History of Mining and Industry

Der Aufsatz ist ursprünglich in dem Tagungsband des 16. Internationalen Bergbau - u. Montanhistorik -Workshops Müsen im Siegerland  (28. Mai bis 01. Juni 2013) erschienen und war Gegenstand des gleichlautenden Einführungsvortrages des Verfassers.

Der umfangreiche Anmerkungsapparat zu dem Aufsatz ist in dem Tagungsband seinerzeit aus Platzgründen nicht mit abgedruckt worden. Seit kurzem wird das komplette Werk mit großformatigem Bildteil in einer aktualisierten eigenständigen Publikation als Kindle Ebook zeitlich passend zum 23. Internationalen Bergbau- u. Montanhistorik Workshop vom 13. bis 18.9.2022  im Siegerland angeboten. Der Verfasser kann an dem Workshop leider selbst nicht teilnehmen.

Das Buch umfasst etwa 80 Seiten. Auch als Taschenbuch bei KDP Amazon erschienen.

LACKO, Miroslav. Robotnícke kolónie na Železníku - zabudnutý industriálny skvost [Workers' Lodgings in Železník - A Forgotten Industrial Jewel]. In: Z dějin hutnictví 42 - Rozpravy Národního technického muzea v Praze 219 (2012), pp. 119-150. ISSN 0139-9810. ISBN 978-80-7037-212-8.

RANTINGS OF A MAD MINER is Bill Glover's fourth book and third in the Mad Miner Trilogy. The Mad Miner is back with a selection of true tales from life on the mining trail, written by a miner who walked the walk. Share light-hearted adventures and hair raising tales from Resolute to Shanghai - chased by bears, bad guys, lamenting ladies and the wanderlust curse. Enjoy laughing at life and plenty of characters from high and low places. The kindle edition is available on Amazon by using the search words "Glover, Mad Miner" or this link <https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B00SF1JTIU>

By re-examining primary source material (in particular: contemporary investigation evidence and reports, Acts of Parliament, Hansard extracts), this essay reviews efforts towards child employment reform in the Victorian era pottery industry. Advocacy, investigations and regulations directed towards a resolution of moral concerns, are contrasted with moves to alleviate the physical effects of lead exposure; as a consequence the essay determines that moral preoccupations dominated the reform agenda to the detriment of urgent health hazard alleviation - at least in the early Victorian years. However, the essay also decides that Governmental laissez-faire non-interventionism and pottery-owner acquisitive callousness were not wholly culpable; as will be shown, exploitative working potters were responsible for much juvenile abuse and some unscrupulous parents (unwittingly lending weight to moral ‘temperance' arguments) actually sought to gain financially from the toxic risks faced by their offspring.

Издание посвящено выдающемуся инженеру-путейцу, промышленнику, меценату, благотворителю, коллекционеру, одному из основателей Брянского машиностроительного завода Виктору Федоровичу Голубеву. Авторы – брянские историки и краеведы Артур Чубур и Галина Скороход - рассказывают о его биографии, уделяя особое внимание вкладу в развитие Брянского завода и рабочего поселка Бежица. Книга рассчитана на всех интересующихся историей России, Брянского края, а также историей благотворительности и меценатства.

A pesar deI inten3s que ha despertado Alonso Barba y su obra (vease, por ejemplo, Bargal16 (1969) y Barnadas, (1986)), se conocen pocos datos de la biograffa de este gran metalurgista hispano. "Natural de la Villa de Lepe, en la Andalucfa", como el mismo dice, nace Albaro (con "b" fi-gura en la primera edici6n de su libro) Alonso Barba el ano 1569, hijo de Alvaro Alonso y de Teresa Barba*. Sigue la carrera sacerdotal, y hacia 1588 es enviado al Alto Peru (hoy Peru y Bo/ivia) donde pronto inicia el estudio de los minera-les, y sobre todo deI tratamiento de las menas de plata. En su libro puede seguirse su recorrido por los distintos distri-tos mineros, entre 1613 y 1637. Menciona en primer lugar los Upes, pero tambien estuvo en otras localidades con nombres de resonancia, como Porco y Oruro. No solamen te se dedicó a los estudios teóricos, sino que registró también varias minas, y obtuvo pingues ganancias de la recu-peración, por sus procedimientos, de materiales desechados como inutiles por otros mineros. Mientras esta en Yotola, su fama Ilega hasta Juan de Lizarazu, Presidente de la Real Audiencia de la Plata, que le induce a escribir un /ibro en el que refleje sus conocimientos y experiencias, tarea que Ilevara a cabo siendo Cura de la Parroquia de San Bernardo, en Potosí. Este libro, el Arte de los Metales, recibira la aprobación de los Oiputados de la Villa de Potosí en 1637 y sera impreso en Madrid en 1640. Algunos anos despues pasa a Chuquisaca, donde sera chantre de la catedral. Regresa a Espana en 1658, realizando aun distintos estudios para el aprovechamiento de minerales peninsulares, especialmente de las escorias romanas de Riotinto. Muere en Sevilla en 1662.

