Fixed Effect Model

This study aims to assess the impact of the Korean Wave on the export of consumer goods from South Korea to the ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and the Philippines) from 2010 to 2020. This study took into account various factors to analyze the export dynamics, such as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, interest rates, Google search trends, and the geographical distance between countries. Cultural goods exported from South Korea were used as a measure of the Korean Wave, employing the gravity model and the fixed effects model (FEM) for analysis. The results of this study indicated a positive impact of the Korean Wave variable on the export of South Korean consumer goods. Additionally, the findings revealed that variables such as South Korea’s GDP per capita, distance, and exchange rates had a negative impact on the export of such goods. Furthermore, this study highlights the positive impacts of the ASEAN-5 countries’ GDP per capita and Google search trends on the export of South Korean consumer goods.

1- INTRODUCTION
Consideration of the importance of the role of housing in the economy, especially in metropolitan areas such as Tehran, the analysis of house pricing and identifying the factors affecting housing prices is very importance. A noteworthy point in the study of housing price changes in the metropolis of Tehran is that the rate of price growth in different areas of Tehran has not been the same. Experience shows that price changes start in one district and then spread to other districts. Therefore, we should consider proximity and spatial dependence of housing prices in urban distrists.

2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In the analysis of housing price data, the spatial dependence between observations must be taken into consideration. Accordingly, many experimental studies have shown strong evidence of spatial dependence in the housing market between urban areas. Spatial dependence on housing prices is also referred to as the wave effect, implying that housing prices in a district cause changes in neighboring districts' prices. Behavioral economics is a theoretical basis that can express the phenomenon of spatial dependence between urban districts. Regarding the theories of behavioral economics, nearby urban areas have the same culture, history, environment, and policies. Other phenomena that express the spatial dependence in the housing market of urban districts include migration theory, capital transfer, arbitrage, and spatial patterns.

3- METHODOLOGY
A critical issue in studies using spatial econometric techniques is the choice of the type of spatial model. Depending on the type of spatial interaction, we will encounter a variety of spatial models. To select spatial models, we can first consider the general spatial model and with the relevant tests to ensure the existence of the type of spatial interaction factor. Then, the appropriate type of model can be selected. According to Elhorst (2014), using the spatial lag fixed-effect model, we have modeled the housing prices in 22 districts of Tehran city in this study. Some variables affecting housing prices are related to the demand side of the housing market, and some are related to the supply side. Here, the explanatory variables in the model are the annual population growth rate of the districts, and the annual growth rate of the real disposable per capita income, which shows the demand side influencing the housing price, as well as the number of building permits and the annual unemployment rate as the supply-side variables that affect housing prices. The dependent variable is the districts' average annual real growth rate of housing prices.

4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
According to the spatial specification results, the dynamic SAR model has been selected as the appropriate model. The estimated coefficient of the spatial lag of the dependent variable with a time lag is 0.033, which is statistically significant and indicates a positive effect. It implies that the spatial lag of the dependent variable with a time lag has influenced the growth rate of housing prices in the 22 districts of Tehran. Among the explanatory variables affecting the growth rate of housing prices in the 22 districts of Tehran, it is observed that, except for the unemployment rate variable, the other variables have a significant effect on the growth rate of housing prices in Tehran districts. The analysis of the local Moran scatterplot demonstrates that the spatial correlation of the housing price growth rate in the northern districts of Tehran is different from the southern districts.

5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
Among the explanatory variables affecting the growth rate of housing prices in Tehran districts, except for the unemployment rate, other variables have statistically significant impacts. Two variables of the growth rate of income per capita and population growth rate have positive effects. However, the number of building permits has negatively influenced housing prices' growth rate. The statistically significant estimated coefficient of spatial lag of the dependent variable in the model implies the spatial effects of the housing price growth rate. All the necessary tests indicate that the null hypothesis, which indicates the lack of spatial autocorrelation, has been rejected, and a spatial correlation among the housing price growth rates of districts has been confirmed. The local Moran scatterplot illustrates that the Spatial correlation of housing price growth rate in the northern districts of Tehran is entirely different from the southern areas of Tehran. It is recommended that urban policymakers should not ignore the spatial relationship between housing prices in 22 districts of Tehran. Also, it is recommended to the policymakers, due to the different spatial correlation rate of the housing price growth rate in the southern areas of Tehran city compared to the northern districts of the city, for each of the northern and southern areas of Tehran, they should make different policies.

