Explicitation

Scientific and Technical Translation (STT) is a highly complex and knowledge-intensive field of translation and cognitive linguistics is a usage-based linguistic framework which provides powerful theoretical tools for modelling knowledge organisation and representation in discourse. This book explores the interface between scientific and technical translation studies and cognitive linguistics by discussing the epistemological, contextual, textual and cross-linguistic dimensions of scientific and technical translation from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Particular emphasis is placed on explicitation and implicitation as indicators of the interaction between text and context in STT. The corpus-based investigation of the two phenomena illustrates the complex knowledge requirements pertaining to scientific and technical translation and demonstrates the explanatory power of cognitive linguistics with regard to important textual and contextual aspects of STT.

Cet article présente des entretiens menés suite à un dispositif de formation de formateurs proposé aux Conseillers pédagogiques et Inspecteurs de l’académie de Créteil. Au cours de rencontres régulières, ces derniers ont été sensibilisés à la psychophénoménologie et ont pu expérimenter la démarche de l’entretien d’explicitation. Après deux années de ces échanges, des entretiens ont dégagé comment leur pratique d’accompagnement et leur posture de conseil s’étaient modifiées. Ils se considèrent comme étant plus « réflexifs » sur leur manière de guider, plus pertinents dans leur questionnement et plus conscients de la dimension éthique de leur positionnement.

Si les mutations économiques et sociétales impactent effectivement tous les âges de la vie, elles n'en réinterrogent pas moins la pertinence des activités professionnelles jusqu'alors bien établies pour tenter de cerner une relation formation-orientation/emploi en délitement. Le métier de conseiller en orientation, le « métier » de bénéficiaire de Plan Social d'Entreprise se trouvent l'un comme l'autre face à l'imprédictibilité. La pérennité de compétences professionnelles stabilisées sur des gammes de métiers pourtant clairement décrits n'offre plus les garanties suffisantes de retour à l'emploi. Comme chaque fois, face à l'inattendu, les organisations sociales, les acteurs sociaux ont reconfiguré stratégiquement leur modèle dans une perspective du moindre mal. Aujourd'hui, la demande sociale, contrainte par la raréfaction massive de l'emploi salarié d'une part, et l'apparition quasi spontanée de gammes d'emplois inédits, requérant des compétences multiples pour faire face à l'accélération des mutations tous azimuts de l'activité économique, rencontre une offre qui donne le vertige à ceux qui souhaitent une reconversion professionnelle et composée de peu de repères pour les nouveaux entrants sur le marché de travail. Ainsi la question de l'orientation peut se traduire en termes topographiques : quelles cartes pour quels territoires ? Et avec quels points cardinaux, quelle boussole ? Les instruments, leur étalonnage, les repères traditionnels, mesurables et objectivés suffisent-ils ? Dans quelle mesure les sujets qualifiés de « demandeurs d'emploi » ne se leurrent-ils pas en nourrissant leurs espoirs d'orientation scolaire, d'insertion sociale, d'évolution professionnelles à l'aune de méthodes d'objectivation, qui bien que cohérentes et valides, se voient rattrapées par leur obsolescence ? Le texte suivant se compose d'une partition en deux mouvements, le premier concerne l'émergence d'un sujet-intuitif capable de réguler ses conduites en congruence avec les messages de son corps pour mieux l'orienter selon son écologie propre, le deuxième consécutif 1 LaLex Laboratoire de recherche en métropole lilloise, pour promouvoir et prolonger les travaux du GREX, Groupe de

La psychologie expérimentale de la mémoire s'est surtout occupée de constater les performances spontanées en matière de mémoire. L'entretien d'explicitation a pour but de dépasser ces limites pour permettre au sujet d'accèder à la description micro phénoménologique de ses vécus passés.

This paper deals with shifts between implicit and explicit information in literary translation. Explicitation entails many risks because it relies on the translator’s subjective judgment and on the endless interpretation of meaning. Explicitation is considered to be ever partial, though in the specific context it may turn out to be either necessary, sufficient or redundant and inadequate.

This study examines the application of expansion strategy in translating iltifāt in Sūrat al-Baqarah. Iltifāt is one of the styles of the holy Qur " ān and it represents the switch from one mode to another including pronouns, tenses, and gender, and this study focuses on translating iltifāt in pronouns. To explore the usage of expansion strategy in translating iltifāt, the latter was examined in Sūrat al-Baqarah and its translation by Ali (2008). Creating a faithful translation via expansion or explicitation is a challenging task for the translator. Data were selected from specific iltifāts in Sūrat al-Baqarah, namely those in which expansion strategy had been used. The selected data were then classified on the basis of reasons for which expansion strategy was used and the effectiveness of expansion strategy in translating iltifāt in pronouns was described and discussed.