Alburnus Maior site, or the present day Roşia Montană represents one of the most important mining centers of the Roman world, being exploited during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC for gold and silver. Due to a large scale mining project in development, a rescue archaeological program, one of the most important in Romania was initiated. Since 1999, a French mission from Toulouse Le Mirail University, including also Romanian geologists from Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca is involved in the mining archaeology at Roşia Montană. This mission allowed an interdisciplinary study between archaeology and geology. Survey, detailed topography of the Ancient mining works, archaeological diggings as well as geological studies have been made at surface and in the underground in different mining fields like Cetate, Cârnic and Păru-Carpeni. In Cârnic massif was studied a large part of the Antique mine, precisely more than 4km of Ancient workings (adits, inclined planes, shafts, vertical stopes, chambers with pillars), that allowed the exploitation of a big breccia dyke structure with high gold and silver grades. At Păru-Carpeni, where the study is still in progress, was discovered a water wheel system consisting of wooden wheels equipped with buckets. The geological studies were focused on the lithology of the host rocks, the hydrothermal alterations, the dimensions, the morphology and the mineralogy of the ore bodies exploited by the Roman miners. These studies revealed significant data for the understanding of the Ancient mining works because the spatial development of the mine was strongly related to the geological context of the ore deposit. A big scale Roman mining and metallurgical site is gradually emerging due to the surface and underground archaeological diggings from Roşia Montană.

Le site d’Alburnus Maior, l’actuelle Roşia Montană, représente un des plus grands centres miniers du monde romain, exploité aux IIe-IIIe s. de notre ère pour l’or et l’argent. En raison d’un vaste projet d’exploitation minière, le site fait l’objet d’un programme d’archéologie préventive, parmi les plus importants de Roumanie. Depuis 1999 une mission française de l’Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail comprenant des géologues roumains de l’Université Babeş-Bolyai de Cluj-Napoca est dévolue à l’archéologie minière préventive à Roşia Montană. Cette mission a permis une recherche interdisciplinaire entre archéologie et géologie. Des prospections, une cartographie détaillée des travaux antiques, des fouilles et des études géologiques, ont été menées en surface et en souterrain dans différents périmètres miniers, comme à Cetate, Cârnic et Păru-Carpeni. Dans le massif de Cârnic, une large part de la mine antique a été étudiée, à savoir plus de 4km d’anciens travaux (galeries, descenderies, puits, chantiers verticaux, chambres sur piliers) qui ont permis d’exploiter une grande structure de dyke de brèche à fortes teneurs en or et en argent. A Păru-Carpeni a été découvert un système hydraulique d’exhaure par roues élévatoires à augets actuellement en cours de fouille. Des études géologiques spécifiques du gisement exploité par les Anciens ont été menées sur les types de roches, sur les altérations hydrothermales, leurs dimensions, la morphologie et la minéralogie des corps de minerais. Elles ont apporté des informations significatives pour la compréhension des travaux miniers anciens, car le développement spatial de la mine antique était étroitement lié aux conditions particulières du gisement. Ainsi, un vaste complexe minier et métallurgique romain apparaît peu à peu grâce aux fouilles de surface et souterraines à Roşia Montană.

This paper examines the relationship between the design and use of mechanical technology, patronage and investment, and economic return, using three main case studies: water-lifting devices, the water-powered grain mill, and the diverse uses of water-power in mining. Water-power was used on a wide scale and in diversified forms at an early date (by the first century A.D.), and the use of mechanical technology to perform economically critical work had an important impact on economic performance and the potential for per capita growth, especially in the latter centuries B.C. and the first two centuries A.D. Conversely, in the third century A.D. the cessation of the employment of hydraulic mining techniques enabling large-scale extraction of gold and other metals may have had an adverse impact on the economy as a whole. Growth and progress do not necessarily follow a linear pattern of advance; technologies are lost as well as adopted.

