Firm Size

The study aims to examine the impact of liquidity and solvency management on the financial performance of Jordanian manufacturing companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange, for a period of 10 years from 2010 to 2019. The size of the company was used as a control variable. The study employs Return on Assets (ROA) and Earnings Per Share (EPS) to measure financial performance. Current ratio (CR) and total debts to total assets were used as proxies for liquidity and solvency management, while logarithm of total assets was used to measure the size. Correlation and multi regression analyses have been applied to analyze the data. The results show a statistically significant impact of independent and control variables (liquidity and solvency management and the size of the company) on financial performance, while the detailed results of the hypotheses indicate that liquidity has an insignificant reverse impact on financial performance. With respect to other variables, there is a significa...

The foreign exchange rate fluctuations do create an
impact on stock returns, which has been
investigated for non-financial listed Pakistani firms. The real
effective exchange rate has been used as the true measure of foreign
exchange exposure. The modelled econometric equation includes;
firm size, firm liquidity, money supply and inflation as predictors
of stock returns. Twenty-five non-financial listed firms have been
evaluated for the study period 2004 to 2013, which signifies the
military regime era proceeded by peoples party rule in Pakistan.
Financial data analysis, including; ADF unit root and Johansen
Co-integration tests, have been applied to evaluate financial data,
which further led to correlation, descriptive stats and panel data
regression analysis. The results have suggested a very weak
relationship between stock returns and foreign exchange exposure.
Therefore, sample non-financial listed firms have not been foreign
exchange exposed; however, firm size, liquidity, money supply and
inflation rates have definitely created an impact on stock returns.

Innovation in SMEs exhibits some peculiar features that most traditional indicators of innovation activity do not capture. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a structural model of innovation that incorporates information on innovation success from firm surveys along with the usual R&D expenditures and productivity measures. We then apply the model to data on Italian SMEs from the “Survey on Manufacturing Firms” conducted by Mediocredito-Capitalia covering the period 1995–2003. The model is estimated in steps, following the logic of firms’ decisions and outcomes. We find that international competition fosters R&D intensity, especially for high-tech firms. Firm size and R&D intensity, along with investment in equipment, enhances the likelihood of having both process and product innovation. Both these kinds of innovation have a positive impact on firm’s productivity, especially process innovation. Among SMEs, larger and older firms seem to be less productive.

In the present paper, it is attempted to empirically verify the impact of economic liberalization on the R&D behaviour of Indian pharmaceutical firms controlling for the effects of several firm specific characteristics including firm size. The results from the Tobit analysis for a sample of firms over the period 1989-90 to 2000-01 indicate that competitive pressure generated by liberalization has worked effectively in pushing Indian pharmaceutical firms into R&D activity. A host of firm characteristics like firm age, size, profitability, intangible assets, export orientation and outward foreign direct investment are also found to be important determinants of innovative activity in the industry. The study suggests several policy measures to further indigenous technological efforts of pharmaceutical firms, which include, removing obstacles that inhibit outward orientation of firms, providing special scheme for small size firms in the overall technology policy for the industry, intensi...

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

The properties of the firm are crucial starting points for developing theories on economy and management. The aim of this study is to propose a general theory of the social organization of production, mapping the essential conditions for its creation, development, and growth. In order to do so, we propose an evolutionary theory in which the relations of the organization's sociotechnical system manifest themselves through a self-perpetuating dynamic where leaders take on the role of social attractors and their viable outline is defined by their capacity for regeneration and by the flows of resources and information that pass through them. This goes against the finalist conceptions of the firm, in which the scope is to meet external demands. In this type of dynamics, the objective of the structure is to ensure its own organization and the realization of its identity and autonomy.

The recent literature on the productivity gains due to the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) has stressed the importance of the complementarities between ICT and organizational change. The ICT enable to process and diffuse a large amount of information. The reduction in information costs facilitates a higher level of coordination. The organizational implementation of ICT requires two prerequisites: the codification of the organization processes and their standardization, necessary to allow a full information exchange among the different processes. The introduction of ICT is less costly and more effective in those kinds of internal and external corporate activities that prior to the change are already formalized. ICT diffusion is therefore faster in large firms and in the supply chains they dominate. The 2001 Survey on the investment of industrial firms with more than 50 employees (Invind) by the Bank of Italy shows a high degree of diffusion of the PCs, an...

Previous studies have investigated the effects of the use of information technologies with organizational variables on firm performance. Some of these organizational variables are the firm size, the business strategy and the architecture of information technology. The main contribution of this study is to investigate the impact of firm size, information system and the technological architecture associated with prospector strategy on performance of firms operating in Isparta, in Turkey. The technological architecture was identified for the profiles of technological deployment by Croteau and Bergeron (2001). This study also focuses on the interactions between firm size, prospector strategy, technological architecture and firm performance. The main aim of this study is to identify the relationships between firm size and the technological architecture on prospector strategy that support the firm performance best. In this study the technological architecture was identified. The firm size has been measured in terms of employment. Today, environmental conditions (rapid change, technological development, globalization, etc.) offer many opportunities to firms. For this reason, the strategic activity has been taken as prospector. The firm performance is based on the sales growth and profitability.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR), though defined in various ways, is simply known as “the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society.” This study aims to determine corporate social responsibility practices, challenges, and prospects of select business firms in Negros, an island in the Philippines, home to various enterprises making it the highest-earning province in the Philippines in 2014. This study also aims to determine the relationship between firm size, financial performance corporate social responsibility engagement. This study covers seven key cities in Negros, using survey questionnaire as the research instrument. Participants included business firms with capitalization of PHP 15 million and above. This study reveals that business firms in Negros actively seek corporate social responsibility practices in the stakeholder groups of employees, suppliers, society and environment, investors and creditors, and customers. Human resource factors are the prevailing challenges to corporate social responsibility practice. Most business firms are optimistic about their corporate social responsibility prospects. This study reveals that for business firms in Negros, corporate social responsibility practices are independent of industry, number of years in service, geographic location, firm size, and financial performance.

