Heterosexism

Ce travail s'intéresse à la migration musulmane queer dans le contexte canadien. Mobilisant un cadre queer critique, post-structuraliste et féministe, je postule que les queer musulman.e.s au Canada sont placés dans une double contrainte, d'un côté, le positionnement dans un contexte homonationaliste (Puar, 2013) caractérisé par l'injonction au dévoilement de la sexualité pour appartenir à une communauté LGBTQ, et d'un autre côté, l'injonction à une invisibilisation et une mise en silence au sein d'une « communauté musulmane ». En ce sens, en m'inscrivant dans un modèle intersectionnel (Collins, 2000), multidisciplinaire, anti-essentialiste et nuancé où des rapports de pouvoir, de race, de classe et de genre s'entrecroisent pour produire des trajectoires complexes ; j'explore cette intersection de deux identifications posées comme antagonistes dans le discours public.

“Talking through Meaning” is Chapter 7 of the book Between Gay and Straight: Understanding Friendship Across Sexual Orientation (AltaMira Press, 2001). It provides a dialogic analysis of the author's PhD dissertation research (1994-98) of a network of gay male friends in Tampa, Florida. Lisa based this chapter on a conversation with her husband Doug as she tried to compose a more conventional conclusion. The couple discuss the project’s academic, personal, interpersonal, and cultural implications.

Introduction et problematique Le paradigme de l'education inclusive fait depuis quelques annees l'objet d'efforts concertes de la part de l'UNESCO (2008), de l'Union europeenne (2007) et de plusieurs organisations non gouvernementales. Au Canada, prenant assise sur la Charte canadienne des droits et libertes et sur la Loi sur le multiculturalisme, les dix provinces et les trois territoires s'arriment a ces premisses et reconnaissent l'importance d'assurer l'equite en education pour une diversite d'eleves (Conseil des ministres de l'Education du Canada [CMEC] & Commission canadienne pour l'UNESCO, 2008). Les efforts d'inclusion en education privilegient l'heterogeneite dans la classe et poursuivent un objectif double : assurer une education de qualite aux eleves de groupes minoritaires et former des citoyens outilles a s'engager dans une societe democratique et multiculturelle. L'etude des experiences scolaires des jeune...

In two studies, this thesis depicts the relationship between minority group status in the United States, perceived discrimination, and coping with stress. Past literature on coping and its types – problem-focused versus emotion-focused – is inconsistent in terms of differences between minority status groups and majority groups. It remains unknown whether or why Black Americans and lesbian or gay Americans may demonstrate coping patterns that differ from White Americans and heterosexual Americans, respectively. What is altogether absent from the literature is the possible mediating factor of perceived discrimination experienced by these minority groups. That is, differences in internal, stable coping processes that manage stress may have been molded by one’s experience with discrimination. Study 1 examines the relationship between race (Black versus White) and coping, mediated by perceived discrimination. Study 2 examines the relationship between sexual orientation (lesbian or gay versus heterosexual) and coping, mediated by perceived discrimination. Both studies confirm the thesis that minority group members exhibit maladaptive, emotion-focused coping more than majority group
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members – but that this difference is explained by the minority group members’ perceived discrimination. Historical and political relevance, social implications, and possible limitations in design and interpretation are discussed.

Australia is one of the last Western countries to legalize marriage between same-sex couples. Research suggests that the delay in marriage equality may be a consequence of societies’ conceptual connection between marriage and family being an ultimately heterosexual experience. The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes toward same-sex parenting within the marriage equality debate. Members of an Australian sample (n=436) were randomly allocated to 1 of 9 conditions, where they received a vignette of either a heterosexual couple, a male same-sex couple, or female same-sex couple in 1 of 3 family structures (marriage/no children; marriage/children; no marriage/children). Participants rated their level of acceptance toward their allocated vignette, deciding whether the couple deserved the same rights as anyone else. Results demonstrated a significant division between acceptance of same-sex couples and heterosexual couples getting married and having children, with more negative attitudes toward same-sex couples present. Findings also highlighted a prejudice toward couples having children out of wedlock, regardless of sexual orientation of the couple. The implication for marriage equality advocates is challenging society attitudes toward marriage and family, by educating the community about same-sex parenting as well as parenting beyond marriage.

