Gender Socialisation

Since the attribution of the passive and active electorate (1945), women assumed a new role within the political tradition and culture of Italy, which different parties of the institutional arch had been able to interpret differently. Although women had been painted as protagonists of the political scene, little research had been conducted - mainly militants - on the representation of social roles and on the emancipation of women within political posters. The aim of this research is to analyse if and how  the image of women had changed from the second post-war period until the end of the Seventies. Starting from the concept of female political participation, I considered the construction of gender stereotypes, in particular considering the role of family as the principle agency of political socialization and considering the structure of power in patriarchal terms. The research proceeds by identifying an important role of the construction and normalization of reality in political communication, based on the semiotic investigation of political posters. Therefore, various posters of the Italian political elections (from 1948 to 1979, the year in which the decline of the ideological future of the posters begins) are examined, in which the female figure is present or where it is clear the reference to women, through which the evolution of communication tools and the changed political, social and cultural context have encouraged a change in the communicative approach towards women.

Ce mémoire présente une analyse des différentes étapes des carrières homosexuel·le·s et les conditions de possibilités de celles-ci. Avec la notion de "coming-in", il constitue une étude des processus de socialisation homosexuelle et établi les effets de cette socialisation dans l’assomption de l’homosexualité pour les enquêté·e·s. La question des sociabilités, mais aussi celles de la famille et de l’école traversent l’ensemble de ce travail et éclairent les changements qui touchent les jeunes homosexuel·le·s. Ce processus de « devenir homosexuel·le » n’est néanmoins pas homogène, et l’articulation des socialisations est une problématique qui traverse l’ensemble du mémoire. A travers l’exemple des figures repoussoirs de l’homosexualité, qui perdurent dans certains coming-in, des différentes manières de « se dire » et du rapport à la « communauté » des homosexuel·le·s, je montre que chaque coming-in ne se comprend qu’à travers l’intrication des socialisations variées vécues par les enquêté·e·s.

La parution de ce rapport à l'approche des fêtes de fin d'année s'inscrit dans une démarche pragmatique : la délégation aux droits des femmes souhaite attirer l'attention tant des professionnels de l'industrie du jouet (fabricants et distributeurs) que des parents et des acteurs du service public de l'enfance (auxiliaires de puériculture, assistants maternels, pédiatres, professeur(e)s des écoles, animateurs et animatrices des temps périscolaires) sur l'intérêt de proposer aux enfants des jouets et des jeux qui ne soient pas porteurs de messages sexistes.
L'enjeu est double :
- revenir sur l'existence d'univers de jeux séparés entre filles et garçons et préparer par les jouets une société d'égalité entre femmes et hommes ;
- faire en sorte que jouets et jeux, en eux-mêmes ou par la présentation qui en est faite, ne contribuent pas à limiter la créativité des filles.
En d'autres termes, il s'agit, dans le respect des goûts de chacun et sans méconnaître les nécessités économiques du secteur des jouets, d'élargir le champ des possibles de tous les enfants, filles et garçons, et de permettre que l'égalité et le « vivre ensemble » commencent avec les jouets.
Dans cette logique, la délégation formule dix recommandations pour faire des jouets la première initiation à l'égalité.

Lim, H. J., & Chan, M. Y. (2012). Gender representation in the Malaysian fifth form English language text book. In the Proceedings of the 7th Malaysia International Conference on Languages, Literatures, and Cultures. Serdang, Malaysia: Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Text books used in public schools in Malaysia are selected and approved by the government and represent compulsory reading material for students. They are therefore a dominant and influential piece of discourse in terms of their wide “reach” and possible impact. The current study examined the ways in which gender is represented in the Fifth Form English language text book with a specific focus on gender equality. Thirty-six text passages encompassing the reading comprehension, grammar, speaking and listening modules of the textbook were selected and analysed for gender representation based on the use of adjectives, the settings, activities (both explicit and implied), and gender dominance.