1-7 Mon parcours avec l’entretien d'explicitation. Isabelle Danet.
8- 33 Une entretien pour analyser sa pratique professionnelle. Pierre Lecefel
34- 42 Scission et structure intentionnelle. Mieux comprendre le concept de dissocié. Pierre Vermersch
43- 44 Variations autour du « JE » et des « je ». Nadine Faingold.
45-50 Le modèle de la « régulation mienneté / agentivité » de Yochai Ataria. Frédèric Borde.
51- 52 Notes de lecture autour du « Penser » de Pascal Quignard : ceci n’est pas une compte-rendu. Mireille Snoeck.
53-59 Notes sur les couplages entre chercheur et sujet en psycho phénoménologie. Pierre Vermersch.

Full-text version is available at: https://rebus.us.edu.pl/bitstream/20.500.12128/12520/1/Gumul_Explicitation_in_simultaneous_interpreting_a_study_into_explicitating.pdf

The present study aims at analysing various aspects of explicitation in simultaneous interpreting of trainee interpreters. The main aims of this study are the following: to analyse the strategic dimension of explicitation in simultaneous interpreting, to investigate the influence of the direction of interpreting on the tendency to explicitate among interpreting trainees, and to discover to what extent explicitation patterns are interpreter-specific and whether it is possible to identify any consistent explicitating styles.

http://wydawnictwo.us.edu.pl/node/16863?language=en

This thesis attempts to offer a reconceptualization of translation analysis. It argues that there is a growing interest in examining translations produced outside the discipline‟s historical field of focus. However, the tools of analysis employed may not have sufficient flexibility to examine translation if it is conceived more broadly. Advocating the use of abductive logic, the thesis infers translators‟ probable understandings of their own actions, and compares these with the reasoning provided by contemporary theories. It finds that it may not be possible to rely on common theories to analyse the work of translators who conceptualize their actions in radically different ways from that traditionally found in translation literature. The thesis exemplifies this issue through the dual examination of Geoffrey Chaucer‟s use of translation in the Canterbury Tales and that of Japanese storytellers in classical Kamigata rakugo. It compares the findings of the discipline‟s most pervasive theories with those gained through an abductive analysis of the same texts, finding that the results produced by the theories are invariably problematic.
The thesis demonstrates that understandings of translation practice have been given to change over time, and vary substantially across cultures. Therefore, an individual theory is unlikely to be able to rationalize particular practices or features of translations irrespective of the cultural context in which they are found. Abductive logic aims to describe translations in particular, rather than translation in general. It can be used to infer factors that may have influenced translators‟ understandings of the roles their texts will take, and hence, their aims in translating. Many theories tend to be underpinned by inductive logic, which essentially restricts textual analysis to the application of pre-defined labels of translation phenomena. Abductive logic forms hypotheses based on the context in question, going far beyond this kind of textual categorization.

When I first began working in research (1970), the limits I came across while studying cognitive functions led me, initially, to favour the video recordings of finalised behaviours so
that I could enrich the data collection. Then, faced with new limits due to the exclusion of everything that was not visible and recordable, I was led to remobilise the “guided introspection” in order to gain access to the subject’s perspective. After having explored all the bibliography on the benefits and critics of introspection (end of 19th, first part of 20th), I came to realise, after a few others1, that there were no decisive critics against using retrospective introspection2 but that, on the other hand, there were no other expert systematic techniques for recording and generating these verbalisations. So I created a specific interview technique to guide the introspections of lived experiences: the explicitation interview, followed by the self-explicitation technique, in which the researcher takes himself as the subject of his study and produces written descriptions of his own experience.

À tous ceux et celles qui cherchent à habiter l'imperceptible et l'indicible un instant dans l'espoir d'y renouveler une écoute, ce mémoire est pour vous, chercheur.e.s de la résonance.

//

Intrigantes et poétiques, les œuvres du dramaturge norvégien contemporain Jon Fosse invitent à un retour à soi, au corps et à l’esprit. Les faibles variations rythmiques (répétitions, silences) auxquelles nous convient son écriture sollicitent l’expérience singulière du Vide. De nature intangible, le Vide ne se perçoit pas spontanément. Il demande une qualité d’écoute et une ouverture de la conscience perceptive dépassant le rapport quotidien que nous entretenons à notre corps et à notre intériorité. Ce mémoire témoigne du chemin parcouru et des méthodes développées pour (a)percevoir le Vide fosséen et décrire les processus de genèse de sens qu’il sous-tend.