Employment is an important issue in national and regional development. The city of Medan as the capital city of North Sumatra Province has a high need for labor absorption in line with the growth of the existing population. This study aims to determine the absorption of labor in the city of Medan in 2019-2020. This study uses descriptive statistical methods with secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of Medan City. The results showed that there was an increase in the percentage of unemployment in Medan City in 2020 by 2.21%. The employment sector with the highest employment absorption is the tertiary sector or service provider, especially in trade, which absorbs the highest workforce in the city of Medan. Keywords: Labor, Employment, Employment Sector

TEZ13079Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2017.Kaynakça (s. 137-139) var.XVI, 154 s. :_tablo c29 cm.Meta-analiz, birbirinden bağımsız benzer konulardaki çalışmaları bir araya getirerek sonuçlarındaki çeşitliliği açıklamak, daha güvenilir ve doğru sonuçlara ulaşılmasını sağlamak amacıyla kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Meta-analizlerde nitelik göstergesi olan en önemli husus güçtür ve bu güç, heterojenliğin varlığına göre sabit etki ya da rastgele etki modeli olmak üzere kullanılan iki yaklaşım altında değerlendirilir. Yapılan güç değerlendirmeleri etki büyüklüğü, makalelerdeki minimum örnek büyüklüğü ve çalışma sayılarından etkilenir. Çalışmada belirli etki büyüklüğünde kabul edilebilir bir güce ulaşmak adına makalelerdeki minimum örnek büyüklüğünün ve makale sayısının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sabit etki ve rastgele etki modelleri altında etki büyüklüğü için tanımlanan belirli aralıklar (0.1-0.2, 0.20001-0.3, 0.30001-0.4, 0.40001-0.5 ve 0.50001-0.7) ve hasta kontrol ...

Rice output in the Philippines appears tobe influenced by a wide variety of factors. Apart from considerations related to production, the variable nature of the environment may have started to make inroads into the relatively poor performance of the rice sector. This is concerning given that the rice industry is an economic driver of the many provinces across the country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the catalytic influence that climate variables and selected economic variables have on rice production in the six rice-producing areas of the Philippines from 2006 to 2019 by utilizing panel data estimates and the augmented Cobb-Douglas Production function. The effects of each explanatory variable on the dependent variable were empirically verified using OLS, Fixed, and Random Effect Regression methods. Fixed effect regression is determined to be the most suitable estimation method for the study among the three. For irrigated farms across regions in the Philippines, regression results showed that an increase in Land Area (LA) and application of Urea (Ur) would increase Rice production. Subsequently, a decrease in rice production is obtained when Average amount of Rainfall (ARF) increases and Minimum Temperature (Tmn). The application of Complete (Ct) as fertilizer has negligible effects on production. For rainfed areas, Land Area (LA), the application of Urea (Ur), and Complete (Ct) fertilizers exhibited an increase in rice production; whereas Average Amount of Rainfall (ARF) exhibited negative effects on rice production in the Philippines. Results would show us that in order to maintain the country’s access to rice security, a long-term agricultural strategy should be institutionalized to increase land area devoted to rice production, irrigation and use of other inputs aside from inorganic fertilizers. Aside from this, proactive climate variability adaption measures are required to mitigate the long-term effects of changes in temperature and rainfall on rice production in the Philippines.

Inflation and economic growth is macroeconomic indicators that used to glance the condition of economy. Low inflation will have positif impact on the economy. Some empirical studies evidence that economic growth can be achieved if the inflation is low. The purpose this study is to analyze the effect of monetary policy and regional fiscal policy toward price stability and economic growth in Central Java in 2001-2010. The approach used in this study is fixed effect model (FEM).The results of this study is : (1) in partial, taxes and deposits have a significant influence on inflation, while capital expenditure, credit, interest, Banyumas, Semarang and Surakarta has not significant influence on inflation. (2) in partial, capital expenditure, credit, Banyumas and Tegal have a significant influence on economic growth, while taxes, deposits, interest, Semarangdoes not have significant influence on economic growth.The conclusion is the rapport variables used in inflation model and economic ...