Маугли, герой знаменитой книги писателя Киплинга, был брошен родителями и воспитывался в лесу, в стае волков. Несмотря на это, он научился говорить (пусть на языке зверей), понимать и сопереживать другим – иными словами, стал человеком. К сожалению, эта красивая история никогда не могла бы стать правдой – социальная наука говорит нам о том, что только человек, а точнее человеческое общество, может превратить кричащего и плачущего младенца в человека. Но как это происходит? Как мы учимся говорить, мыслить понимать других – и себя? Почему, не зная друг друга лично, мы обладаем похожими представлениями о том, что такое хорошо и что такое плохо? Почему то, что нам кажется естественным, кажется странным и удивительным людям, выросшим в других странах или в другие времена, иными словами, в других обществах? Зачем мы кооперируемся друг с другом в группы, создаем семьи, школы, государства? Что значит, что «общество» сделало нас теми, кто мы есть? Что такое это «общество» - родители, учителя, друзья, институты образования, государственные чиновники? Иными словами, кто и как нас воспитывает?
Этот курс предложит ответы на эти и многие другие вопросы. Он посвящен тому, как индивид становится частью общества, процессу, который социальные ученые называют «социализацией». В первой части курса мы рассмотрим разные способы, с помощью которых объясняли этот процесс ученые – социологи, психологи, антропологи, историки. Во второй части мы поговорим не просто о социализации, но о воспитании и педагогике: например, означает ли воспитание всегда принуждение или возможно «свободное» воспитание? Почему нас все время «дисциплинируют» при воспитании, хорошо это или плохо? Всегда ли принуждение/дисциплина, с одной стороны, и свобода, с другой стороны, противостоят друг другу, или дисциплина и свобода могут оказаться двумя сторонами одной медали?
В самом конце мы коротко затронем проблему политической социализации – как люди, в основном, дети и подростки, представляют себе государство и власть, как они становятся активными гражданами, и как взрослое общество реагируют на политическое участие детей.

This paper focuses on the process of gender socialization of boys, examined through parenting practices of mothers and fathers in the contemporary socio-cultural context of Serbia. The analysis is based on empirical material collected via semi-structured interviews during 2012 on a sample of 24 families with children aged 2 to 12. The constant comparative analysis (grounded theory method) includes attitudes and actions of parents of boys and girls (as a control group) in the process of family gender socialization, and enables interpretation of boys’ gender socialization models on a continuum ranging from traditional to modern upbringing practices of parents. The research shows that parental practices in modern-day Serbia are still primarily traditional. Of the three distinct models of boys’ gender socialization (traditional, transitional and participatory), the last two represent a step forward in the direction of the individualization of parenthood and more egalitarian gender socialization patterns influenced primarily by partner relationship dynamics. These dynamics are initiated by mothers’ reflexiveness and the transformation of the concept of the “sacrificing motherhood”. The dynamic of partner relationships thus shifts in the direction of “sacrificing fatherhood”, that is, a father’s renunciation of a part of the privileges he enjoyed before entering the responsibilities within the
household. Interactions with the social environment (and perceived changes in it), as well as interactions with the family of origin are crucial elements in whose interrelation the upbringing practices of parents are built and within which gender socialization of boys takes place in the socio-cultural context of contemporary families in Serbia.
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L’article traite le processus de socialisation familiale de genre chez les garçons dans le contexte socioculturel contemporain de Serbie, processus suivi à l’aide des pratiques éducatives des parents. L’analyse est basée sur le matériau empirique recueilli en 2012 auprès d’un échantillon de 24 familles ayant des enfants âgés de 2 à 12 ans. À partir d’une analyse comparative constante (méthode de construction de la théorie) des pratiques éducatives des parents – des pères et des mères, qui englobent leurs positions et comportements, dans le texte sont présentés et interprétés des modèles de socialisation de genre des garçons et se positionnent sur le continuum des pratiques extrêmement traditionnelles jusqu’aux pratiques éducatives extrêmement modernes des parents. Bien que les pratiques éducatives traditionnelles soient les plus représentées dans l’échantillon de cette recherche, dans l’analyse ont été relevés trois modèles de socialisation des garçons: traditionnel, transitoire i participatif. Les deux derniers modèles représentent un pas vers l’individualisation de la parentalité, et se développent avant tout sous l’influence de la dynamique des rapports entre partenaires, c’est-à-dire en raison du dépassement de la « maternité sacrificatrice » chez certaines femmes de l’échantillon en direction du « sacrifice» du père, c’est-à-dire du renoncement à une partie des privilèges dont il avait bénéficié avant de prendre en charge le soin et le bien-être des enfants.

