na przestrzeni lat oraz możliwe motywacje ich wyboru. Opisuje także uwarunkowania prawne nadawania imion w Polsce.

The Old Polish continuations of the Greek διάκονος. A case study from the Greek and Latin lexical borrowings in Old Polish Summary This paper is focused on the problem of several Old Polish words, which have a common etymon in Greek διάκονος. The discussed forms are different formally and semantically and they were borrowed via different borrowing channels. The paper contains detailed etymological analysis of the investigated words and some conclusions concerning the problem of investigating the Greek and Latin borrowings in Old Polish in general.

The Finnic languages have an ancient loanword stock from Baltic, as proven already by Vilhelm Thomsen in 1869. Still, the period and location of the prehistoric contacts have not been satisfactorily established. A list of 202 old Baltic loanwords into Proto-Finnic has been presented by Seppo Suhonen in 1988. There are, however, 299 more Baltic etymologies suggested up to 1988 that Suhonen hasn't included in his list. This article aims to analyze whether some of these forgotten or abandoned etymologies might prove correct in the light of recent research in the field of historical lexicology. The analysis consists of three parts: distribution and alternative explanations; phonology; and semantics. 121 out of 282 analyzed etymologies failed the test. Most of the remaining 161 also seem problematic, but several of them will certainly be accepted after a thorough etymologic analysis in the future.

Old Slavic burja from an Indo-European and a paleo-linguistic perspective.
The focus of this article is the etymology of the Old Slavic burja, evaluating its interrelationship with possible cognates in the other Indo-European languages. There have been various attempts to link it to diff erent Indo-European roots, although the connection to Indo-European *bherh₂- (LIV 81) seems the most convincing theory. On the other hand, it is not yet clear whether the word is related to Greek forms or, in much broader terms, to words on a Nostratic level. Moreover, the concept ‘wind’ belongs to the core vocabulary, e.g., the Leipzig-Jakarta-list. Another question of interest is a diachronic semantic change.
Keywords: etymology, paleo--Slavic, paleo-linguistics, Indo-European languages, deep relationships between languages.

Autor na podstawie danych  źródłowych i paraleli językowych dowodzi, iż mazowiecki Płock wziął swoją nazwę od germańskiego określenia terenowego, które można wiązać z pobytem Gotów na ziemiach polskich. Potwierdza to między innymi typowo germańska końcówka -ck. Mazowiecki odcinek Wisły był bez wątpienia szlakiem wędrówki Gotów na południe. Na poparcie tezy przytoczono szereg dowodów, pozwalających na przyjęcie z dużym prawdopodobieństwem postawionej tezy.

This study is devoted to the problem of the interrelationship between Turkic syŋar ‘direction’ and jak ~ jan ‘side’ on the one hand, and the Khakas, Shor and Oyrot directive suffixes -jar(y) ~ -sar(y) ~ -sāra, and so on, on the other. -- The paper seeks to answer four questions: (1) Are jak ‘side’ and jan id. two derivatives ultimately of the same root *√ja?; (2) How do jak ‘side’ and sak id. compare?; (3) If it is true that jar, sar < *jagar, *sagar, how, then, should the final vowel in jary, sara, etc. be explained?; (4) How do Old Tkc. syŋar ‘direction’ (also used as a directive postposition) and sar ~ jar compare?