Heteronormativity is a hegemonic system of norms, discourses, and practices that constructs heterosexuality as natural and superior to all other expressions of sexuality. Queer theorist Michael Warner (1991) coined the term heteronormativity to illuminate the privileging of heterosexuality in social relations, which relegates sexual minorities to a marginal status position. Heteronormativity legitimates homophobia -the irrational fear of gay and lesbian people -and heterosexism -the discrimination of sexual minorities within social relations and structures. Heteronormative standards and discourses that legitimate the discrimination of sexual minorities can be found in most social institutions, including religion, the family, education, the media, the law, and the state. For example, the media often underrepresents lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people and/or presents them stereotypically. In the educational realm, LGBTQ people are often completely erased from sexual health and other pedagogical materials. Sexually marginalized individuals are often denied domestic partner benefits or access to marriage, and they face a host of other discriminatory practices because their relationships are valued less than a heterosexual relationship.

Thematic Analysis (TA) is an accessible, flexible, and increasingly popular method of qualitative data analysis. Learning to do it provides the qualitative researcher with a foundation in the basic skills needed to engage with other approaches to qualitative data analysis. In this chapter, we first outline the basics of what TA is and explain why it is so useful. The main part of the chapter then demonstrates how to do thematic analysis, using a worked example with data from one of our own research projects—an interview-based study of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual (LGBT) students’ experiences of university life. We conclude by discussing how to conduct thematic analysis well and how to avoid doing it poorly.

Après un résumé et le commentaire du premier chapitre de l'ouvrage phare de J. Butler "Trouble dans le genre", ce paper propose une critique de quelques arguments ainsi qu'une application pratique de ses concepts pour analyser un cas de recherche empirique basé sur des témoignages.

Cours undergraduate : sociologie du genre

This research critically examines the homophobic reactions and discourses of a group of young men protesting against the first public admitted case of a male homosexuality in Albania. The aim of this study is to show how Albanian nationalism fits with the heterosexist ideology and how national belonging is questioned if hegemonic masculinity is threatened. In this paper, I use discourse analysis as qualitative research method to analyse homophobic written and verbal discourses, through media and social network pages. In addressing these issues, the paper begins with an overview of public assaults and anti-gay rhetoric by a group of protesters1 rebelling against the first public admitted case of an Albanian gay man. Further, it provides an historical background related to the institutional representation of homosexuality in Albania focussing on 1 Even though it is a relevant point in discourse analysis, the analysis lacks interpretation of the social, cultural, political affiliation of the protesters against Klodi since data are not available. The only information visible from the media was that the protesters were a group of youngsters that felt compelled by this act of public performance. 59 same-sex relationships during communism and democracy. Heterosexist ideology is used to reinforce the strong connection between homophobia and Albanian nationalism.

Forthcoming Chapter in "Neurointerventions and the Law" with Oxford University Press ed. Nicole Vincent.
Feedback Appreciated

Abstract: Current legal arguments for gay rights use gay primarily to refer to individuals that have same-sex erotic desires. However, as this chapter argues using a thought experiment based on a neurointervention that would alter the orientation of one’s erotic desires, the term gay should be understood in a broader sense to include a more diverse group of individuals, including some individuals that do not have same-sex erotic desires. For this reason, the current restrictive use of the term gay presumed in legal discourse doesn’t capture the entire gay community that we should want to extend rights to. To rectify this problem with the way that arguments for gay rights are being framed, this chapter suggests that we expand the use of the term gay in legal discourse to encompass a more heterogeneous population than the one picked out by same-sex-attracted individuals, and it explains some of the advantages of doing so.

Discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity has been linked to many negative psychological and physical health outcomes in previous research, including increased suicidal ideation. Two hundred lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people of color (POC) were surveyed on their experiences of LGBTQ-based discrimination, racism, mental health (depression, anxiety, satisfaction with life), and suicidal ideation in a national online study based in the United States. A structural equation model (SEM) was created and found that LGBTQ-based discrimination exerted an indirect effect on suicidal ideation through mental health. Racism exerted a direct effect on mental health but was not associated with suicidal ideation in the SEM. The effects of LGBTQ-based discrimination on mental health may be a key area for interventions to reduce suicidal ideation in LGBTQ POC.

