Gifts

This article argues for a revisionist history of women through the lens of anthropological gift theory by analysing how Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova used gifts to sustain her relationships, including a tumultuous friendship with Catherine the Great, and the historical narrative of her life. In 1762, Ekaterina played a key role in the coup that overthrew Peter III and installed his wife on the throne. Catherine II made the princess president of the Russian Academy of Sciences - the first European woman to hold public office. At a time when elite Russians first encountered Western society, Ekaterina played a central role in shaping and promoting Russian intellectual and cultural life. The role that gift-giving played in the princess’s negotiation of her relationships and her construction of her own and Russia’s history has not been considered; this article argues for greater recognition of gift-giving and visual rhetoric in women’s history.

The article discusses the history of the Imperial Easter egg «Tsarevich» manufactured by Faberge on Easter 1912 for Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The full text of the letter by Eugene Carlovich Faberge (1874–1960), the eldest son of Carl Fabergé, from the archives of Tatiana Fabergé (Geneva) is first published which indicates that the father asked him to give this egg to Emperor Nicholas II personally in Livadia. The letter was written in 1934 and addressed to H.Ch. Bainbridge, the head of the London branch, who collected materials for the biography of Carl Faberge. Eugene Faberge told interesting details about his journey to the Crimea and about the impression that the Easter masterpiece by Faberge produced upon the Emperor. Gratitude of the Emperor expressed to Carl Faberge reveals the confidential interpersonal relations between them which went beyond the ordinary relationship between seller and buyer. In the article the further history of the Easter egg «Tsarevich» is traced, estimation of the egg made by the Kremlin Armory in 1927 is critically analyzed, the role of A. Hammer in sale of this subject is discussed. The egg was sold to Mrs. Lillian Thomas Pratt, the wife of the Director of the American company «General Motors» who bequeathed it as part of her collection to Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, Virginia. The fact is specified that the genuine miniature of Tsarevich Alexis by miniature painter Vasilii Zuev was damaged more than 30 years ago and replaced with color photography. Questions are defined for further study of the history of the egg. The critical issue is detection of the cause which made for the concept of the egg in 1912. The article is intended for historians and art historians studying works by Faberge.

Marcel Mauss’s concept of the gift has provided what is arguably one of the most productive analytic frameworks that economic anthropology has produced. Thinking carefully about gift exchange can tell us why we feel the need to give people things, why they feel the need to return them and why some gifts are valued differently from others. The gift is important because it allows us to see better where our sociality meets the economy. The chapter explores this topic in four sections. The first section outlines three core assumptions about gift giving that were common in early anthropological readings of Marcel Mauss’s work. The second section discusses how anthropologists have gone on to question the idea that there is a clear distinction between gifts and commodities. The third section explores how anthropologists have critiqued the Maussian assumption of reciprocity. The fourth section describes the broader place of the gift in anthropological thought.

This research explores the interlocked notions of friendship, community, gift, and commodity culture in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. It seeks to demonstrate that Fitzgerald's ethical vision of friendship, community, the Bad, and the Good are deeply shaped by Aristotle's works The Nicomachean Ethics, The Politics, and The Metaphysics. The extent to which Aristotle has shaped the form and contents of The Great Gatsby, a novel rightly described as a classic of its genre and how far the contentious aspect of its gendered and orientalized characterization can be traced to Fitzgerald's dialogic relation with the Greek philosopher are among certain questions that this research addresses. The approach to the issue and the related questions stated above is eclectic. It draws its paradigms, partly from Bakhtin's dialogical theory, partly from economic and cultural anthropology, and partly from postcolonial, historical theory of the type elaborated by Said and Fanon.

The article examines emotion and identity in connection with Greek death cult in an attempt to clarify certain political phenomena in the Mediterranean area. The cult of the dead is a common cultural pattern in the area. Why is this cult so persistent? What is death cult and how does it manifest itself? The article delves into its lasting importance in the Greek part of the cultural area, where the author has conducted several periods of fieldwork. To illustrate the persistence of this cultural pattern, the characteristic aspects connected with death cult in Greek tradition are discussed: The comparison is based on festivals, which are dedicated to deceased persons and domestic death rituals combined with ancient sources. Based on them an analytical survey of the relationship between the death cult dedicated to deceased mediators in ancient and modern society, as it is manifested through laments, burials and the following memorial rituals is made. The modern domestic rituals people perform for their own dead influence the official ideological rituals, and vice versa, the domestic rituals reflect public performances. A study of modern cult practices reveals many parallels with the official cult of the ancients, and suggests ways in which modern rituals can throw new light upon the ancient rituals and vice versa. The article seeks to demonstrate how new ideologies must adjust to older rituals and beliefs and how public and domestic rituals are connected. The article finally suggests how these similarities might represent a common way of expression within a larger context in which the Mediterranean cultural meaning of emotion is central.