Since the turn of the 21st century, cycling has been reconsidered as utilitarian transport. Starting generally from a very low percentage of modal share, it has surged in many major cities of the Global North. Cycling is being progressively integrated into mobility and urban planning programmes and infrastructure, although allocated budgets remain small compared to those for motor transport. However, this is not enough to turn cities into cycling spaces. Becoming an urban cyclist requires a variety of skills and sets of knowledge achieved through di erent forms of socialization. "Becoming" expresses the focus on this process, which can vary with culture, gender and social space, but also with topography, technical developments like electri cation, residential and occupational location, the social environments in which riders grew up and national or local campaigns to promote cycling. This volume uses qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods and is based on eldwork conducted in Australia, France, Germany, Switzerland and the UK. It focuses on the acquisition of skills and competences and supplements existing work by linking cycling practices to individual life courses and to gender and social inequalities. Through a multidisciplinary approach utilizing the di erent perspectives of the authors as anthropologists, geographers, linguists, sociologists and urban planners, it sheds light on geographical and sociological di erences to help understand factors likely to facilitate or curb urban cycling practices.

Imagine the following scenario: You are a man walking down the street wearing lipstick, heels and a skirt. People look at you -- some casting sidelong glances, others openly staring -- attempting to make sense of the “social aberration” they see before them. They may well decide that you are (a) a transgender person who (perhaps deliberately) didn’t get it quite “right”; (b) a gay man heading for a drag club; or (c) a straight man in fancy dress for a stag night. Gender limits how we view the world and people in it and what we can do with our lives. It is not considered “normal” for men to routinely wear what are perceived as “women’s” clothing or makeup -- there has to be some sort of explanation for it. In order to acceptably engage in such “gender-bending” behavior, you are seen as either a special category of person (e.g., gay, transgender) or in an exceptional context which allows or demands deviations from “the norm” (e.g., a stag night).

This chapter introduces a critical psychology of gender. We aim to provide you with tools for critically analyzing the construction of gender in mainstream psychology and in everyday life. First we demonstrate why gender is a critical social issue and discuss what we mean by gender. Next we illustrate some of the core assumptions underpinning mainstream psychological approaches, using the example of Victoria’s research on lesbian-mother families. We then consider assumptions about gender in the wider culture, using the example of Virginia’s research on dictionary definitions of female and male genitalia. Finally, we outline features of a critical psychology of gender. However, we do not want to suggest simply that “critical is good, mainstream is bad.” Some mainstream psychological work has been very important. More to the point, few examples of critical psychological work on gender have made practical contributions to social change. We end by considering whether critical psychologists can make effective interventions into our two-sexed, two-gendered world, and describe one positive example.

La thèse s’est attardée à décrire et à comprendre la trajectoire langagière de femmes immigrantes. Cette trajectoire est constituée du projet personnel -tel que défini par Boutinet (1998)- de ce que Nuttin (1985) nomme « la motivation d’accomplissement » et enfin du concept de socialisation langagière (Ochs et Schieffelin, 1984). Des résultats, il ressort entre autres les effets formateurs de la biographie langagière tant sur le plan personnel (conscience du projet personnel, de la motivation d’accomplissement et de la socialisation langagière), sur le plan de l’apprentissage du français (consciences des façons d’apprendre), sur le plan psychologique (estime de soi), social (sentiment d’appartenance à la société d’accueil, autonomie individuelle) et culturel (protection de la culture d’origine par l'usage de la langue maternelle).