Keberhasilan pembangunan ekonomi suatu negara dientukan oleh sumber daya manusianya, tetapi jumlah penduduk yang besar tidak selalu menjamin keberhasilan pembangunan bahkan dapat menjadi beban bagi keberlangsungan pembangunan apabila tidak dapat dimanfaatkan secara maksimal. Sektor industri selain berperan sebagai sektor utama dalam pembangunan ekonomi, juga berpotensi untuk menyerap tenaga kerja dalam jumlah yang besar. Namun faktanya Provinsi Jawa Timur belum dapat memenuhi hal tersebut, dimana penyerapan tenaga kerja sektor industri masih tertinggal dibandingkan dengan sektor pertanian dan perdagangan walaupun sektor industri merupakan leading sector dan kontributor PDRB terbesar Provinsi Jawa Timur. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui, menggambarkan, dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi penyerapan tenaga kerja industri besar dan sedang di Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2019. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linear berganda (RLB). Hasil analisis ...

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh Jumlah Hotel bintang dan non bintang, Jumlah Rumah Makan yang sudah dibina, Jumlah Wisatawan Nusantara dan Mancanegara terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) di  Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Daerah istimewa Yogyakarta tahun 2016 – 2020. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode regresi data panel dengan pengolahan data nya  menggunakan software RStudio dan Excel. Data panel merupakan gabungan data time series dengan cross section, setelah dilakukan beberapa beberapa uji, diperoleh model terbaik adalah Random Effect Model (REM) dengan pengaruh cross section. Selain itu diperoleh juga koefesien determinasi (R2) untuk random effect model yaitu sebesar 69.06%. Nilai tersebut menunjukan bahwa kemampuan variable independent dalam menjelaskan variable dependen sebesar 69.06% sedangkan sisanya 30.94% dijelaskan variabel lain yang tidak termasuk model. Dari hasil yang didapatkan, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa jumla...

Afghanistan frequently faces drought and other climate change-related challenges due to rising temperatures and decreased precipitation in many areas of the country. Therefore, acquiring a thorough comprehension of the implications of climate change on the cultivation of key cereal crops is of the utmost importance. This is particularly significant in the context of Afghanistan, where the agricultural sector plays a pivotal role, contributing close to a quarter of the country’s national gross domestic product and serving as the primary source of employment for 70% of the rural workforce. In this paper, we employ a panel regression model to evaluate the relationship between climate change and cereal productivity in Afghanistan’s agro-climatic zones. Temperature had a significant negative impact, implying that a mean temperature increase of 1 °C decreased wheat and barley yields by 271 and 221 kg/ha, respectively. Future medium- and high-emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respecti...

Abstract: The effect model law states that a natural relationship exists between the frequency (observation) or the probability (prediction) of a morbid event without any treatment and the frequency or probability of the same event with a treatment. This relationship is called the effect model. It applies to a single individual, individuals within a population, or groups. In the latter case, frequencies or probabilities are averages of the group. The relationship is specific to a therapy, a disease or an event, and a period of observation. If one single disease is expressed through several distinct events, a treatment will be characterized by as many effect models. Empirical evidence, simulations with models of diseases and therapies and virtual populations, as well as theoretical derivation support the existence of the law. The effect model could be estimated through statistical fitting or mathematical modelling. It enables the prediction of the (absolute) benefit of a treatment fo...

Open unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment to the total labor force. Unemployment data is a combination of cross section data and time series data are commonly called panel data. This study aims to be modeling the open unemployment rate in Central Java province in 2008 to 2013 by using panel data regression. To estimate the panel data regression model, there are three approaches, the common effect model, fixed effect model and random effects model. Estimation of panel data regression model is used the fixed effect model with cross section weight. The model show that the percentage of population aged 15 years and over who worked by the highest education attained is Senior High School/Vocational School, Senior High School Gross Enrollment Rate (GER), dependency ratio and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) significantly affect the open unemployment rate by generating  for 81,65 %. Keywords : Cross Section Weight, Fi...

PurposeThis study aims to explore the link between mortality and climate change. The focus is in particular on individuals’ adaptation to temperature changes. The authors analyze the relationship between climatic change (measured by temperature rate) and mortality in 23 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries during 1970-2010.Design/methodology/approachThis study performs the adaptation regression model in the level form as a dynamic panel fixed effects model. The authors use a non-linear threshold estimation approach to examine the extreme temperature changes effect on the temperature–mortality relation. More specifically, the study explores whether the large increases/decreases in temperature rates affect mortality rates more than the modest changes.FindingsThis study indicates that the temperature–mortality relation is significant in early part of the sample period (before 1990) but insignificant during the second part (after 1990). After including contro...