El Yapımı Mumlar ile Yılbaşına Özel Hediye Tasarımı. Yılbaşına sayılı günler kala annelerinize hala birer hediye bulamadıysanız, korkmayın. Sayfamızda yer alan hediyelerden birini yaparak ya da görünümü oldukça hoş olan ve yapımı oldukça pratik olan bu hediyeyi yaparak annelerinizin gönlünü fethedebilirsiniz. El yapımı yılbaşı hediyeleri içerisinde yer alan mum tasarımları, yılbaşı günleri için en ideal hediye fikirleri arasında yer almaktadır. Özellikle de mumlardan hoşlanan bir anneniz var ise onu tam da istediği noktadan vurmuş olacaksınız. Dilerseniz kokulu mumlar, dilerseniz de renkli mumlar ile yapabileceğiniz bu hediyenin yapımı oldukça basittir. Önceden herhangi bir hazırlığa ihtiyaç duymayacağınız bu hediyenin malzemelerini kırtasiyelerden veya ev eşyası ve aksesuarları satan mağaza ya da dükkanlardan bulabilirsiniz. Hem bütçenize uygun hem de görünümü açısından oldukça tatlı olan bu hediyeyi yapmaya başlamak istiyorsanız, haydi gelin gerekli olan malzemelere bakalım.

In The Voyage Out, Clarissa Dalloway gives Rachel a copy of Persuasion as a gift and this seems to be an unusual choice given the disparity between Rachel, on the cusp of sexual awakening, and Anne Elliott, a mature woman given a second chance at happiness. But perhaps Austen’s novel, with its plot including a near fatal derailing of heterosexual romance, is an apt forerunner given Rachel’s own narrative arc. Indeed, there are several plot similarities, notably the ‘mother’ figures that play a role in persuading the young women in matters of the heart. Jane de Gay argues that the novel ‘probes the silence within a female tradition, represented by Jane Austen’, such as that about ‘female sexuality.' Towards the end of her essay, ‘Jane Austen’, Woolf speculates about the novels Austen may have written had she lived for longer, notably in the light of Woolf’s sense of ‘transition’ that she detects in Persuasion and the more ‘suggestive’ ways in which Austen may have examined what ‘people … leave unsaid’. She questions whether Austen may have been ready ‘in her own gay and brilliant manner, to contemplate a little voyage of discovery.' In this paper I explore Woolf’s and Rachel’s ‘maiden voyages’ in the light of Austen’s final novel. How might the ‘tight plait’ of Persuasion be seen to unravel a little, to make room for a new plot – a mutiny, perhaps - hinging on the different avenues that persuasion might take us.

The article deals principally with the royal donor images, their interpretation and context, in the Romanesque church of Vä in southern Sweden (Scania). The donor images in the nearby Gualöv Church are also taken into consideration, since they, together with those in Vä, are the only ones preserved from Mediaeval Denmark that represent identifiable persons. On the east wall of the choir are the poorly preserved donor images of the Danish King Niels (1104–34) and his Swedish born queen, Margaret Fredkulla († c. 1130). Most unusually, the queen is presenting a church model and the king a reliquary. The main altar is dated to 1121 on the basis of a parchment found in a reliquary. According to a new interpretation, a rune inscription mentions the Queen’s brother Ragnvald and their sister Kristina († 1122). In Gualöv Church a scroll with an inscription indicates that the donor had the frescoes painted for the salvation of his deceased wife’s soul. Contour drawings of twelve painted donors from different 12th century churches in Mediaeval Denmark are presented together with short descriptions of the iconography, the donor’s status, garments, gender and symbolic gifts, in order to place the royal donors in Vä church in their contemporary context and elucidate the significance of donor images of the time.

