Habits

But in a tentative and schematic way, may collegues and I (Mishkin) can begin to describe how the brain remembers. Ultimately, to be sure, memory is a series of molecular events. What we chart is the territory within which those events take place. Measurements of the electrical activity of neurons or their uptake of radioactive glucose have distinguished parts of the brain that are active during tasks related to learning. With the increase in (brain) size has come greater complexity. The structures we study in the macaque all have counterparts in the human brain, but their functions may well have diverged in the course of evolution. A study of the neural pathway responsible for visual perception was in fact the starting point for our inquiry into memory. These results and others led us to postulate that visual information is processed sequentially along the path. The cells respond to progressively more of an object's physical properties including its size, shape, color and texture-until, in the final stations of the interferior temporal cortex, they synthesize a complete representation of the object.

"Alford draws upon Pierre Bourdieu's concept of "habitus" and the Aristotelian idea of hexis to explore temperance as a feminist virtue enacted in social media contexts. Examining the circulation of food bowl posts on Instagram, Alford maintains that such circulations help those who post them develop the habit of temperance." - "Virtue Ethics: Introduction" by John Duffy, John Gallagher, and Steve Holmes

This paper reviews many of the observed characteristics and study habits of first-year students in Iowa State University's electrical engineering programme (Ames, Iowa, USA). The studying and problem-solving practices of the students are discussed to identify ...

La educación financiera debe de ser inculcada desde edades tempranas, con la
finalidad que las personas conozcan el valor del dinero y la importancia de invertirlo
correctamente. Las Instituciones de Educación deben de transmitir el conocimiento, pero en
casa deben crear hábitos. Se observó que la principal fuente de ingresos son los padres, el
19.3% generan ingresos propios y manifiesta mayor independencia, aúnque solamente
ahorran el 10% . Esta investigación describe el comportamiento financiero de los alumnos
de la Unidad Académica de Contaduría y Administración, así como las cuasas del mismo.
Se observa un desconocimiento y desinterés por estos temas. Se recomienda incluir en la
curricula académica temas de educación financiera para propiciar su correcta aplicación en
las finanzas personales.

Financial education is an issue that must be instilled from an early age, it is
important that people know the value of money and the importance of investing it correctly. Education Institutions must transmit knowledge, but at home you must instill values and create habits. It was observed that the main source of income is the parents, 19.3% generate their own income and claim to have greater independence, even though they only save 10%. This investigation describes the financial behavior of the students of the Academic Unit of Accounting and Administration, as well as the quasas of the same. It is observed that there is a lack of knowledge and disinterest in these issues. It is recommended to include financial education topics in the academic curriculum in order to own their correct application in personal finance.

Despite years of controversy, recent research demonstrated that, if goal-relevant, subliminal advertising can be feasible. To further elucidate the workings and limits of subliminal advertising, the present study examined the role of habits. Participants chose between two brands, one of which was subliminally primed. If neither brand was habitually consumed more frequently than the other, results from previous research were replicated. However, subliminally priming the more habitual brand did not increase brand choice. Remarkably, when the advertised brand was competing with a more habitual brand, priming increased choice for the primed brand at even the expense of the habitual choice.

This article provides a critical analysis of the situationist challenge against Aristotelian moral psychology. It first outlines the details and results from 4 paradigmatic studies in psychology that situationists have heavily drawn upon in their critique of the Aristotelian conception of virtuous characteristics, including studies conducted by Hartshorne and May (1928), Darley and Batson (1973), Isen and Levin (1972), and Milgram (1963). It then presents 10 problems with the way situationists have used these studies to challenge Aristotelian moral psychology. After challenging the situationists on these grounds, the article then proceeds to challenge the situationist presentation of the Aristotelian conception, showing that situationists have provided an oversimplified caricature of it that goes against the grain of much Aristotelian text. In evaluating the situationist challenge against the actual results from empirical research as well as primary Aristotelian text, it will be shown that the situationist debate has advanced both an extreme, untenable view about the nature of characteristics and situations, as well as an inaccurate presentation of the Aristotelian view.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-013-9249-8
https://doctorcroom.com/croom-2014a

Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome using behavioural psychotherapy: a single case example.This paper describes the clinical condition of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) and outlines some of the causes for the condition and its possible treatments. It describes a single case demonstrating the effectiveness of one type of treatment, namely habit reversal. Finally the implications of the condition's classification as a psychiatric disorder are discussed as is the possibility that other health care professionals may be able to help in the treatment of such cases.

Background: Little research providing reliable information on the popularity of sauna among university students has been found in Polish and foreign literature. Aim: the aim of the research conducted at the University of Warmia&Mazury in Olsztyn was to establish the level of awareness of the benefits of sauna and its popularity among the 1st year students. In addition, the influence of sauna on students’ emotional and physical well-being was also examined. Materials and methods: Total of 1100 students (550 females and 550 males) between 19-20 years old who filled in an anonymous questionnaire took part in the research. Results: Results revealed that although students enjoyed using sauna, more than 60% of women and men had never attended sauna before, and the highest percentage have used sauna only twice or three times in their life. Few women and men visited sauna studios in sports clubs, due to their considerable physical inactivity. First year students have very little awareness o...