This text is based on, and has evolved from a communication given by Janik Bastien Charlebois on the panel «Sanctioned sexualities» at the ILGA International World Congress that took place in Mexico between October the 27th and 31th, 2014.

Entitled «The Medical Treatment of intersex bodies and voices», it introduces the readers to the medical treatment intersex people are subjected to, encompassing not only bodily management of minors and information related to them, but also reaction to adults speaking up and being critical of their protocols. Since many people are unfamiliar with what intersex means and what issues we face, this text slowly spirals up in depth and details. It stands halfway between academic text and essay so as to be in line with conversations that are taking place on political levels.

It sheds light on power dynamics between the medical institution and intersex people, thus helping LGBTQ activists better frame solidarity work. Intersex has frequently been instrumentalized if not colonized by various activists and academics, which has contributed to isolation and oppression of intersex people. Better understanding the structural and institutional mechanisms actively producing oppression and human rights violations of intersex people constitutes a stepping stone on which successful strategies for change can be built. It can also help potential allies grasp, respect, and honor many intersex activists’ great reluctance in adopting negotiation strategies with the medical establishment, preferring instead to adopt the human rights and legislative routes.

This text also is the product of a dedicated effort to make intersex scholars and activist’s voices more visible, many sources quoted throughout being their works and reflections. Moreover, it opens a breach in English-speaking domination of academia and international activism, which increasingly ignores sources produced in other languages. It thus includes Spanish, French and German sources, although English remains over-represented and much that has been produced in other languages remain to be valued. Intersex activism is international, and knowledge sharing between linguistic spheres and nations can only deepen our reflections and hone our critical and political tools.

http://ilga.org/an-introduction-to-sanctioned-sexualities-the-medical-treatment-of-intersex-bodies-and-voices/

This study explored the coming out stories of nine self-identified Waray gay adolescents aged 17-20 years. Using the life story approach in studying how people make sense of their identity, the participants were asked to share their processes of coming out to themselves as young gay men and coming out to their parents as gay sons. Results showed that all the participants have recognized, labeled, and accepted themselves as gay; however, none of them directly disclosed their sexual identity to their parents because of their belief that their parents already knew they were gay and their fear of parental rejection. Their narratives revealed that beyond sexual identity development, sexual identity management was more central to their experiences as Waray gay adolescents. This challenging task stemmed from their family's culture of silence toward sex and sexuality as well as their parents' ambivalent heterosexism. Strategies in managing their sexual identity included reframing their situations and compensating for their sexual identity. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in light of the important role of the family in how gay adolescents develop and manage their sexual identities. Coming to terms with one's sexual identity is a process that is central to the lives of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender persons (collectively known as LGBT) but not to heterosexual men and women.

Editor’s Note
Working Paper number 5 began as a research project by undergraduate exchange student Tara Atluri to satisfy course work requirements for the course AR22B Women’s Studies. This is an introductory course offered in semester II of the academic year 1999-2000.

Tara Atluri is presently completing her fourth and final year of undergraduate studies at the University of Toronto, St. George Campus, University College where she is pursuing an Honours Bachelor of Arts degree in the Faculty of Arts and Science.

Tara spent an academic year at The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados where she completed various Law, Women’s Studies, Political Science and Literature courses. She became interested in the issue of homophobia in the Caribbean after noticing a correlation between attitudes of intolerance towards homosexuals and widely accepted sexual attitudes of intolerance towards women.

She firmly believes that a women’s movement that remains unconnected to issues of homophobia is failing to examine the root ideologies upon which patriarchy and sexism are based, and is therefore patching things up without ever challenging the source of the problem.

Tara Atluri’s work represents the output of a new generation of budding feminist scholars that the Centre for Gender and Development Studies at Cave Hill is committed to supporting.