The book presents results of the research into the role played by the state in the origins of the Russian industry, with the XVIIth century Ural and Siberian metallurgy taken as an example. The history of iron, non-ferrous and precious metals deposits prospecting and development on the vast territories of Northern Asia, from the Kama-river basin to the Pacific Ocean, was chosen as an object for study. It was the time of these territories active colonization by Russian explorers. Constantly changing situation in terms of lands acquisition, social and economic conditions, information circulated in the region, forced the government to adapt to diverse shifts and to search for inventive means to reach its goals. This practical experience became a foundation for the state industrial policy during subsequent centuries.
The authors examined methods and forms of state participation in the development of mining business; the process of administrative decisions making and the factors of influence. Significant attention was paid to central and local administrative authorities participation in the initiating, management and control over the ore fields prospecting and their development. The succession in state approaches towards the development of industry in the XVIIth and the first quarter of the XVIIIth century was shown. The detailed history of all expeditions that searched for silver, gold and copper ore in the Ural and Siberian territory in the XVIIth century is presented as well as the account of construction of the first iron, copper-melting and silver-melting plants.
The book was written on the base of extended complex of archival and published sources as well as archaeological data of field investigations.
В книге представлено исследование роли государства в создании основ отечественной промышленности на примере развития металлургической базы Урала и Сибири в XVII веке. В связи с этим рассмотрены методы и формы государственного регулирования, процесс выработки управленческих решений и факторы, влиявшие на них и сопряженные с активным колонизационным процессом. Большое внимание уделено участию различных органов власти в инициировании, управлении и контроле над поисками рудных месторождений и их разработкой. Показана преемственность в государственных подходах к развитию промышленности в XVII веке и первой четверти XVIII века. Книга написана на основе значительного комплекса архивных и опубликованных источников, а также данных археологических исследований.

Estudio comprensivo de la producción industrial en Lima colonial. Establece que, al lado de numerosos pequeños talleres artesanales había grandes talleres manufactureros y una gran producción domiciliaria organizada por grandes productores y comerciantes que, inclusive, intentaron establecer una fábrica textil moderna a inicios del siglo XIX. El trabajo establece también los regímenes laborales libres y esclavos en la ciudad colonial

In den ansteigenden Höhen des Lohbergs südlich des Ortes Altenseelbach setzten mehrere, 50 -100 m parallel verlaufende N-S Gänge auf, die von W nach 0 als „Mannseifer", .Lohmann" und .Wilhelmstroster Gang" zusammengefaßt werden können und aus Spateisenstein mit Quarz mit derben Nestern und Schnüren von Bleiglanz und kurzen Zinkblendemitteln bestanden. Verschiedentlich lagen im Gangbereich, an Klüfte gebunden, auch bis 0,5 m mächtige Vererzungen aus Kupferkies vor. Die Gänge splitterten sich teilweise in kleinere Trümmer auf. Ihre Länge betrug zwischen 20 und 50 m, und sie setzten beiderseits einer lettigen, 0,5 m mächtigen, steilen Kluft auf, die nachher als zur .Mahlscheid-Verschiebung gehörend erkannt wurde, die auf der benachbarten Grube San Fernando bei Herdorf mit 240 m Verwurfweite durchsetzt.
Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der hierauf bauenden Gruben ist Gegenstand dieses Aufsatzes.