Objective.Although tuberculosis has already become uncommon in industrialised countries, is a major burden in many developing countries, including India. This paper examines the association between smoking (mainly bidi smoking) and tuberculosis in Mumbai, India.

There appears to be a fundamental inconsistency between the literature which suggests that healthcare workers appear to be hold equality as a core personal value, while at the same time, some minority groups appear to consistently receive lower quality healthcare. Recent evidence using Implicit Association Tests (IAT) suggests that this phenomenon is the result of biases which, rather than being a conscious choice, should be characterised as primarily unconscious and that, in addition, the high levels of cognitive load associated with clinical practice increase the likelihood of biases of this kind. However, a range of measures aimed at making egalitarian goals chronically accessible, such as stimulating perspective taking, encouraging counter-stereotypical stimuli and targeted experience with minority groups have been identified as possible solutions in other fields and may be adapted to use within healthcare settings. We suggest that rather than bias being seen as a problem of att...

Georg Bertram recently argued that a consistent and accomplished philosophy of art should consider not only the specific nature of art, but also its value as human practice. Moreover, he resorted to artistic improvisation in order to illustrate a characteristic aspect of the constitution of artworks: the self-referential relations implied in the artworks and shaping the artworks do not result from an alleged closure of the artwork’s form, but are negotiated locally, in relation to each individual artwork. Following this line of reasoning, and while offering arguments both in the context of contemporary analytical aesthetics as well as in reference to Michel De Certeau’s philosophy of everyday life and to philosophy of art of the Turin philosopher Luigi Pareyson, I will defend that “art” may be a particular way to look at and to develop human practices and that the link between human practices and art is provided by improvisation.
Improvisation is not only a particular artistic technique. Improvisation incorporates and genetically shows the specificity of autonomous art as well as the value of art, that is, the link between human practices and art as a specific human practice. Indeed, as I will explain, art both derives from and is a particular way to improvise (upon) human practices, i.e. to develop them in unprecedented and valuable ways. Accordingly, improvisation, as a specific artistic procedure, will be understood as that kind of artistic production in which the human practices art is based in come, as it were, exemplarily to the fore. Hence, improvisation can be understood as the paradigm of art as human practice: as I shall suggest, art begins with, and ends in, improvisation.

The present volume is the conclusive part of the research project Non/Cognate Approaches under the program for young scholars at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The book includes articles presented at the international conference Relation & Representation under the auspice of the same project as well as two additional texts. The selected writings revolve around the philosophy of Charles Peirce, pragmatism, semiotics, and the problem of relation and representation. The published texts are united by the notion of the “non-cognate approaches”, which combines research methods that seemingly are not related, but in fact have many points of intersection in their approach to thought processes.

En este trabajo se presentan algunos indicadores sobre el consumo y uso de las TIC’s de una comunidad universitaria conformada por estudiantes, docentes/investigadores y personal administrativo de la Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, como parte de un estudio diagnostico sobre su consumo y practicas culturales, con el proposito de elaborar propuestas que atiendan de manera mas pertinente a sus necesidades de consumo cultural. Se utilizo la encuesta como tecnica de investigacion y como instrumento un cuestionario de 89 reactivos, el cual se aplico a una muestra de sujetos voluntarios integrada por 414 estudiantes, 237 docentes/investigadores y 270 personal administrativo. Entre los resultados destaca que el consumo y uso del telefono movil y la computadora estan desplazando el de otros dispositivos culturales como los libros, la radio y television.

Aim:  To estimate the prevalence of tobacco smoking among physiotherapy and nursing students at the University of the Balearic Islands in Spain and to describe their perceptions, attitude and behaviour towards smoking and towards the Spanish Smoking Prevention Act.Background:  Active smoking is the first avoidable cause of death in the world while passive smoking is the third. The tobacco epidemic kills 5.4 million people a year from lung cancer, heart disease and other related illnesses. In Europe, around one-third of the Community population are smokers, with about 650 000 smoking-related deaths per year in the Community. In Spain, 56 000 people a year are estimated to die from tobacco-related illnesses.Method:  An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study, with a sample of 345 out of 645 students (53.5% participation rate) who completed an anonymous, self-administered, standardized survey devised by the World Health Organization.Findings:  The study revealed a 26.1% prevalence of tobacco smoking (26.9% among women and 22.6% among men), which is similar to percentages of students at other Spanish universities. Smokers and non-smokers reported many differences in attitude and behaviour, some of which have potential repercussions in their career, such as in estimating the harmful effects of tobacco smoke or the status of health professionals as role models in the society they serve.Conclusion:  The results of this study will contribute to develop an anti-smoking programme at the university and to establish smoking-prevention campaigns.

