Genetic

Effect of long-term orthodontic treatment on salivary nickel and chromium has not been quite assessed except in few retrospective studies with controversial results. The aim of this prospective study was to measure salivary levels of these ions during 1 year of orthodontic treatment. Saliva samples were collected from 20 orthodontic patients, before treatment (control) and 6 and 12 months later. Nickel and chromium concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni, Friedman (α = 0.05), and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests (α = 0.016). Average nickel level changed from 9.75 ± 5.02 to 10.37 ± 6.94 and then to 8.32 ± 4.36 μg/L in 1 year. Average chromium concentration changed from 3.86 ± 1.34 to 4.6 ± 6.11 and then to 2.04 ± 1.66 μg/L. Alterations in nickel values were not statistically significant [P = 0.468 (ANOVA)], but fluctuations in chromium levels were [P = 0.021 (Friedman)]. The dec...

Makhluk hidup, baik manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan, masing-masing memiliki karakter yang berbeda-beda antara spesies satu dengan spesies lainnya. Perbedaan-perbedaan karakter tersebut juga dapat diamati pada individu satu dengan individu lainnya walaupun masih dalam satu spesies. Hal ini sebagaimana dapat diamati pada manusia, antara manusia satu dengan manusia lainnya masing-masing memiliki perbedaan yang nampak maupun tidak nampak. Perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh suatu bahan genetik yang terdapat tubuh masing-masing individu.

Effect of long-term orthodontic treatment on salivary nickel and chromium has not been quite assessed except in few retrospective studies with controversial results. The aim of this prospective study was to measure salivary levels of these ions during 1 year of orthodontic treatment. Saliva samples were collected from 20 orthodontic patients, before treatment (control) and 6 and 12 months later. Nickel and chromium concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni, Friedman (α = 0.05), and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests (α = 0.016). Average nickel level changed from 9.75 ± 5.02 to 10.37 ± 6.94 and then to 8.32 ± 4.36 μg/L in 1 year. Average chromium concentration changed from 3.86 ± 1.34 to 4.6 ± 6.11 and then to 2.04 ± 1.66 μg/L. Alterations in nickel values were not statistically significant [P = 0.468 (ANOVA)], but fluctuations in chromium levels were [P = 0.021 (Friedman)]. The dec...

Colletotrichum causes anthracnose in crops around the world producing postharvest losses up to 60%. There are a great variety of Colletotrichum strains isolated from mango orchards. Thus, it is important to characterize their pathogenicity, as well as to perform a correct identification, in order to implement good strategies to eradicate the produced disease. The aim of this work is to identify Colletotrichum spp. and to determine the production of Pectate Lyase (PL) as a virulence factor in the pathogenicity process. Macroscopic characteristics of isolated colony vary from grey to salmon, sometimes showing luxuriant orange conidial masses with grey or white bottom. Conidia vary from 10.39 to 14.83 × 2.75 to 3.40 μm corresponding to C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum according to Sutton. Growth rates vary from 0.1948 to 0.2239 day-1. The pectate lyase activity was induced by mango cells (240.81 VS 398U/L). According to CgInt and ITS4 PCR amplification M2V and SA correspond to C. gloeosporioides

For many years, pre-analytical variables were only inappropriately considered in the field of dried blood spots (DBS)testing and even today, with the exception of newborn screening, the entire pre-analytical phase, which comprises the
preparation and processing of DBS for their final analysis has not been standardized. (1) compared to conventional
venepuncture, less blood volume is required and this fact was most important in paediatric diagnostics; (2) blood
collection is simple, non-invasive, and inexpensive; (3) the risk of bacterial contamination or haemolysis is minimal; and
(4) DBS can be preserved for long periods with almost no deterioration of the analytes. Advances techniques applied to
diagnose the disorders of Inborn errors of metabolism. Dried blood spots (DBSs) have potential use in remote health
applications for individual and population diagnosis, and can enable epidemiological surveillance for known and
unknown diseases. DBS sampling offers great potential for remote health applications as a cost-effective sample format
for large-scale screening and diagnostic purposes, but the DBS samples often need to be transported from remote
sampling locations (e.g., tropical or developing countries) to analytical laboratories where the quantitative measurements
of different metabolic or disease biomarkers can be carried out. Dried blood spots are commonly method for collecting,
storing, transporting, and analysing a variety of human body fluids. Since 2006, however a variety of new and innovative
dried blood spots applications, although this pre-analytical approach represents an interesting alternative to classical
venous blood sampling, its routine use is limited. Here, we review the application of DBS technology in clinical
chemistry, molecular assays, small molecules, and large molecules all are perfectly suited to evaluate its future role
supported by new analytical methods such as mass spectrometry

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common recessive condition affecting the White British population. Facilitating reproductive decision making for couples at genetic risk for CF is an important aspect of genetic counseling practice in the UK. The purpose of this study was to explore the reproductive decision making process for 31 members of CF carrier couples (15 men and 16 women) with or without an affected child. The design involved a qualitative approach consisting of semi-structured interviews and data analysis informed by grounded theory methodology. Sex and personal experience of CF were identified as factors that may influence reproductive decision making. Findings suggest these hypotheses: (1) CF carrier couples who have an affected child/pregnancy, are more likely to embark on another pregnancy than couples who have a healthy child from an at-risk pregnancy, and (2) men and women play different roles in the reproductive decision making process. Data analysis resulted in development of a structured framework modeling the reproductive decision making process, which may be helpful in guiding genetic counseling with CF carrier couples and other at risk couples making reproductive decisions.

We propose expression simplification and tree compression as aids in understanding the evolution of regular structure in Genetic Programming individuals. We apply the analysis to two previously-published algorithms, which aimed to promote regular and repeated structure. One relies on subtree duplication operators, the other uses repeated evaluation during a developmental process. Both successfully generated solutions to difficult problems, their success being ascribed to promotion of regular structure. Our analysis modifies this ascription: the evolution of regular structure is more complex than anticipated, and the success of the techniques may have arisen from a combination of promotion of regularity, and other, so far unidentified, effects.

Genetic haemoglobin disorders are broadly divided into
thalassaemia syndromes and abnormal haemoglobins.
Thalassaemias are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders
of haemoglobin synthesis in which one or more globin
chains are either not produced at all (βo) or are produced at a reduced rate (β+). These are classified according to the type of globin chain(s) affected. The abnormal haemoglobins are produced in normal amount but are structurally abnormal
and therefore lack the usual qualities of haemoglobin. Some abnormal haemoglobins like Hb-E, in addition to being structurally abnormal are produced in reduced amount

Quantum computers are computational devices that use the dynamics of atomic-scale objects to store and manipulate information. Only a few, small-scale quantum computers have been built to date, but quantum computers can in principle outperform all possible classical computers in significant ways. Quantum computation is therefore a subject of considerable theoretical interest that may also have practical applications in the

In this survey paper we survey about various techniques related to soft computing techniques useful for improve efficiency and accuracy of lots of complexity occur in classification techniques in data mining. In this survey we analyzed that multiple soft computing techniques provide different feature such as Generic algorithm techniques is based on optimizer function to upgrade neural net association and also include three components like Reproduction/Extraction, mutation, cross over etc. Similarly Neural network is purely based on artificial intelligence that provides the features to solve data classification problem through computing intellectual and Fuzzy logic is totally depend upon fuzzy set range starting from 0 to 1.We also analysis of hybrid concept of all soft computing techniques.