Cerro Muriano is a small population centre situated 16 km to the north of the city of Córdoba, between the municipalities of Córdoba and Obejo (Andalusia, Spain). This territory is situated over a large field of copper veins, which has been exploited by the different peoples and societies that have populated Córdoba’s mountain range Sierra Morena. The mining and metallurgy of this red metal have been used to track the evolution of this site over time. This has produced much archaeological evidence, ranging from the Copper Age to the 20th century. Thanks to its originality and its well-preserved state –and also the commitment of Fernando Penco Valenzuela, the director of the Museo del Cobre (Copper Museum) located there– this particular piece of mining history enjoys legal protection today.
From 1897 to 1919, the mines of Cerro Muriano were worked –with the new technologies brought by industrialisation– by four different, but closely related, English companies: Cordova Exploration Co, Ltd. (1897- 1908), Cerro Muriano Mines, Ltd. (1903-1908), North Cero Muriano Copper Mines, Ltd. (1906-1908) and Cordoba Copper Co., Ltd. (1908-1923). The first of these was from the Newcastle area, and the rest were from London. These companies developed the mines using nine main extraction shafts: Calavera, San Lorenzo, Unión, Excelsior, Santa Victoria, San Rafael, Levante, San Arturo and Santa Isabel; some of these remain while others do not. The separation between the northernmost (Calavera) and the southernmost (San Isabel) shafts is around 2,025m. The distance between the eastern (Unión) and western (San Arturo) extremes is approximately 2,275m. In this territory, the four cited companies generated a complete mining settlement, composed of the above extraction points; a plant of considerable dimensions for washing and concentrating the minerals, calcining them, smelting them, and finally converting the matte into blister copper; and a populated complex of various neighbourhoods composed of houses, shacks and barracks. In addition, there was other infrastructure required to sustain a society (e.g., a school, canteen, theatre, church, hospital, etc.), buildings for work (e.g., offices and a laboratory), and other spaces for production, storage, and distribution.
Communication with the exterior took place through three principal routes demarcating a clear north-south axis: the old road from Córdoba to Almadén (N-432a), the Cañada Real Soriana droveway, and the rail line between Córdoba, Belmez and Almorchón. Along with these routes, there was a dense network of paths and narrow gauge railways throughout the area. It was specifically the train that connected the city of Córdoba with the coal-mining area of Peñarroya-Belmez-Espiel (in the north of the province) that permitted the English to set up their business in a mountainous location that was thus completely dependent on the railway.
At the end of the 19th century, the train did not stop at Cerro Muriano. In fact, there was nothing to motivate the construction of a train station there: neither a consolidated population nor any important economic activity. Thus, one of the primary objectives of the initial English capital investment was to bring the rail line to its properties. Therefore, mining and railways marked the origin of Cerro Muriano as we know it today.
Finally, this study case of Cerro Muriano during the English period found that it was a faithful reflection of its time. Spanish mining in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was heavily influenced by the involvement of foreign companies. This should not be seen as a distinctive feature of Spain as a whole, but rather as the result of an international situation in which mining underwent a kind of premature globalisation. In view of the foregoing, it may be argued that the British Cerro Muriano was a standard product. In it, we can discern many of the features typical of the international expansion and industrialisation of mining and metallurgy operations: the key introduction of new technology in the exploitation of the mine, the fundamental importance of the railway –even though in Cerro Muriano the line already existed, and was not purpose-built to serve English interests–, the eclectic nature of the whole in terms of the technology employed (particularly American in metallurgy, British and German in mining), and the creation of a mining village, in the town- planning and social senses.
In short, Cerro Muriano is a good example of economically-colonialist mining activity that seems to show that the highly topical subject of globalization is not a new phenomenon, since the evolution of technology and the spread use of the same machines on an international scale –among other circumstances– facilitated the homogenization of the world we inhabit today.

A mediados de 1866 la firma neoyorquina Lower California
Company comisionó al geólogo William More Gabb (1839-1878)
para que inspeccionara los territorios que el gobierno mexicano le
había otorgado en concesión en Baja California. El presente trabajo
analiza la expedición de Gabb. Sugiere que el geologo especuló
sobre el futuro de la península a partir de sus observaciones de
viaje, sus convicciones políticas y los objetivos corporativos de sus
empleadores. El texto se estructura en tres capítulos. El primero
examina los términos en que un grupo de inversionistas de California
y Baja California negoció con las autoridades mexicanas ycapitalistas del noreste estadounidense para obtener derechos sobre
un territorio y formar una compañía colonizadora. El segundo
analiza la manera en que el científico evaluó, desde las circunstancias
de su expedición y su experiencia en el oeste, el potencial
económico del territorio bajacaliforniano y visualizó su eventual
anexión a Estados Unidos. El tercero estudia el modo en que los
informes de Gabb adaptaron los proyectos de la empresa a las condiciones geográficas e históricas de Baja California y a las expectativas de sus clientes y accionistas probables. Asumimos que el
científico retomó los discursos de la expansión al Oeste y antepuso
el prestigio adquirido por su profesión en dicho proceso legitimar el
proyecto de la Lower California Company. El final de la Guerra
Civil, al generar oportunidades de inversión en el Sur y el Noroeste
y estrechar las conexiones entre el Este y el Oeste, afectó los
proyectos que apostaban a la extensión de los límites territoriales
de Estados Unidos hacia el sur, contribuyendo con el fracaso de la
corporación neoyorquina.