Come avviene la socializzazione al genere in famiglia? Si puo ancora assistere a modelli educativi differenziati a seconda del genere dei figli? E possibile riscontrare delle pratiche di de-costruzione del genere messe in atto da genitori e figli nei processi di socializzazione? Il presente contribuito si propone di fornire alcuni elementi per comprendere come si diventa giovani donne e uomini all’interno del contesto familiare, osservando le norme, regole, insegnamenti e saperi pratici veicolati in famiglia da un lato e il grado di accordo/disaccordo dei figli rispetto a tali sistemi normativi dall’altro. Attraverso 60 interviste discorsive rivolte a 15 nuclei familiari con figli di genere opposto e residenti per lo piu nel nord Italia e emerso un quadro variegato e non privo di contraddizioni: tradizione e innovazione continuano infatti a persistere e a coesistere nelle identita, nei comportamenti e nelle aspettative di genere, cosi come nei percorsi educativi e di socializzazione...

In South Asia, shame is valued as a virtue and a means of social control, particularly for women. For Sri Lankan women, shame (laejja-baya) denotes modesty, purity, innocence, and self-effacement. For unmarried girls, sexual improprieties-rumoured or real-threaten loss of respectability and jeopardize a girl's marriageability and her family's honour. We investigated the dynamics of shame and norms of propriety in adolescent girls' lives by re-analysing a subset of interviews of daughters and mothers (N=24 pairs) collected in a prior study of nonfatal suicidal behaviour. Many suicide-like acts took place when girls were accused of violating norms of propriety. Other suicide-like acts served to 'blame and shame' wrongdoers. Girls and their mothers reported furthermore that a suicide-like act sullied a girl's reputation because onlookers ascribed sexualized meanings to it. We point out the incommensurability between parents' goals and aspirations for their daughters' educational and occupation achievements and the rigid demands for respectable comportment to which they must conform.

India is running out of time to capitalize on the demographic dividend. Declining female Labour Participation in the workforce is a cause of concern. As per data suggested by ILO and Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, India lags behind even South Asian countries in terms of female participation in the workforce. This essay tries to analyze various social and cultural factors that deter women from joining the workforce. While pointing out issues in the socialization process, lack of security at the workplace, and the paradox of modern offices and traditional homes, the essay asks for a women-centric strategy to increase her role in the market economy.

"j'ai toujours joué aux jeux vidéo" (Loly) : ce verbatim résume, en quelques mots, le propos de ce chapitre qui regroupe ici trois domaine de recherche : le  genre, les socialisations et les jeux vidéo. Comment devient-on une gameuse de jeux vidéo?

READ/DOWNLOAD: https://wheretomarie.net/en

A repeated — and ironic — accusation leveled at feminist movements in Arab countries in general and Lebanon in particular is that they are vectors of westernization. In actual fact, the region's feminist movements were born and developed in the context of nationalist and communist movements and as part of the struggles for national liberation. Feminism was not a foreign ideology 'imposed' by colonialism, but was instead indigenous to our societies. Women have long been struggling against colonial powers for equality and social justice, as well as against sectarian personal status laws and the entire patriarchal social structure than enforces them.

Feminism(s) in Lebanon have always been under harsh scrutiny, taking a backseat to "priorities" set by other movements. While women have actively taken part in nationalist and anti-capitalist struggles, from national independence to resisting Israeli occupation, and have played integral roles in class struggles as part of workers' and students movements, their male comrades have tended to appropriate their struggles, alienating and pushing against their feminist agendas under the pretext that "women's issues" are not revolutionary priorities. 

This comic book seeks to showcase why and from where these feminist movements in Lebanon emerged and how they have grown over the course of the century. Certainly, a truly complete and comprehensive history of these movements is beyond the scope of these pages. This is why we opted to tell the story of over a century of feminist activism through four fictional personal narratives. These are all based on extensive research carried out between 2010 and 2015, which included semi-guided interviews with feminist actors of different generations. Other sources, such as archival photographs, films, books, and articles regarding feminism(s) and social movements in Lebanon also informed the art and text, as did the experiences lived and witnessed by the authors of this book.

Completed during a tumultuous period that included massive protests, an unprecedented —  and continuing — economic collapse, a blast that shattered nearly half of Beirut, and a pandemic, the creation of this book was not without its many interruptions and challenges. Nevertheless, we hope that this colorful and sometimes dark work will spark curiosity and passion about a movement that is intrinsically tied to the wider and ongoing struggles in Lebanon, the region, and the world.