In this article, I explore arguments commonly used to support the claim that lesbians and gay men should not be parents. Thematic analysis of recent media representations of lesbian and gay parenting and six focus groups with university students highlighted the repeated use of a number of arguments to oppose lesbian and gay parenting. I critically discuss the six most prevalent in this article. These are: (1) “The bible tells me that lesbian and gay parenting is a sin”; (2) “Lesbian and gay parenting is unnatural”; (3) “Lesbian and gay parents are selfish because they ignore ‘the best interests of the child’”; (4) “Children in lesbian and gay families lack appropriate role models”; (5) Children in lesbian and gay families grow up lesbian and gay; and (6) “Children in lesbian and gay families get bullied.” I examine these themes in relation to other debates about lesbian and gay and women's rights, and highlight the ways in which they reinforce a heterosexual norm.

This study documents the child welfare experiences of youth who are LGBTQ and their perspectives on how these experiences influenced their housing instability and homelessness. Youth detailed incidents of gender segregation, stigmatization, isolation, and institutionalization in child welfare systems that they linked to their gender expression and sexuality, which often intersected with being a youth of color. The youth described these incidents as contributing to multiple placements and shaping why they experienced homelessness.

This exciting and engaging textbook introduces students to the psychology of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer lives and experiences. It covers a broad range of topics including diversity, prejudice, health, relationships, parenting and lifespan experiences from youth to old age. The book includes 'key researcher' boxes, which outline the contributions of significant individuals and their motivations for conducting their research in their own words. Key issues and debates are discussed throughout the book, and questions for discussion and classroom exercises help students reflect critically and apply their learning. There are extensive links to further resources and information, as well as 'gaps and absences' sections, indicating major limitations of research in a particular area. This is the essential textbook for anyone studying LGBTQ psychology, psychology of sexuality or related courses. It is also a useful supplement to courses on gender and developmental psychology.

In this paper we explore popular television talk show debates about lesbian and gay parents. We show that the heterosexist framing of these debates compels lesbian and gay parents and their supporters to produce defensive and apologetic arguments that normalize lesbian and gay families. Lesbian and gay parents end up reinforcing the legitimacy of anti-lesbian/gay fears in the very act of demonstrating that they are groundless. We identify six themes in pro-lesbian/gay discourse on talk shows: i) ‘I'm not a lesbian/gay parent’; ii) ‘we're just the family next door’ iii) ‘love makes a family’ iv) ‘god made Adam and Steve’; v) children as ‘proof’ and vi) the benefits of growing up in a lesbian/gay family. Our analysis focuses on the broad, ideological functions and effects of these themes. We conclude the paper by outlining an alternative agenda for talk show debates about lesbian and gay issues.

This study seeks to examine Freshmen Orientation Camps (FOCs) in relation to the wider heteronormative framework and pressures that force students to “perform” their genders in a conformative manner. By engaging in semi-structured in-depth interviews with various individuals who have participated in FOCs before, the research uncovers the underlying framework that privileges masculinity and the male gender over femininity and the female gender. Results suggest that most participants merely follow through with activities that bring them embarrassment and discomfort just to conform with the wider peer culture. Ultimately, the implications are that female and non-heterosexual identifying male students would greatly prefer if such activities gave a concrete option for them to back out without having to undergo any stigma.

This petition argues that erotic comics are an important cultural record of the way in which diverse sexualities are understood and portrayed, and sexual fantasies explored. An Erotic Comics Anglophone Archive (ErotiCAA) will preserve these works for research by scholars in many different disciplines.

One of the biggest problems facing anyone researching pornography/erotica or comics, and therefore doubly so for anyone researching erotic/pornographic comics, is finding and gaining access to primary materials. So we have decided to have a go at establishing an archive in the UK to collect and catalogue English-language porn and erotic comics.

We intend to approach a number of libraries and research institutions to host and/or fund the archive. Persuading them to support us will be a lot easier if we an show that there is a need for this archive, so to help with that we’ve started this petition.

We’ve already got this kick-ass logo designed for us by Alison Lucy Stone and meetings set up with a couple of big libraries. Help us out by signing the petition? And if you’d like to be more involved, please tweet Dr Anna Madill @UKFujoshi or Dr Jude Roberts @tangendentalism - we’d love to hear from you!

