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Approximately 4000 human beings experience a traumatic brain injury each day in the United States ranging in severity from mild to fatal. Improvements in initial management, surgical treatment, and neurointensive care have resulted in a better prognosis for traumatic brain injury patients but, to date, there is no available pharmaceutical treatment with proven efficacy, and prevention is the major protective strategy. Many patients are left with disabling changes in cognition, motor function, and personality. Over the past two decades, a number of experimental laboratories have attempted to develop novel and innovative ways to replicate, in animal models, the different aspects of this heterogenous clinical paradigm to better understand and treat patients after traumatic brain injury. Although several clinically-relevant but different experimental models have been developed to reproduce specific characteristics of human traumatic brain injury, its heterogeneity does not allow one single model to reproduce the entire spectrum of events that may occur. The use of these models has resulted in an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury, including changes in molecular and cellular pathways and neurobehavioral outcomes. This review provides an up-to-date and critical analysis of the existing models of traumatic brain injury with a view toward guiding and improving future research endeavors.

Fumaria parviflora Lam. is used for treating aches and pains, diarrhea, fever, influenza and other complications. The herb mixed with honey is taken to prevent vomiting as per Ayurvedic text.In vivo studies were conducted to explore the hepatoprotective potential of Fumaria parviflora Lam. Fp extract against nimesulide induced oxidative stress and regulation of critical events in mitochondria mediated apoptosis.Group of Wistar rats were fed with nimesulide for 5 days (80 mg/kg/day, po), another group was pre-treated with Fp extract/silymarin (200 mg/kg/day, po) for 5 days followed by nimesulide exposure. Liver serum biomarkers and histopathology were done to assess hepatotoxicity caused by nimesulide. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, LPO, GPx, GR) were assessed using biochemical assays as well as gene expression by RT-PCR. GSH content and ROS generation was also evaluated using flow cytometry. Key apoptotic markers like phosphatidyl serine externalization, Bax, Bcl-2 translocation, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspases (9/3) activation and DNA damage were also observed in all the groups to confirm involvement of mitochondrial pathway.Pre-treatment with Fp extract for 5 days significantly reduced the impact of nimesulide induced toxicity as evident from the serum biomarkers of liver damage and histopathology. It also modulated antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression as well as activity (SOD, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase) and reduced lipid peroxidation during nimesulide toxicity. Nimesulide exposure decreased GSH content (92.9%) and increased reactive oxygen species (9.29 fold) which was attenuated in Fp treated rats. Fp pre-treatment significantly altered key apoptotic events like Bcl2 and Bax translocation, inhibited mitochondrial depolarization, prevented cytochrome c release, caspase-9/caspase-3 activation and DNA damage.Our in vivo findings regarding protection accorded by Fp extract against nimesulide toxicity suggest that Fp not only reduced hepatotoxicity but attenuated critical control points of apoptotic cell death.

Recognizing the sense of speech is one of the most active research topics in speech processing and in human-computer interaction programs. Despite a wide range of studies in this scope, there is still a long gap among the natural feelings of humans and the perception of the computer. In general, a sensory recognition system from speech can be divided into three main sections: attribute extraction, feature selection, and classification. In this paper, features of fundamental frequency (FEZ) (F0), energy (E), zero-crossing rate (ZCR), fourier parameter (FP), and various combinations of them are extracted from the data vector, Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm is used to reduce the number of features. To evaluate the system performance. The fusion of each emotional state will be performed later using support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), In terms of comparison, similar experiments have been performed on the emotional speech of the German language, English language, and significant results were obtained by these comparisons. Keywords: FEZ FP KNN PCA Speech emotion SVM This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Este estudo procurou investigar como a estrategia didatica da resolucao de situacoes-problema pode auxiliar no aprendizado de conceitos pelos alunos da 8a serie/ 9o ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da rede Estadual de Calumbi, Pernambuco. Para isso, a partir das indicacoes propostas por Merieu (1998), foi elaborada, uma Situacao-problema, que teve sua tematica ligada ao efeito estufa. A obtencao dos dados foi feita usando, entre outros instrumentos, questionario impresso e entrevista semiestruturada (gravada em audio) com o professor de ciencias, e um questionario aplicado a dez alunos, apos a intervencao em sala de aula. A atividade realizada permitiu ao docente uma reflexao acerca do uso de situacoes-problema como estrategia didatica, alem de alguns aportes teoricos que fundamentam a abordagem de uso destas. As respostas dos alunos mostraram que houve de forma significativa a construcao do conhecimento em algum grau, como mostram os dados obtidos depois de analisados adequa...

Ferula communis (L.), a plant belonging to Apiaceae, is widely present in Sardinia, Italy. Currently, interest in F. communis focuses on the presence of two chemotypes in the wild. One chemotype is poisonous to animals, whereas the other chemotype is non-poisonous. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has been extracted and partially purified from the two chemotypes of F. communis. The biochemical characterization of the enzymes showed significant differences. In particular, while the two PPOs were not able to use 6- and 7-hydroxycoumarin as substrates, they showed distinct specificity for 6,7- and 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin. Significant differences in the enzyme behavior towards common PPO inhibitors were also observed. In addition, activation energy and activation energy for denaturation were determined, showing significant differences between FP-PPO and FNP-PPO, particularly for denaturation kinetics. The possible roles of the two PPOs in determining differences in composition and toxicity of the two F. communis chemotypes are also discussed.Polyphenol oxidase has been extracted from poisonous and non-poisonous chemotypes of Ferula communis. The possible role of PPO in toxicity of poisonous chemotype is discussed.► Ferula communis is a plant belonging to Apiaceae, widely present also in Sardinia. ► Two chemotypes, poisonous and non-poisonous of F. communis are present in the wild. ► Polyphenol oxidase was extracted, purified and characterized from both chemotypes. ► PPO from both chemotypes showed different behavior towards substrates and inhibitors.