Pour ce faire, l’autrice développe et explore une pratique d’écriture analytique, créative et introspective. Directement inspirées de la pratique d’autoexplicitation développée par Pierre Vermesch et de l’introspection sensorielle d’Ève Berger, ces techniques d’autoquestionnement sont des moyens novateurs de prise de conscience qui accompagnent le vécu de la perception sous ses aspects somatique, cognitif, émotionnel et psychologique. Plus encore, elles permettent à la chercheure de véritablement faire corps avec l’œuvre et d’inscrire sa recherche dans le terreau de sa propre expérience.

Ainsi, cette étude prend le parti que l’expérience perceptive du Vide dans la dramaturgie de Jon Fosse peut devenir le lieu d’une véritable transformation (Hans-Georg Gadamer), d’une nouvelle compréhension ou co-nnaissance de soi (Érik Bordeleau), car elle recomplexifie notre rapport au Vide existentiel en invitant notre corps et notre Être à se réhabiliter ; à se réinventer pour créer d’autres formes de subjectivation et de subjectivité.

Les travaux présentés ici éclairent l'activité des formateurs et conseillers pédagogiques qui suivent les enseignants sur le terrain. Ces recherches s'appuient sur la sémiologie et la psychophénoménologie (entretien d'explicitation). Le but est de dégager les éléments qu'ils saisissent dans les gestes observés chez les enseignants débutants et de prendre conscience de ceux qui leur apparaissent comme particulièrement porteurs de sens et de compétences. Cela a permis d'analyser les différents niveaux sémiologiques et axiologiques contenus dans le geste. Ces entretiens ont été vecteurs de prises de conscience des valeurs qui orientent leur regard de conseilleurs. Ils ont également permis la prise de conscience de ce qui constitue l'expérience professionnelle et des moyens de la verbaliser.

Cet article propose un éclairage des gestes professionnels enseignants à travers la clarification des concepts de positionnement et de posture. La recherche présentée dans cet article s’ancre dans une perspective située et incarnée et revisite l’ancrage phénoménologique de la théorie énactive. La visée de ces travaux est la prise de conscience de gestes qui passent ordinairement en deça de nos seuils de perception afin de favoriser l’accès au sens qui y est contenu.

This study seeks to contribute to addressing a gap in theory-driven corpus-based research focused on explicitating tendencies in Arabic translated texts. It provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the translation of the English causal conjunction because and the use of the corresponding Arabic conjunction li'anna. Adopting a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)-based approach, the author analyses bilingual concordance output for the English hypotactic conjunction because, highlighting some interesting patterns of explicitating and upgrading shifts, which for the most part do not seem to be dictated by contrastive linguistic requirements. The study also examines the concordance output of the Arabic causal hypotactic conjunction li'anna contrasting it with the corresponding conjunction or construction in the source text. Like a previous study of bilingual concordance output for the English hypotactic conjunction although/though (Fattah, 2016), the present study analyses all conjunctive shifts involving the causal conjunctions because and li'anna, assessing whether, and to what extent, those shifts represent patterns of structural explicitation, which are not attributable to the translator's style, source language/text, or target language requirements.

1- 28 Saint Eble 2015. Des fondamentaux de l'explicitation à l'explicitation augmentée. Maryse Maurel
28- 29 La prise en compte des modes d'adressage dans l'entretien d'explicitation augmenté : je, JE, il, elle, ça : l’agentivité au centre de l'autoréférence. Pierre Vermersch
29-30 Le paradoxe de « l’évocation dissociée ». Propositions pour un nouveau concept.Pierre Vermersch
32-34 Réflexion sur les limites de l’exemple d’Adamsberg pour la clarification de ce que sont les niveaux de description N3 et N4⁠. Pierre Vermersch
34- 36 Introduction au Dossier : « De l’explicitation des pratiques professionnelles au décryptage du sens ». Nadine Faingold
37-43 De l'entretien d'explicitation à la rencontre explicitante. De Jean Vion-Dury, Gaëlle Mougin, Gemma Serrano, Claire Maury-Rouan, Maria-Laura Martin-Sentinelli, Norma Yunez, Odile Perret, Anne-Sophie Mariaud .

