Fixed Effect Model

Using plot level production data from a nation-wide survey in India, we study the impact of irrigation on crop productivity, land prices and cropping intensities. Our main identification strategy is based on a sufficient number of households cultivating multiple plots of different irrigation status. After household fixed effects and plot characteristics are controlled for, our estimations show that irrigation has a strong and significant impact on all these outcomes with the dominant effects on cropping intensities. We find quality of irrigation also matters. Our results provide support for continuing investments to improve access and quality of irrigation in India.

The objective of this chapter is to estimate the performance and the return of professional training in term of integration of the professional training graduates in labour market. Using a micro econometric study based on data of the OFPPT graduates over the period 2000, 2001 and 2002, the estimations are made by considering two models. The first one is a model with fixed effect which is converging and efficient in the context of this study. The second is a model with heterogeneous parameters where we consider the effects of factors of integration that can be scattered and vary from an individual to the other one. The results show that globally the implement of professional training is efficient as far as the rates of employability are very significant. We conclude that the graduates of the professional training are confronted with a double problem. On one hand, the difficulties inherent to the Moroccan labour market which has its own specific logic, and on the other hand, an effect...

The objective of this study is to examine the determinants of labor absorption in the trade, hotel and restaurant sector and its impact on Gross Regional Domestic Product/GRDP at Bali Province. This study is important due to the fact that the GRDP in this sector is the highest compared to other sector but the labor absorption is lower than the agriculture sector. This study used panel data comprising 9 regencies/cities at Bali Province in the period 2003-2009 including fixed effect model and simultaneous equation model of Two-Stage Least Square. The results showed that GRDP, working age population, and the minimum wage have positive effect on employment, while the educated unemployment has no significant effect on the employment in the trade, hotel and restaurant sector. In addition, increases in employment and workers productivity have positive and significant effects the GRDP in the trade, hotel and restaurant sector at Bali Province.

As the global economy faces strong vulnerability in the current period and coming future, it is important to understand how the economic climate will respond. The past years have seen increase in unemployment rates and the resulting impact on the economies This paper has evaluated whether this change in unemployment will lead to an impact on the housing markets. Using data from 35 OECD countries and robust methodology, the result shows that unemployment has a strong and negative impact on housing prices. The heterogeneity analysis shows that lagged values of unemployment also affect housing prices in current period. Using sub-samples from different regions, the result shows that unemployment continues to show strong impact on housing prices especially in rich and European countries. The results are in line with literature, the results are robust across all configurations. Policymakers needs to use this and similar literature in understanding that unemployment may also affect economy through housing price channel as well as among other factors.

a b s t r a c t Traditional panel stochastic frontier models do not distinguish between unobserved individual heterogeneity and inefficiency. They thus force all time-invariant individual heterogeneity into the estimated inefficiency. Greene

While the provision of subsidized loans through the VBSP forms a cornerstone of Vietnam’s antipoverty policy, little is known on the impact of these preferential loans. In this paper, we use fixed effect regression to estimate the average effect of the program on income and expenditures of participating households, and subsequently assess the impact of the program on poverty and inequality. Our estimates indicate that the VBSP was quite effective. Participation on average seemed to have increased household income and expenditures by about thirty percent of the value of the loan, and an increase in loan size would have a similar effect. Despite that only one third of loans reaches households who are actually poor, our computations indicate that the program decreased the head count of poverty for its participants by almost four percentage points. Similarly, the program decreased the poverty gap index and the poverty-severity index by almost twenty percent. The impact on Vietnam’s ineq...

This paper analyses the adjustment speed of the firm to achieve target leverage. The study further extends the empirical work to diagnose the factors that significantly impact its capital structure. The study consists of 132 Indian non-financial firms listed in the National Stock Exchange for the period 1998-2018. A static panel model and dynamic two-step GMM model has been used to make a comparative analysis and select the best model. The results of the study claim that the adjustment speed is 44 percent per annum, yielding a half-life of 1.18 years. Further, the study reveals that profitability, tangibility, and GDP growth are significantly related to leverage in the dynamic model. In the static model, besides profitability, tangibility, and GDP Growth, its uniqueness, growth, and age also significantly impact leverage. In the study, the R square appears to be 0.34, and the determinants, namely, profitability, growth uniqueness, and age, follow pecking order theory, and size, tangibility, liquidity, GDP Growth, and inflation follow trade-off theory. The comparative statement results reveal that the dynamic model is more realistic, considering the adjustment cost. This paper can be further improved by incorporating human resource factors and their impact on its leverage.

The paper empirically inspects the impact of financial inclusion on child malnutrition in developing countries using the panel data for the time span of 2004-2018.To check the impact, fixed effect model, 2 Stage least square and System GMM estimation techniques are used. The outcomes of the analysis shows that usually the effect of financial inclusion on child malnutrition is negative, supporting results from earlier empirical literature. However, our estimation methodology allows us to investigate further that what leads this overall result. We concluded that that financial inclusion help to decrease child malnutrition, as it would support poor and needy people to handle the difficult situations like child malnutrition as people will have easy access to money and they can treat their child within a time of need. Financial development, per capita income, female education and health expenditure negatively effects child malnutrition while food prices have positive impact on child malnutrition. The bottom line of the analysis is that strong financial sector of any country is an important part that helps to support needy people to deal with uncertain conditions. The study highlights that food security situation should be improved in developing countries so that child malnutrition can be controlled. Government should take certain steps to guide about financial inclusion and provide poor people with these services in the hour of need so that child malnutrition can be controlled in a country that will provide long-term benefits to the economy.

In this article, we apply Max Weber's ideal types of fief and benefice feudalism to elite and non-elite chemistry departments in the USA. We develop a theoretical analogy of academic feudalism in regard to three dimensions: power relations, engagement with companies , and the impact of structural changes on the autonomy of scholars. We use a mixed methods approach to track changes in productivity and industrial collaboration on a departmental level and the researcher's understanding of research autonomy on the individual level. On the departmental level, our findings suggest that scholars located at elite departments are able to utilize federal and industrial resources to increase publications over time. On the individual level, we establish that researchers in both segments perceive their autonomy as being very high, whereas practical autonomy differs according to department. While scholars at elite departments remain relatively autonomous in practice, scholars at non-elite departments often tend to tailor their research to specific requirements to receive funding.

The paper empirically inspects the impact of financial inclusion on child malnutrition in developing countries using the panel data for the time span of 2004-2018.To check the impact, fixed effect model, 2 Stage least square and System GMM estimation techniques are used. The outcomes of the analysis shows that usually the effect of financial inclusion on child malnutrition is negative, supporting results from earlier empirical literature. However, our estimation methodology allows us to investigate further that what leads this overall result. We concluded that that financial inclusion help to decrease child malnutrition, as it would support poor and needy people to handle the difficult situations like child malnutrition as people will have easy access to money and they can treat their child within a time of need. Financial development, per capita income, female education and health expenditure negatively effects child malnutrition while food prices have positive impact on child malnutrition. The bottom line of the analysis is that strong financial sector of any country is an important part that helps to support needy people to deal with uncertain conditions. The study highlights that food security situation should be improved in developing countries so that child malnutrition can be controlled. Government should take certain steps to guide about financial inclusion and provide poor people with these services in the hour of need so that child malnutrition can be controlled in a country that will provide long-term benefits to the economy.