The Phallus-that-is-not-the-penis owes its historical origins to an extremely powerful and extraordinary move that much western thought makes at its origins: the inscription of the body as female. 1 As Judith Butler has remarked of the very founding text of a certain strain of modern feminism:

Abstract
This article argues that every religion that has dominated Indonesia for a certain period of time has generated a distinct worldview that eventually influenced people’s understanding of issues of gender, sexuality, and sexual orientation. Through a religious-historical examination, the analysis traces the way that Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity have intertwined with the development of the concepts of gender, sexuality, and sexual orientation in present day Indonesian society. The result has been discursive and praxis discrimination against queer individuals. Therefore, the article addresses the issue of heterosexism as a way to contribute towards dismantling it amidst Indonesian society.

Resumen
En este artículo se argumenta que cada religión que ha dominado Indonesia durante un cierto período de tiempo ha generado una visión del mundo distintiva que finalmente influyó en la comprensión de las personas acerca de las cuestiones de género, la sexualidad y la orientación sexual. A través de un examen histórico-religioso, el análisis traza la forma en que el budismo, el hinduismo, el islam y el cristianismo se han entrelazado en el desarrollo de los conceptos de género, sexualidad y orientación sexual en la actual sociedad indonesia. El resultado ha sido un discurso y una praxis de discriminación contra las personas queer. Por lo tanto, el artículo aborda el tema del heterosexismo como una manera de contribuir a su desmantelamiento en medio de la sociedad indonesia.

Resumo
Este artigo argumenta que toda religião que dominou a Indonésia durante certo período de tempo gerou uma visão de mundo diferente que acaba influenciando a compreensão das questões de gênero, sexualidade e orientação sexual das pessoas. Através de um exame histórico-religioso, a análise traça o modo em que o budismo, o hinduísmo, o islamismo e o cristianismo foram entrelaçados no desenvolvimento dos conceitos de gênero, sexualidade e orientação sexual na atual sociedade indonésia. O resultado tem sido o discurso e a prática de discriminação contra pessoas queer. Portanto, o artigo aborda a questão do heterossexismo, como forma de contribuir para desconstruí-lo na sociedade indonésia.

Introductory courses dealing with sex, gender and sexuality are usually quite biased, going as far as to deny the reality of biology. Drawing on the Catholic tradition (Aquinas), this article presents an accessible argument aimed at restoring deliberative balance in the classroom.

Exposure to heterosexist discrimination may vary by a person's place of residency. Utilizing a minority stress perspective, an online survey of self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals (n = 285) examined whether rural and small town inhabitants experienced greater exposure to six types of enacted stigma. After comparing the frequency of enacted stigma by community type, findings demonstrated that rural

Global anarchist movements and queer politics are integrating in mutually informing ways. The characteristics of this synthesis include liberatory theories and practices of embodied genders and sexualities in private and public, direct actions to visibilize and extend queer publics, and queer intersections with capitalism, the environment, race, disability, public space, private property and citizenship, among others. This article
will critically analyze three cases of anti-consumerist vomiting, including an erotic performance, a punk zine, and a Pink Panthers direct action, to investigate the politics of queer anarchist autonomous publics that extend the anti-homophobic and ant-iheteronormative politics of queer counterpublics toward challenging homonormativity through intersectional anti-oppression and liberatory value-practices.

The calypso is one of the greatest cultural contributions of the Caribbean. Originating in Trinidad and Tobago, it has grown over the last century to be part of the cultural experience of most of the Anglophone countries, and even some of the Spanish-speaking parts of the Caribbean littoral. This article explores the many ways in which the calypso reveals much about the construction of masculinity through its lyrics. It examines how this aspect of Caribbean popular culture conceives of what constitutes manliness, the burdens this imposes on men, the way men define their sexuality and address issues of desire, and the way the male gaze informs how men view and relate to women. The paper also uses as its point of departure, the calypsos of the 1960s, with particular reference to the songs of The Mighty Sparrow and The Lord Kitchener, two of the greatest exponents of the art form. This essay therefore represents one way of looking at the reciprocal relationship between the artist and the people in the construction of masculinity.