This study intends to understand if individuals’ buying intention for a particular textile product differs according to some
demographic traits and habits. As a textile product, smart bra is studied due to its innovative attribute that enables wearers to
detect breast cancer at its early stages. Turkish women as prospective users for such a product are included in the survey to obtain the knowledge of demographics, habits and buying intentions. As well as some demographics such as age, marital status,
operating state, monthly family income and education level, individuals’ habit of going to the doctor is examined in order to
understand what role to play in changing buying intentions is. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA used to compare group
means are conducted to explore how women’s buying intention of smart bra is varied by different demographics and habits. The
results reveal that buying intention is not varied by demographics specified as age, marital status, operating state and income level, but it differs according to education level. Respondents’ buying intention of smart bra is found not to be changed by their habit of going to the doctor.

Drawing on John Dewey’s discussion of habit in Human Nature and Conduct and Simone de Beauvoir’s discussion of the “adventurer” in The Ethics of Ambiguity, I argue that while some of our relations with things and people may very well be instru- mental, many take a different form in which it is our very setting, and not merely our attainment, of ends that is at stake. Moreover, the fullest realization of our freedom requires us to recognize not only that this different form of relation, which is cooperative rather than controlling, exists but also that it is constitutive of, rather than in opposition to, our freedom. I conclude by briefly examining how our honest acknowledgment of a kind of powerlessness inherent to our powers, to our freedom, might change the way we interact with other things and other people.

Lo Sguardo, n. XXXI, 2020, pp. 403-415.
Nota di discussione su Denise Vincenti, "Abitudine e follia. Studi di storia della filosofia e della psicologia" (Mimesis, Milano 2019) e "La spontaneità malata. Fisiologia, patologia e alienazione mentale nel pensiero di Félix Ravaisson" (ETS, Pisa 2019)

The Puritans believed that habits were a means of cultivating spiritual maturity in the believer by giving a believer a greater capacity for future obedience, by uniting a believer’s will to God’s, and by conforming a believer to the image of Christ.

An observation one can make when reviewing the literature on physical activity is that health-enhancing exercise habits tend to wear off as soon as individuals enter adolescence. Therefore, exercise habits should be promoted and preserved early in life. This article focuses on the formation of physical exercise habits. First, the literature on motivational determinants of habitual exercise and related behaviours is discussed, and the concept of habit is further explored. Based on this literature, a theoretical model of exercise habit formation is proposed. More specifically, expanding on the idea that habits are the result of automated cognitive processes, it is argued that physical exercise habits are capable of being automatically activated by the situational features that normally precede these behaviours. These habits may enhance health as a result of consistent performance over a long period of time. Subsequently, obstacles to the formation of exercise habits are discussed and interventions that may anticipate these obstacles are presented. Finally, implications for theory and practice are briefly discussed.

Summary in English (article is in German):

Today's ideas about the development of habits and addictions go back to the early days of behaviorism and are still determined by it. They are stimulus-response models, according to which certain stimuli only have to evoke a certain reaction often enough to establish themselves as a fixed association. Gestalt psychology has fundamentally contradicted such explanations from the beginning. According to it, connections do not come about by mere repetition of the joint appearance of arbitrary elements, as associationism still assumes in its present forms, but by concrete holistic-dynamic interactions in a concrete overall situation. The essay summarizes the corresponding hypotheses and findings of Gestalt theory, especially those of Kurt Lewin and his associates..

Zusammenfassung:

Die heutigen Vorstellungen über das Entstehen von Gewohnheiten und Süchten gehen zurück bis in die Anfangszeiten des Behaviorismus und sind davon nach wie vor bestimmt. Es handelt sich um Reiz-Reaktions-Modelle, denen zufolge bestimmte Reize nur oft genug eine bestimmte Reaktion hervorrufen müssen, um sich als feste Verbindung zu etablieren. Die Gestaltpsychologie hat solchen Erklärungen von Anfang an grundsätzlich widersprochen. Verbindungen kommen ihr zufolge eben nicht durch bloße Wiederholung des gemeinsamen Autretens beliebiger Elemente zustande, wie es der Assoziationismus auch in seinen heutigen Formen nach wie vor annimmt, sondern durch konkrete ganzheitlich-dynamische Wechselwirkungen in einer konkreten Gesamtsituation. Der Aufsatz fasst die entsprechenden Hypothesen und Befunde der Gestalttheorie zusammen, vor allem die von Kurt Lewin und seinen Mitarbeitern.

Breakfast as the most significant meal of the day is needed for the students to take before going to school. However, some students are skipping their breakfast and their body responses to this eating behavior remain unclear. This study examined students’ anxiety levels in school as a response after taking and not taking breakfast before going to school. Students are examined and there are students who eat breakfast and students who do not eat breakfast before going to school. Then, each student is given a test that measures their school anxiety level in the morning. Using weighted mean, students who eat breakfast got an overall weighted mean of which is interpreted as a disagreement of being anxious in school. On the other hand, Students who did not eat their breakfast got an overall weighted mean of which is also interpreted to disagree with being anxious. Also, it was found out that both students who eat breakfast and who don’t eat breakfast got midlevel of anxiety. Then, the ANO...