The objective of this paper is to explore residential location preferences and how they are related to travel behavior. The literature focuses on the preferences in relation to physical and demographic aspects, such as land uses, facilities, transportation facilities, transportation services, car ownership, income, household size and travel accessibility. However, this study suggests social and cultural issue such as racial diversity which is literally to be a significance context. The case study reported here is based on Iskandar Malaysia’s development region. Reliability Analysis and Factor Analysis are applied to determine that religious and culture are influential in terms of residential location preferences. These findings add a different perspective on travel behavior studies, which are heavily dominated by researches from Western Europe, North America and Australasia. It is suggested that transport researchers need to reject universal conclusions and be clearer about the cont...

This research aimed to determine how much the influence of economic growth, the number of labor force and regional minumum wages on educated unemployment in East Java. The data used in this research is secondary data such as time series and cross section. The analytical method used in this research is panel data regression analysis. The results showed that variable of the economic growth was positifly and not significantly affect to the educated unemployment in East Java, whereas the number of labor force and regional minimum wages was positivly and significantly affect to the educated unemployment in East Java. Keywords: The Economic Growth, the Number of Labor Force and Regional Minimum Wages.

Kependudukan merupakan kajian population studies untuk kebijakan dan program pembangunan yang dilakukan. Sebagai subjek pembangunan, maka penduduk harus dibina dan dikembangkan sehingga mampu menjadi penggerak pembangunan. Isu penting dalam konteks ini adalah seberapa besar penyelenggaraan pendidikan berorientasi dunia kerja relevan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat, terutama kebutuhan tenaga kerja, dunia usaha maupun industri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan demometrik dengan daerah penelitian adalah Provinsi jawa Tengah. Alat analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Seemingly Unrelated Regression dengan proses spatial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk pemetaan penyerapan tenaga kerja sektoral di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, mengkaji lebih lanjut tentang model penyerapan tenaga kerja sektoral dengan pendekatan seemingly unrelated regression dan mengkaji lebih lanjut keterkaitan penyerarapan tenaga kerja sektoral di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan proses spatial

Employment is an important issue in national and regional development. The city of Medan as the capital city of North Sumatra Province has a high need for labor absorption in line with the growth of the existing population. This study aims to determine the absorption of labor in the city of Medan in 2019-2020. This study uses descriptive statistical methods with secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of Medan City. The results showed that there was an increase in the percentage of unemployment in Medan City in 2020 by 2.21%. The employment sector with the highest employment absorption is the tertiary sector or service provider, especially in trade, which absorbs the highest workforce in the city of Medan. Keywords: Labor, Employment, Employment Sector

Abstract: The paper firstly notes a theoretical justification for using the gravity model in the analysis of bilateral trade under either perfectly competitive or monopolistic market structure. It then applies a generalized gravity model to analyze Bangladesh’s export trade pattern using the panel data estimation technique. The estimated results reveal that the main contributors of the Bangladesh’s exports are the exchange rate, partner countries ’ total import demand, openness of Bangladesh economy and multilateral resistance factors. All affects the country’s exports positively. Transportation costs affect Bangladesh’s exports negatively. The country specific effects show that neighbouring countries ’ influence on Bangladesh’s exports is more than the influence of other distant countries.

[Contenido en castellano] Bajo este modelo estadístico, asumimos que todos los estudios objeto de estudio del meta-análisis comparten un tamaño de efecto común o verdadero [true effect size en inglés]. Esto quiere decir que todos los factores que puedan influir en el tamaño del efecto son iguales en todos los estudios y que las diferencias observadas en cada uno de los estudios son debidas al error muestral.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran strategis industri meubel dalam menyerap tenaga kerja, mengetahui faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat industri meubel dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja serta meramalkan berapa besar jumlah tenaga kerja yang terserap lima tahun yang akan datang di Kabupaten Gowa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Data yang diolah adalah data time series yang diperoleh dari Dinas Perdagangan dan Perindustrian Kabupaten Gowa dari tahun 2007 sampai 2016. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan trend dengan rumus peramalan Y = a + bX + cX 2 .Hasil analisis diperoleh peran strategis industri meubel dalam menyerap tenaga kerja sangat kecil, persentase tingkat kontribusi tenaga kerja industri meubel Kabupaten Gowa dalam periode sepuluh tahun terakhir (2007-2016), hanya mencapai rata-rata 0,05 % per tahun.Faktor pendukung industri meubel dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja adalah produk meubel sudah menjadi kebutuhan oleh banyak konsumen, kemudahan dalam mencari calon tenaga kerja. Faktor penghambat yaitu kurangnya modal kerja, bantuan modal, peralatan, pelatihan dibutuhkan dari pemerintah, serta promosi keluar daerah diharapkan bisa difasilitasi agar usaha meubel dapat berkembang dan bersaing dengan daerah lain. Ramalan jumlah tenaga kerja yang terserap lima tahun yang akan datang pada industri meubel Kabupaten Gowa tahun 2017 sampai 2021 mengalami peningkatan, melihat hasil ramalan tersebut pada tahun 2017 sebanyak 387,59 dan tahun 2021 sebanyak 638,23 tenaga kerja. Kata Kunci : Industri Meubel, Tenaga Kerja, Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja

In 2003, a total reward system was introduced for employee pension insurance and health insurance in Japan. This reform increased the insurance premiums for bonuses from 2% to 21.87%, and decreased the premiums for monthly salary from 25.96% to 21.87%. As a result, the social insurance premium burden of some companies increased, while that of others decreased. The variation, depending on the difference in the bonus/monthly salary ratio before the introduction of the total reward system, allows us to measure the influence of the increased social insurance premium burden using a natural experiment. This paper provides new evidence on the possible effect that the 2003 total reward system had on the behavior of firms, specifically its impact on labor demand and wages. Consequently, many firms reduced the number of employees, increased the average number of working hours, and maintained the total number of working hours. In terms of the costs to firms, the increase in average monthly sal...

Pengangguran, upah minimum dan pertumbuhan ekonomi menjadi komponen penting dalam pembangunan di suatu negara. Pada tingkatan lebih kecil, yaitu provinsi dan kabupaten/kota ketiga variabel tersebut menjadi sangat kompleks karena mempertimbangkan interaksi antar daerah. Paper ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak UMK dan PDRB terhadap pengangguran khususnya di Pulau Jawa tahun 2015. Dampak yang dilihat mempertimbangkan adanya pengaruh spasial yang memungkinkan interaksi antar wilayah terjadi. Hasil analisis empiris menunjukkan bahwa hanya variabel UMK yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengangguran. Demikian pula hanya aspek spasial pada persamaan error lag yang signifikan.

Kenaikan upah minimum selalu menarik untuk dihubungkan dengan fenomena dalam pasar kerja, keputusan untuk masuk pasar kerja, kemungkinan angkatan kerja memperoleh pekerjaan hingga kemungkinan pekerja untuk diberhentikan dari pekerjaan sebagai akibat kenaikan upah minimum. Paper ini berusaha melihat dampak kenaikan upah minimum di wilayah Jabodetabek pada tingkat kenaikan tertinggi pada tahun 2013 dan terendah pada tahun 2015. Analisis empiris menggunakan data mikro Sakernas diperoleh bahwa pada saat kenaikan upah minimum yang tinggi pada tahun 2013 yang mencapai rata-rata 48,10% meningkatkan kemungkinan seseorang untuk masuk ke dalam pasar kerja, menurunkan kemungkinan seseorang untuk bekerja dan meningkatkan risiko PHK. Hasil sebaliknya ditunjukkan pada saat rezim kenaikan upah minimum rendah pada tahun 2015, yang menurunkan minat seseorang masuk pasar kerja, dan meningkatkan kemungkinan bekerja. Satu-satunya yang sama pada kedua rezim adalah risiko PHK yang tetap meningkat.

Using plot level production data from a nation-wide survey in India, we study the impact of irrigation on crop productivity, land prices and cropping intensities. Our main identification strategy is based on a sufficient number of households cultivating multiple plots of different irrigation status. After household fixed effects and plot characteristics are controlled for, our estimations show that irrigation has a strong and significant impact on all these outcomes with the dominant effects on cropping intensities. We find quality of irrigation also matters. Our results provide support for continuing investments to improve access and quality of irrigation in India.

This study uses data from the 4th Nationwide Person Trip Survey to analyse the relation between the built environment, modal access preference at residential location and travel behaviour in Japan. By estimating random parameter count models, significant statistical associations were found between the built environment and preferences with non-work trip frequency by mode. Furthermore the effect of population density, car ownership and some access preference traits were found to be heterogeneous for some modes. Since most of the recent literature has focused largely on North-American and European cities, this study contributes to the existing body of literature by examining the role of the built environment and individual preferences on travel behaviour in the context of Japanese cities, and sheds some light on existing heterogeneity in the effects of some factors related to travel behaviour.