In this paper the author introduces an iconographic parallel to the donor portraits of a royal couple in Vä Church, Sweden, dated to 1121 and presented by the author in a previous issue of ICO, Nordic Review of Iconography: “Donor pictures and their iconography in Danish frescos from the 12th century”, nr 4, 2015, pp. 4–48. The case in point is found in Bohemia, in the Rotunda in Znojmo, where the donor portraits of Conrad II of Znojmo and Maria of Serbia, dated to 1134, like those in Vä are painted on the eastern wall of the chancel, on both sides of the apse. Notable parallels between the two monuments are that the construction of the church and the wall paintings are contemporary, that both use the same painting technique (fresco/secco) and that both show Byzantine influence. Furthermore the patrons are represented on the same scale as the saints in their vicinity in the church, men and women are depicted as equals in that they have the same height, both are very finely dressed and both present gifts that are received by the hand of God. However, although the portraits have much in common concerning iconography and placing, there is nothing to suggest a direct connection between the two churches. Perhaps the paintings in Vä and Znojmo are just two randomly preserved remnants of a Byzantine tradition.

In article an attempt is made to analyze analytically the system of rewarding the subjects of the Empire with awards and gifts from His Majesty's Cabinet based on the archival documents case deposited in the Russian State Historical Museum (Fund 468 His Majesty's Cabinet).

В статье делается попытка аналитического обзора системы награждения подданных Империи наградами и подарками из Кабинета Его Величества, на основе корпуса архивных документов, хранящихся в Российском государственном историческом музее (фонд 468 «Кабинет Его Величества»).

Purpose-This paper aims to examine coping approaches used by receivers to deal with failed gift experiences, thereby dealing with misperceptions between givers and receivers that could affect their relationship. Design/methodology/approach-This study uses a sequential, multimethod methodology using background questionnaires, online diary method and 27 semi-structured interviews. Findings-Receivers cope with failed gift experiences through concealing, disclosing or re-evaluating the gift experience. These approaches encompass several coping strategies, allowing receivers to deal with their experiences in ways that help them manage their relationships with givers. Research limitations/implications-Informants described gift experiences in their own terms without being prompted to talk about coping, thus some insights of coping with failed gifts may have been missed. Multiple data collection methods were used to minimise this limitation, and the research findings suggest new avenues for future research. Practical implications-The present research helps retailers and brands to minimise gift failure by promoting gifts that emphasise aspects of the giver-receiver relationship, assists givers in their learning from gift failure by making them aware of the receiver's preferences and reduces the cost of gift failure by offering further opportunities to dispose of unwanted gifts. Originality/value-This paper contributes to the emerging topic of consumer coping by providing a novel and rounded understanding of coping in the context of failed gift events, identifying new reasons for gift failure, highlighting receivers' ethical considerations when responding to failed gifts and proposing new insights for the coping literature.

Статья "Вопросы систематизации терминологии в сфере брендинга и рекламы" посвящена систематизации существующих видов услуг и продукции рекламных агентств. Автор приводит варианты классификации и рубрикации рекламной и сувенирной продукции, которые могут быть полезными бренд-менеджерам и менеджерам по рекламе. Материал публикуется по лицензии (CC) BY-SA 4.0.

Title:  Donor pictures and their iconography  in Danish frescos from the 12th century The article deals principally with the royal donor images, their interpretation and context, in the Romanesque church of Va in southern Sweden (Scania). The donor images in the nearby Gualov Church are also taken into consideration, since they, together with those in Va, are the only ones preserved from Mediaeval Denmark that represent identifiable persons. On the east wall of the choir are the poorly preserved donor images of the Danish King Niels (1104–34) and his Swedish born queen, Margaret Fredkulla ( † c. 1130). Most unusually, the queen is presenting a church model and the king a reliquary. The main altar is dated to 1121 on the basis of a parchment found in a reliquary. According to a new interpretation, a rune inscription mentions the Queen’s brother Ragnvald and their sister Kristina († 1122). In Gualov Church a scroll with an inscription indicates that the donor had the frescoes painted ...

Nu este niciodată ușor să oferi cadoul perfect. Într-adevăr, când ești un împărat mogul sau ai resursele Franței, este mai la îndemână. Așa că nu îți sugerăm să îi cumperi soției un diamant de 1 milion de dolari :) (vezi #4), dar acest top te poate inspira să țintești un pic mai sus, să dăruiești ceva neașteptat, de neuitat.

1. Statuia Libertății din New York

Statuia este un cadou pentru Statele Unite din partea Franței, ca simbol al prieteniei dintre cele două națiuni, oferită cu ocazia aniversării a 100 de ani de la câștigarea independenței Statelor Unite.