Статья представляет собой попытку гендерного анализа флэш-игр для маленьких детей. Задача заключается в том, чтобы установить, как через описания, образы и игровые механики формируются гендерные модели. Игры для детей воспроизводят гендерные стереотипы на нарративном, визуальном и аудиальном уровнях. Флэш-игры для детей, еще не способных критически отнестись к навязываемым им гендерным стандартам, предлагают более жесткие бинарные схемы, чем кино или видеоигры, ориентированные на взрослые аудитории.
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The article is an attempt at a gender analysis of flash games for young children. The aim is to determine how gender models are formed through game descriptions, images, and game mechanics. Games for children reproduce gender stereotypes at many levels, including narration, visuals, and sound effects. Flash games for young children, who are not yet able to regard critically the gender standards imposed on them, offer more stringent binary schemes than adult-oriented cinema or video games.

In this chapter, we will analyse the gender performances (Butler, 2007) and gender display (Goffman, 1979) conveyed on YouTube by boys aged 12 to 17, who author videos to problematise their relationship with physical or relational intimacy. As Judith Butler puts it, ‘gender is always a doing’ (2007, p. 34), and this activity ‘is performatively produced and compelled by the regulatory practices of gender coherence’ (ibid.). Our research objectively examines the modalities of self-presentation (Goffman, 1959) as a boy on YouTube. The starting point of our investigation is the statement of gender membership, and we focus our research on content in which adolescent boys specifically problematise their masculinity by using expressions such as ‘us guys’ and by staging a type of intimacy: corporeal, relational or subjective.

The modernization process that involved our society starting from the '70s has contributed to a redefinition of gender roles and identities in the sense of a greater similarity between women and men. Gender does not seem to be that relevant anymore in defining girls' and boys' carriers and experiences. In such context, does the family still play an important role in the gender socialization process? The paper aims to investigate the rules, values and know-how thought by parents and how, and to what extent, they are accepted by sons and daughters. In so doing, we would like to understand some of the mechanisms through which gender socialization operates and in which direction goes the educational process: does it contribute to maintain traditional gender roles or to promote innovative ideas of femininity and masculinity and forms of undoing gender?

Başvuru Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı kadın çalışanların kadınsı cinsiyet normları ve işin anlamlılığı arasındaki ilişkide cinsiyet rol stresinin aracı rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Tasarım/Yöntem: Niceliksel araştırma yöntemleriyle kolayda örneklem yoluyla Batı Karadeniz il ve ilçelerinde 412 kadın çalışan üzerine yapılmıştır. Toplanan anketler öncelikle geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizine tabi tutulduktan sonra tanımlayıcı istatistik, korelasyon ve regresyon testleri uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Analiz sonuçlarına göre cinsiyet rol stresinin kadınsı cinsiyet normları ve işin anlamlılığı arasında aracı rolü gözlenmiştir. Özgün Değer: Kadınların ev ve iş yerinde üstlenmiş olduğu farklı rollerin işin anlamlılığını nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymak ve alanyazına bu açıdan katkı sağlamak özgün değeridir. Araştırma iki sosyal kuram üzerine bina edilmiştir; sosyal norm ve sosyal rol kuramları. Ayrıca araştırmada toplumumuzda kadının iş hayatındaki işin anlamlılığı algısını artırabilecek sosyal cinsiyet normlarının etkisinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Received Objectives: The purpose of the research is to reveal the mediation role of gender role stress on the relationship between gender norms and meaningfulness of job. Methods: Datas were collected through convenience sampling method from 412 female employees in West Blacksea cities and districts. After conducting validity and reliability tests, descriptive, corelation and regression analysis were done. Results: According to the results of analysis mediating role gender role stress on the relation between gender norms and meaninfulness of job is observed. Originality: C ontributing to the literature by presenting how the different roles of women assumed at work and home effect their work engagement and meaningfulness is originality of research. The research is grounded on two social theories; social norms and social role theories. It is also intended that with this research, we will be able to find out the effects of social gender norms on enhancing women's perceptions of meaningfulness. İş'te Davranış Dergisi J o u r n a l o f B e h a v i o r a t W o r k 3 (1) 2 0 1 8