R&D investment has been widely regarded as an important input for firms, particularly for high-tech firms, to achieve competitive advantage within their industry. Hence, a number of high-tech firms are now investing substantial amounts into R&D. Since R&D efforts enable firms to raise the competitive advantage, one noticeable and interesting issue expected to know is the degree to which R&D investment influences firm output performance. In Taiwan, much greater emphasis is also being placed into R&D investment in the high-tech industries; however, R&D output performance has never been seriously examined within this sector. Since the island's electronics industry is widely regarded as the most promising industry in the ‘high-tech sector’, and is expected to place greatest emphasis on its R&D efforts, we take the electronics firms as our analytical sample.This paper therefore sets out to estimate the impact of R&D on firm performance, in terms of productivity growth and the rate of return on investment, within the electronics industry in Taiwan, whilst also examining the Schumpeterian hypothesis, that R&D performance is an increasing function of firm size. Our examination of R&D performance is based on a panel sample of 83 large electronics firms, completely balanced over the period from 1994 to 2000, with series data of R&D capital also being constructed. Based upon the extended Cobb-Douglas production function, a random effects model is developed with the estimations revealing that the output elasticity of R&D is around 0.19 and the average rate of return on R&D is around 22%. These findings clearly demonstrate that investment in R&D by these electronics firms has had an impact on their competitive advantage. Compared to the findings of previous studies, where the analytical unit of data was at firm level, here the rate of return on R&D is consistent with similar estimates for the US and UK, but lower than those for Japan. However, our estimations do not provide support for the hypothesis that the impact of R&D on productivity is an increasing function of firm size.

This study aims to give an idea of corporate social responsibility disclosure in the Indonesian banking sector and to know that the financial performance affect the disclosure of corporate social responsibility (corporate social responsibility). The population in this study are all domestic banks operating in Indonesia 2007-2008 period, amounting to 226 banks.
Based on the results of tests performed by t test size and leverage variables have a significant effect on the variables of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Then through a t test showed that the ROA variable has no effect on corporate social responsibility (CSR). While based on simultaneous test (test F) Size, ROA, and Leverage has the effect of CSR in the Indonesian banking sector. The amount of R2 in banking in Indonesia amounted to 0.558. This indicates that the major effect of the independent variables are Size, ROA, and Leverage on CSR dependent variable that can be explained by this equation model of 55.8% while the remaining 44.2% is influenced by factors other than research.
Keywords: Size, ROA, Leverage, Corporate Social Responsibility

This research aims to test the influence of Fama & French Three Factor Model and
CAPM on the stock return of banking companies in Indonesia. The samples used were
29 companies that were registered in banking sector from January 1st, 2010 to December
31st, 2013. The period of research is from January 2010 to December 2013. It used
multiple linear regression. The result indicates that banking companies in Indonesia can
accept the CAPM in predicting the stock return. On the other hand, the Fama & French
Three Factor Model cannot entirely be used in Indonesia. Only excess market return and
firm size that can influence the changes in stock return, while book to market equity
does not show any significant influence.

The benefits that can be derived from effective purchasing have long been recognised in the management literature. Despite a growing body of research on purchasing practices in small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a number of key issues remain under-examined. We investigate SME purchasing practices in terms of (1) the degree to which purchasing is regarded as a ‘strategic’ activity by SMEs, (2) the use of supplier evaluation systems by SMEs and (3) the supplier capabilities emphasised by SME buyers. Through a survey of UK SME managers, we find that purchasing practices varied greatly across SMEs. Purchasing formality is generally low with limited evidence of purchasing being employed strategically and with many firms not undertaking formal supplier evaluations. In terms of supplier capabilities, we find that SMEs differ in the capabilities they prioritise, with three distinct groups evident. These groups are labelled ‘holistic’, ‘process’ and ‘logistics’ based on the supplier capabilities they emphasise. These three groups of firms also differed in terms of the emphasis they placed on strategic purchasing, supplier evaluation, technological focus and how they compete in their main markets, but not in terms of firm size or number of suppliers utilised. The implications of these findings are discussed and areas meriting future research are proposed.

The aim of this study is to investigate the affect of firm size on profitability. In this study, data of 200 companies which were active in Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) between the years 2008-2011 has been used. " Return on Assets " (ROA) has been used as indicators of firm profitability and total assets, total sales and number of employees have been used as indicators of size. Multiple regression and correlation methods have been used in empirical analyses. The result of analysis indicates a positive relation between size indicators and profitability of firms. Control variables as the age of the firms and leverage rate have been found in a negative relation with ROA, but liquidity rate and ROA have been determined to have a positive relation.

Considerable anecdotal evidence suggests that an organization's use of outsourcing will have an influence on its performance. However, few empirical examinations of the outsourcing–performance relationship have been conducted. In this study, we analyze the relationship between the outsourcing of human resource (HR) activities, namely training and payroll, and firm performance. In addition, we hypothesize that the outsourcing–performance relationship is not the same for all firms. As a result, we test for the potential moderating effects of firm size. Our sample consists of 94 manufacturing firms representing 16 two-digit SIC code industries. Results indicate that both training and payroll outsourcing have implications for firm performance. However, findings regarding a moderating effect of firm size were inconclusive.