1- 31 Analyse d'entretien avec déplacements, Joëlle Crozier, Maryse Maurel, Mireille Snoeckx
31-32 Quelles sont les limites de l’introspection ? Peut-on accéder aux actes du Potentiel ? Pierre Vermersch.
33-41 Récit de pratique didactico-pédagogique en natation de compétition. Rôles de l'explicitation dans le développement d'une expertise motrice. Clément Arnould.
42-50 Explicitation et enseignement spécialisé. Agnès Thabuy.
51-66 Le concept de scission selon  Pierre Legendre. Maryse Maurel
67-71 Pour Sylvie. Souvenirs.

This corpus-based study provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the translation of a conjunctive marker in a specially designed English-Arabic corpus. Adopting a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)-based approach, the author analyses bilingual concordance output for the English hypotactic conjunction although/though, highlighting some interesting patterns of structural 'explicitation' in translation, whether directly related to the conjunction itself or observed within its immediate cotext. With the concept of 'explicitation' being redefined from an SFL perspective, this study highlights some structural explicitating tendencies in the translated corpus, assessing whether those tendencies can justifiably be regarded as translation-specific explicitating shifts, i.e. not attributable to the translator's style, source language/text, or target language requirements. The study demonstrates how structural explicitation is often associated with an upward shift on the grammatical rank-scale, together with other patterns of expansion and reinforcement of conjunctive markers, which do not seem to be necessitated by any structural requirements in the target language. This study also shows how potentially explicitating shifts tend to occur in concomitant clusters, an explicitation 'syndrome', as it were, whereby information is repackaged into looser, more easily processable constructions. The present study contributes to addressing a conspicuous gap in theory-driven corpus-based research focused on translation-specific features in Arabic translated texts. Furthermore, the conception of explicitation adopted in this study constitutes a departure from the taxonomic approach characteristic of a large body of literature on explicitation, which often engenders a flat model of description and classification with vague overlapping categories. 1. Introduction: The Concept of Explicitation Corpus-based translation studies has recently witnessed a surge of interest in translation-specific features. 1 , i.e. linguistic features that distinguish translated texts in general from non-translated texts, irrespective of the source or target language. In this context, Baker (1995, 1996) suggests the use of comparable corpora as a resource for investigating such features, in addition to the traditional parallel approach involving corpora of source texts and their target texts. As defined by Baker (1995: 234), a comparable corpus consists of two components: original non-translated texts in any language and translated text in the same language from a given source language or languages. Both components are meant to be comparable in domain, register, time span and length. The purpose of this novel approach, especially when used in conjunction with the more usual parallel approach, is to identify those distinctive features of translated text per se, that are not engendered by the source or target language systems.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between explicitation and directionality in simultaneous interpreting. Given that explicitation in this mode of interpretation is often triggered by the constraints inherent in the process of interpreting, it has been hypothesized that explicitating shifts might be more frequent in retour, which is considered to be more demanding. The study is both product- and process-oriented, relying on recordings and transcripts of interpreting outputs as well as retrospective protocols. The participants in the study were 36 advanced interpreting students. The analysed forms of explicitation range from cohesive explicitation (e.g. adding connectives, reiteration, etc.), through substituting nominalisations with verb phrases and disambiguating lexical metaphors, to inserting explanatory remarks. The present paper is aimed to be a pilot study for a larger project in progress.

Key words: directionality, explicitation, simultaneous interpreting

The paper deals with ways of introducing lacking information in the target text by means of intratextual commentaries. The intratextual commentaries can take the form of interpolation or paraphrase. They have different structure, different impact on the readers’ perception of the target text and may alter in different ways the relation between the source and target texts. Compared to translator’s notes and glossaries, the intratextual commentary has its advantages and shortcomings. Moreover there can be a translator’s strategy behind translator’s choice of an explicitation technique.
В статье рассматриваются способы компенсации фоновых знаний путем добавления недостающей информации непосредственно в текст перевода. Анализируются подвиды внутритекстового комментария (интерполяция и парафраза) и их структура. Исследуются случаи использования интерполяции и парафразы, их влияние на восприятие перевода читателями и на соотношение оригинала и перевода. Выделяются основные преимущества и недостатки внутритекстового комментария по сравнению с затекстовым комментарием (примечаниями переводчика, глоссариями). Предпринимается попытка установить связь между переводческой стратегией и преимущественным использованием внутритекстового или затекстового комментариев.