Învelișul de cupru al statuii a fost proiectat de Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, iar scheletul metalic de inginerul Gustave Eiffel, faimosul arhitect, constructor al Turnului Eiffel.

Are o greutate de 225 de tone și o înălțime de 92, 99 m (cu tot cu soclu), iar construcția ei a durat 9 ani.

2. Grădinile suspendate din Babilon

Grădinile suspendate din Babilon au fost construite de regele Nabucodonosor al II-lea (605-562 î.Hr.) pentru soția sa, Amytis, deoarece aceasteia îi lipseau dealurile si văile înverzite ale tărămurilor ei natale.

Informațiile istorice susțin că uriașele grădini ocupau o suprafață de 15000 m² și se ridicau în patru terase până la 77 metri înălțime.

3. Mausoleumul Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal este un monument în orașul Agra, India.

A fost construit de împăratul Shah Jahan drept mausoleum pentru soția sa, Mumtaz Mahal, care a murit după nașterea celui de-al 14 copil.

Este construit în totalitate din marmura alba, iar pentru realizarea lui au lucrat 20,000 de oameni. Construcția lui a început în 1631 și a durat 22 de ani.

4. Diamantul Taylor–Burton

Diamantul Taylor–Burton, devenit celebru după ce a fost cumpărat de către Richard Burton pentru a fi dăruit soției sale,  Elizabeth Taylor.

Diamantul a fost cumpărat la o licitație, în anul 1969, pentru suma de $1,100,000 (echivalentul a $6.78 milioane în 2016), o suma record la data respectivă pentru o bijuterie.

Original, diamantul a fost descoperit în anul 1966, în Africa de Sud și cântărea 241 de carate (48 grame). După ce a fost tăiată de către Harry Winston în forma unei pere, piatra a rămas la 69,42 carate (13,88 g).

5. Oul Fabergé Rose Trellis

În anul 1907, Țarul Nicolae al II-lea al Rusiei, i-a făcut cadou această superbă bijuterie soției sale, Alexandra Fyodorovna, pentru a celebra nașterea fiului lor, Alexei Nikolaevich.

Considerat de o frumusețe neasemuită, Oul este realizat din aur, smalț verde și roz, diamante și satin.

6. Hanno, elefantul alb

Hanno este numele elefantului alb dăruit de către regele Manuel I al Portugaliei pentru Papa Leo al X-lea, în anul 1514.

O raritate, elefanții albi sunt considerați a fi sacri și purtători de noroc.

Se spune ca Papa l-a îndrăgit atât de mult încât i-a cerul geniului renașcentist Rafael să îi realizeze un portret.

7. Femme de Venise

Superbul obiect de artă realizat de Alberto Giacometti, a fost cumpărată de către Roman Abramovich pentru prietena sa, Daria Zhukova.

Achiziționată pentru suma de 14 milioane de dolari, această sculptură din bronz este cu siguranță unul dintre cele mai scumpe cadouri din istorie.

There is an old saying which says that ‘When a father gives to his son, both laugh; when a son gives to his father both cry ’. Father is someone who is our first superhero, our first friend and our first ideal. It is indeed a blessing to us, that we got a great loving, caring and doting father. Even when mothers get all the love and affection of the children and the world, the father does not complain but love us all the way more. He labors hard and spends his youthful days in hard work and late shifts, just to make our lives better.

So when it is our turn to show our love back to him, we should show our deep felt gratitude and respect in abundance to him. So when you plan to gift your dad for his birthday, Christmas, father’s day or just randomly, gift him with something he would cherish spending his time with. So here we are giving you some unique yet perfect gift ideas, that would make your dad’s day and he would love you even more.

• The consumer behaviour of Slovenian pre-service teachers for the December holidays and their personal views about sustainable consumption were studied. A total of 130 students of the University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Education took part in the study. The sample consisted of 11 male and 116 female students, while 3 students did not report their gender. The survey was conducted in January 2020. The results show that 95.4% of the respondents received gifts during their childhood on Saint Nicholas Day, 60.0% at Christmas and 23.1% when celebrating the New Year. Almost 13% of the respondents received gifts three times in December during their childhood. In December 2019, 54.6% of them gave gifts for Saint Nicholas Day, 65.2% at Christmas and 10.8% for the New Year. Christmas has therefore become the most common gift-giving time in December. Students most often give their loved ones sweets, clothes and shoes, and cosmetics. The majority of the respondents spend less than 50% of their monthly income on gifts for the December holidays. In terms of sustainability, the respondents described their consumer behaviour as follows: (1) giving or receiving things they really need, (2) giving or receiving gifts and wrappings made of recyclable material, (3) giving or receiving nonmaterial gifts, (4) reducing the number of gifts, (5) giving for charity, or (6) not giving gifts at all.