This paper represents a synthesis of the research and patrimonialisa-tion work carried out on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the foundation of the National Mining Office for Hydrocarbons and Georesources (UNMIG) dating back to 1957. In particular, it is highlighted the institutional and technological evolution and the role of mining cartography in the development of Italian mining policies on land and at sea. Initially related to non-energy raw materials and curated by the Geological Service since 1867, the Italian mining cartography has then developed, with the birth of the UNMIG, in reference to the exploration and production of hydrocarbons and geothermal resources. The result is a thematic geo-economic cartography, with strong territorial and political knowledge. Furthermore, thanks to the digitization and the open data ante litteram approach of the UNMIG, it represents a fundamental knowledge for the geostrategic, productive and scientific decision making processes in Italy. Moreover, it is important for the territorial and maritime spatial planning and the knowledge of the static and dynamic geological phenomena. Parole chiave

The cultural context generated by the mining industry works as an unifying force among mining enclaves, as well as an element of distinction in relation with the surrounding territories. The mining culture, set up as the common answer to the circumstances provided by the mine, is thereby a hallmark for the mining communities. Several agents participated in the formation of this identity system, such as the working conditions, the relation with the Death, the sense of class, the progress, the economic colonialism or the labour movement. This paper aims to track the role played by these and others elements in the construction of a specific social group: the contemporary mining people from the South of the Iberian Peninsula, as the result of hybridism between globalization and endemism. In doing so, we combine archaeological and anthropological methods on a wide range of sources of information: material culture, oral memory, written/visual historical documents and touristic guides and brochures.

Toda una constante tradición historiográfica sostuvo durante tiempo y con firmeza que la siderurgia vasca había introducido el empleo de la energía hidráulica en el proceso metalúrgico en pleno siglo XVI, con considerable retraso, nada menos que de tres a cuatro siglos, respecto a la siderometalurgia europea. Es cierto que a esta versión historiográfica no le faltaban bases y pruebas argumentales. La incorrecta interpretación de estos testimonios y las deficiencias informativas que investigaciones recientes han evidenciado señalan, sin embargo, la necesidad de revisar la versión tradicional sobre el tema, que es lo que se pretende en este trabajo.

This article opens up the 1914 case of smugglers Hira Naran and Dulabh Vira to consider an illicit trade in gold between the eastern ports of southern Africa, east Africa and southern Asia. From a newly compiled database of two and half thousand known gold dealers active in southern Africa between 1906 and 1926, it is evident that illicit gold dealing was a significant, if hidden, aspect of the region’s towns and ports.  Gold was informally ‘exported’ from Johannesburg by an amorphous, diverse group of runners to Durban and Lourenço Marques. At the ports, Gujarati firms, increasingly marginalised by racial legislation, took a leading role in transmitting gold, or sonū, eastwards across the Indian Ocean.  The article shows, rather than discusses in the abstract, how a transnational method can reveal hitherto obscure but important themes in southern African history. The article argues that a half-millennium old indigenous gold trade between southeast Africa and India, in apparent decline by the 1870s, was invigorated by the growth of the Witwatersrand mining economy. Administrators saw the ports as important sites of regulation and restriction, but failed to decisively rupture the old gold smuggling networks in ways that posed important, unresolvable questions about the institutional capacity of the South African state at its maritime gateways

K transferu inovácií v stredoeurópskom hutníctve: Bartolomej Ľudovít Hechengartner (1702–1773) a zhutňovanie medi na Spiši v prvej polovici 18. storočia [Zum Innovationstransfer im mitteleuropäischen Hüttenwesen: Bartholomäus Ludwig Hechengartner (1702–1773) und die Kupferverhüttung in der Zips in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts], in: Montánna história / Die Montangeschichte : Ročenka o dejinách baníctva a hutníctva / Jahrbuch für Geschichte des Berg- und Hüttenwesens 7 (2014), S. 162–199.

The last three decades of the reign of Poland’s last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski were a period of cultural and economical revival of the country. The development was due to the reforms introduced by the king: a new economical policy similar to the western-european patterns of the Age of Enlightment. There were efforts to renovate manufactures and mining in Olkusz. There were also the discoveries of seams of coal, salt and marble. To mine the seams it was necessary to hire more workers and eginieers (e .g. Jakub Izraelowicz from Przytyka, Johann Jacob Ferber or Jan Filip Carosi) as well as to acquire funds for it (from the noble families: dembinskis, Potockis and Romiszewskis). This subject is very important not only for the economical history but also sociology and local history

LACKO, Miroslav. Frühneuzeitlicher Bergbau und Umwelt in Mitteleuropa. Probleme und Perspektiven der Forschung. In Bergbau und Umwelt. 15. Internationaler Montanhistorischer Kongress: Sterzing/Hall in Tirol/Schwaz. Hrsg. von Wolfgang Ingenhaeff – Johann Bair. Wattens : Berenkamp Buch- und Kunstverlag, 2017, pp. 191–211. ISBN 978-3-85093-377-3