In Translation Studies, explicitation generally refers to an interlingual process where something that is implicit in the source text is made explicit in the target text. This article analyses the concept in an intersemiotic context, focusing on word-to-image translation, with the aim of determining whether word-to-image translation includes meaning construction that could be described as explicitation. The empirical data of the article is a comic contract, a verbal-only document that has been intersemiotically translated into a visual form, i.e. a comic. The analysis concluded that while some of the characteristics described for interlingual explicitation operate with verbal language-specific concepts and cannot be applied to word-to-image translation, other characteristics of explicitation-such as the specification of meaning in translation-seem well-suited for this type of intersemiotic analysis. The analysis also emphasized that distinguishing types of explicitation in word-to-image translation is complicated by the inherent differences of words and images as meaning making resources.

Quelques réflexions en lien avec la mise en place d'un groupe d'analyse de pratiques professionnelles dans le domaine du travail social et plus largement des institutions et services impliqués dans l'accompagnement et le soin. Cette démarche expérientielle a pour objectif de favoriser le développement d'une posture réflexive à partir de l'évocation et de l'explicitation de l'action.

This study examines the application of expansion strategy in translating iltifāt in Sūrat al-Baqarah. Iltifāt is one of the styles of the holy Qur’ān and it represents the switch from one mode to another including pronouns, tenses, and gender, and this study focuses on translating iltifāt in pronouns. To explore the usage of expansion strategy in translating iltifāt, the latter was examined in Sūrat al-Baqarah and its translation by Ali (2008). Creating a faithful translation via expansion or explicitation is a challenging task for the translator. Data were selected from specific iltifāts in Sūrat al-Baqarah, namely those in which expansion strategy had been used. The selected data were then classified on the basis of reasons for which expansion strategy was used and the effectiveness of expansion strategy in translating iltifāt in pronouns was described and discussed.

Bu çalışma, kültür varlıklarının tanıtımında çevirinin rolünü ortaya çıkarmayı hedeflemekte ve terim çevirisi kararları ekseninde Arkeoloji Müzeleri kompleksinde yer alan Çinili Köşk’e ait tanıtım metinlerinin çevirilerine dair bir çerçeve çizmektedir. Kültür varlıklarının tanıtımında kullanılan İngilizce çeviri metinlerin durumu ve niteliklerinin iyileştirilmesi amacıyla başlatılan bir projeden yola çıkan bu çalışma içerisinde, öncelikle söz konusu projenin amacı ve kapsamı incelenecektir. Ardından, proje kapsamında incelenen mekanlardan biri olan Çinili Köşk’e ait çeviri metinler üzerinde terim çevirisi kararları odaklı bir değerlendirme yapılarak başka mekanlara ait tanıtım metinlerinde de uygulanabilecek bir taslak/ pilot inceleme kuramsal ve uygulamalı ayaklarıyla tanıtılmış olacaktır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, metin içi özellikler başlığı altında genel olarak metnin içeriği, ne amaçla yazıldığı, metinde kullanılan dilin resmiyet derecesi, sözcüksel ve sözdizimsel düzeydeki özellikleri, metnin işlevi ve kalitesi gibi unsurlar değerlendirilerek terim çevirisi kararları ödünçleme (kültürel aktarım/açımlama) ve birebir aktarım sınıflarında incelenmektedir.

La recherche présentée dans cet ouvrage porte sur des entretiens d’explicitation réalisés auprès de formateurs chargés d’accompagner de jeunes enseignants lors de leur entrée dans le métier. Elle a pour but d’éclairer différents aspects. Comment analyser sa propre expérience d’enseignant afin de pouvoir la transmettre ? En d’autres termes, comment redécouvrir un répertoire de gestes acquis sur une temporalité longue et qui relèvent de micro gestes peu perceptibles par la personne elle -même ? Comment communiquer ces savoir-faire et mettre en mots des connaissances en actes totalement incorporées ? Comment accompagner le jeune enseignant dans le cheminement de sa propre expérience en accord avec ses valeurs et le doter d’une posture réflexive favorisant la pertinence des choix dans les moments, qu’ils soient familiers ou difficiles ?

This article aims to give a cognitive linguistic account of the translational phenomena of explicitation and implicitation within the context of scientific and technical translation. After a brief discussion of possible conceptual issues involved in explicitation and implicitation research, it will be argued that a suitable linguistic framework – for example cognitive linguistics – is needed to model the various complex dimensions of the two phenomena. Following a short introduction to cognitive linguistics, explicitation and implicitation will be positioned within two influential models of “linguistic construal operations” developed within this framework. Then, a link will be established between the concept of linguistic construal and Langacker’s cognitive semantic theory of domains, which provides a toolset for modelling the implicit knowledge structures underlying specific usage events in communication. To test the suitability of the proposed framework, the article concludes with a discussion of some authentic examples of potential explicitation and implicitation in cognitive linguistic terms.