Başvuru Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı kadın çalışanların kadınsı cinsiyet normları ve işin anlamlılığı arasındaki ilişkide cinsiyet rol stresinin aracı rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Tasarım/Yöntem: Niceliksel araştırma yöntemleriyle kolayda örneklem yoluyla Batı Karadeniz il ve ilçelerinde 412 kadın çalışan üzerine yapılmıştır. Toplanan anketler öncelikle geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizine tabi tutulduktan sonra tanımlayıcı istatistik, korelasyon ve regresyon testleri uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Analiz sonuçlarına göre cinsiyet rol stresinin kadınsı cinsiyet normları ve işin anlamlılığı arasında aracı rolü gözlenmiştir. Özgün Değer: Kadınların ev ve iş yerinde üstlenmiş olduğu farklı rollerin işin anlamlılığını nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymak ve alanyazına bu açıdan katkı sağlamak özgün değeridir. Araştırma iki sosyal kuram üzerine bina edilmiştir; sosyal norm ve sosyal rol kuramları. Ayrıca araştırmada toplumumuzda kadının iş hayatındaki işin anlamlılığı algısını artırabilecek sosyal cinsiyet no...

Cet article étudie la manière dont des dispositions incorporées avant l’entrée dans la police contribuent à façonner la manière dont les nouvelles recrues dans ce métier acquièrent leurs manières de le penser et de le pratiquer. Il montre, d’une part, que les pertes de statut ou les
stratégies d’ascension sociale échouées antérieurement ont pour effet de rendre les nouvelles recrues davantage sensibles au pouvoir de coercition auquel elles sont habilitées, alors perçu comme pourvoyeur de statut. Par ailleurs, les policières interrogées ont un rapport plus distant avec les outils coercitifs, et ont moins tendance à aligner leurs pratiques sur celles des hommes que dans d’autres contextes nationaux, phénomène que l’on peut mettre sur le compte de l’élévation de leur niveau de diplôme. La socialisation de genre se matérialise en outre par des constructions différenciées de la masculinité parmi les policiers, qui sont associées à des visions du métier également différentes.

The study focuses on an exploration of the integration time of recently-recruited professionals who identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual. Based on the qualitative analysis, we draw the general hypothesis that the processes of integration, organisational socialisation, and the construction of a future career path that are influenced both by the presence of heterosexist norms and perceived discrimination in the workplace as well as by sexual identity previously built in other parts of life.
The results highlight that heterosexist norms remain dominant and show non-neutrality in the part of the professional world where the conversations include aspects of private life. From the moment of their arrival in the organisation, the young LGB people confront a dilemma between dissimulating and divulging their sexual identity, which requires identity management strategy handling to tackle different forms of discrimination and perceived homophobia.

This study aims to analyse the daily experiences of a woman who is strange to the existing social gender perceptions, with an ethnomethodologically point of view instead of looking for her role which needy and powerless against a man. A total of 26 chapters of the series were analysed by discourse analysis over a period of 6-8 months. As a result, it was observed that the men and women presented in the television series internalized the social roles in their daily lives and presented the behaviour patterns that were appropriate to these roles. Besides, the stereotyped ideas that existed in society for women remained valid in this study. Because of the reason for the existence of the strong woman presented in Ece, as different from other TV series, is still she has a male mind. In addition, the other result of the study is the impossibility of understanding how produced images are the male and female roles in society unless individuals undergo a serious transformation, such as gender transition.

This Article uses the Indian case to offer nuance to narratives about the gendered experience of professional work. I find that while gendered constructs certainly infiltrate all workspaces, there remain occupational and organizational differences in the ways in which women experience their environments. Particularly, while Indian women lawyers overall are more disadvantaged than their international counterparts, the experience of women lawyers in very elite law firms is more favorable than both their local and global peers. A confluence of factors might be responsible for this unusual experience of professional work, but this Article highlights the importance of one set of supply side dynamics: the variations in socializing experiences and expectations before entry into these firms. In doing so, it adds to the literature that suggests the importance of not just enrollment parity, but also early training and institutional socialization for gender egalitarian professional outcomes.