Bu çalışma Fransız sosyolog Pierre Bourdieu’nün alan kuramından hareketle tariflenen Türkiye muhalefet alanının içinde bulunduğumuz dönemdeki yapısı ve nitelikleri ile yapısal ve tarihsel bir sistem olan heteroseksizmin ilişkisini araştırmayı
amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda ilk olarak heteroseksizm; cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet, arzu, cinsellik ve aile kurumu tartışmaları ile birlikte tarihsel olarak incelenmiştir.
Çalışmanın devamında, Türkiye muhalefet alanının yaşadığı dönüşümler, heteroseksizme karşı sistematik olarak mücadele eden LGBT hareket ile alanın diğer eyleyicilerinin ilişkisi odağında tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışma, niteliksel araştırma yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri, alanın heteroseksizm bağlamında barındırdığı farklı konumlanışları belirleyebilmek
için gerçekleştirilen arşiv taraması çalışmasının ardından, muhalefet alanında örgütlenme deneyimi olan ve kendilerini lezbiyen, gey, biseksüel, trans ve queer olarak tanımlayan kişilerle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla edinilmiştir.

The aim of this study was to obtain organizational practices or policies that can help diminish the risk of heterosexism as it pertains to workplace bullying of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) workers. Heterosexism and workplace bullying are still prevalent concerns for LGBT workers, causing psychological and physical illness and reduced organizational effectiveness. This study contributes to social change by informing leaders, politicians, advocacy groups, and scholars on recommendations to help safeguard the health of employees, safeguard operational effectiveness of an organization, and reduce workplace bullying of LGBT and other marginalized employees. Findings of this study include that “organizational programs and policies should be developed and implemented to provide anti-bullying policies that protect all employees, not just minority or potentially marginalized employees.” Additionally, the results support the direction that “organizational leaders should begin to mitigate the damage of workplace bullying through enforcement of current policies.”

L’assistència sexual és un treball sexual que proporciona a la persona amb diversitat
funcional un suport per a accedir sexualment al propi cos o al cos d’una altra
persona amb diversitat funcional, però no al cos de l’assistent sexual. Seguint el
model de vida independent, el coneixement, la responsabilitat i el control de la
situació el té la usuària. L’assistència sexual constitueix un dret de les persones amb
diversitat funcional al propi cos que ha de generar obligacions concretes als poders
públics, sobretot de finançament per a que hi pugui accedir tothom que ho necessita.
A l’Estat espanyol és alegal i, per tant, no hi ha un col·lectiu professional que vetlli
per una formació, una praxi i una deontologia específiques. «Tus manos, mis
manos» és l’única associació d’assistència sexual de l’Estat espanyol. A Europa
només és comparable al model de Dinamarca, la resta són altres treballs sexuals
com l’acompanyament íntim i eròtic, la prostitució inclusiva, el massatge eròtic o el
surrogate. La història de l’assistència sexual a l’Estat espanyol està marcada per
l’aliança queer-crip entre moviments de persones amb diversitat sexual i de gènere i
de persones amb diversitat funcional, que comparteixen el cos com espai de lluita
política contra l’opressió heterosexista i capacitista del sistema patriarcal capitalista.
Aquesta investigació parteix d’entrevistes a una assistent sexual queer, a un usuari
d’assistència sexual, a un activista i a un psicòleg.

The purpose of this article was to develop and evaluate evidence for reliability and validity of a multifactor measure of evasive attitudes of sexual orientation across two studies. The Evasive Attitudes of Sexual Orientation Scale (EASOS) was inspired by Neville, Lilly, Duran, Lee, and Browne’s Colorblind Racial Attitudes Scale (2000) and existing literature on contemporary homonegativism. In Study 1, data from 221 heterosexual participants were included in an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and resulted in a three-factor solution: Institutional Heterosexism, Aversive Heterosexism, and Heterosexual Privilege, with one global factor of Evasive Attitudes of Sexual Orientation. Correlational analyses with the present sample revealed evidence of convergent validity and a lack of response bias. A second sample of 270 heterosexual participants was collected for Study 2. EFA results from Study 2 confirmed the factor structure found in Study 1. Hierarchical regression was used to assess incremental validity of scores in the newly developed measure. Results indicated the EASOS explained participants’ degree of LGBT allyship better than measures of homonegativity and modern heterosexism can alone. The present findings offer initial evidence for the use of the EASOS and may be valuable for future research on contemporary homonegativism.