Past research on gift-giving behaviors has presumed equal and horizontal relationships between givers and receivers; however, in the real world, giver-receiver relationships often vary in their level of power, such as parent-child and boss-employee relationships. However, little is known regarding how the difference in power in the giver-receiver relationship influences people's gift choices. Building on construal level theory, the present research proposes and confirms that differences in interpersonal power between givers and receivers can affect the desirability versus feasibility of gifts, which in turn influences individuals' gift preferences. By highlighting the role of power in the gift-giving/receiving situations, these findings contribute to research on gift-giving, while also providing practical implications.

2017 yılına veda ediyor ve 2018 yılını karşılamaya hazırlanıyoruz. Peki kutlama için hediyeleriniz hazır mı? Bu yıl ne olursa olsun ama hediyem de el emeği olsun diyorsanız o halde sizlere fazlası ile yardımcı olacağımızı düşünüyoruz. Hem yaparken keyif alacağınız hem de karşı tarafa güzel bir anı olarak hediye vereceğiniz bu el emeği yeni yıl hediyeleri ile çok konuşuluyor olacaksınız. önemli olan pahalı bir hediye değil el emeği yılbaşı hediyeleri hazırlamanız olacak. Bizden kir vermesi, el emeği hazırlayarak yapması sizden. İnanın her zaman para ile alınan hediyelerdense el emeği ile hazırlanan hediyeler gerçek seven için daha önem görür. Eğer verdiğiniz el emeği hediyesinin beğenilmesisini anlıyorsanız karşı tarafta olan değerinizi de kolaylıkla anlamış olursunuz. Ortaya güzel bir yeni yıl hediyesi çıkmasa bile emek vermeniz bile yeterli olmalıdır.

In this chapter of a forthcoming volume of essays on Fiduciary Government, Professor Kim calls for fiduciary limits on Supreme Court Justices’ acceptance of high value gifts. She cites an example in 2001 in which Justice Clarence Thomas reportedly accepted a bust of Abraham Lincoln, cast in 1914 by the neo-classical sculptor Adolph Alexander Weinman and valued at $15,000, as a gift from the conservative think tank and frequent filer of amicus briefs, the American Enterprise Institute. Practices like this, Kim maintains, are troubling. They raise questions about judicial integrity and impartiality, and they undermine the high levels of trust that citizens necessarily place in the Supreme Court. Professor Kim reviews the complex patchwork of civil and criminal statutes and regulations that could potentially apply to the receipt of gifts by Justices. She concludes that these laws leave loopholes through which high value gifts – even from litigants who will appear or regularly appear before the court – may be permitted and remain undisclosed. Kim also considers whether the Justices should be regarded as fiduciaries. In her affirmative answer, Kim argues that the purpose of fiduciary law is to protect and promote socially valuable relationships characterized by high levels of trust. Professor Kim concludes that a fiduciary duty to forgo gifts should be imposed on the Justices. She notes that the overriding concern to ensure the trustworthiness of fiduciaries usually entails rules requiring them to refrain from using their entrusted positions for self-regarding gain. A rule against accepting gifts is consistent with this standard of trustworthiness. Indeed, Kim argues that the extraordinary power vested in the Supreme Court and concomitant greater vulnerability of citizens raises the stakes for the trustworthiness of Supreme Court Justices. Having shown that there ought to be a fiduciary duty to forgo gifts, Kim concludes by explaining how the duty should be defined and implemented.

Felieton jest nieco żartobliwą dyskusją zmian, jakie w dziedzinie różnych wartości zaszły w okresie 20 stuleci dzielących czasy współczesne (w 2011 roku, ale to się wiele nie zmieniło) od roku narodzenia Chrystusa. Zgodnie z tradycją chrześcijańską do stajenki, w której narodził się Chrystus przybyli trzej mędrcy ze wschodu (nazywani potem królami) i złożyli dary: złoto, kadzidło i mirrę. Autor dyskutuje znaczenie tych darów w momencie kiedy były one składane oraz próbuje zaproponować ich współczesne odpowiedniki.