Hot Spring

A b s t r a c t Pos Hendrop hot spring is one of the hot springs in Lojing Highlands, in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. The hot spring is located within the Main Range Granite and is among the hottest hot spring in Malaysia. The aim of this paper is to discuss geoheritage potentials and water quality of this hot spring. Desk study was carried out by reviewing some literatures related to the topic and the study area. Field works were organized in January and August 2014 to collect data, samples, and photographs. This site has geoheritage values such as scientific, aesthetic, recreational, functional, and economic values. The in-situ water quality analysis which was conducted in 2014 during the dry and rainy seasons in Kelantan (January and August 2014) generally shows that the water quality in the measurement points of the hot spring area ranges from " Class IIB " to " Class V " based on the Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS) for Malaysia. This hot spring also shows a good potential to attract the interests of geoscientists and general public to visit the area. Some specific tourism and recreational activities can be done in the site such as eggs boiling, bathing and heating, hot spring therapy, and skin treatment. It is recommended that this hot spring should be conserved and developed properly as a potential geoheritage site and for a sustainable geotourism development in Lojing Highlands.

Before becoming the revered founder of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk suffered from urinary tract diseases in his years of service as a World War I front-line commander. During July 1918, he received treatment for his illness in the Karlovy Vary Hot Springs in Czechia. There, he also wrote a memoir of this therapeutic visit in six notebooks amounting to a total of 158 pages, which was discovered much later in his private library and published in 1983. From these travel notes, written in Turkish and French, it is understood that Ataturk was deeply influenced by the lively social life in Karlovy Vary, marked by the unrestricted participation of women, which inspired to grant Turkish women rights including suffrage following the foundation of
the Republic. This paper discusses Ataturk’s descriptions and observations of the social life in Karlovy Vary in the summer of 1918.

Geothermal energy as a source of electricity draw attention of the scientists and engineers sinceearly twentieth century. The world's first geothermal power plant was setup in Larderello, Italy in 1904 and is still producing 920MW power. Geothermal energy is the heat from the earth's interior. The source of the heat is due to the decay of the radioactive nuclei having long half-life like uranium, thorium and potassium in addition to primordial heat source that originated during accretion process of the earth. Geothermal energy production capacity of the world in 2015 is around 12636 MW and that is contributed by 24 countries. However, the most unfortunate scenario is that there is no such power plant is India till the date even after drastic advancement made is the renewable energy programme of the country in the last 10-15 years. Geothermal energy scenario of India seems promising due to many factors such as existence of large number of hot springs (more than 300) in the country, no generation of by-products, negligible environmental impact etc. Recently NIT Durgapur has taken up a research project for the feasibility study for installation of a prototype Pilot Geothermal Power Plant at Bakreswar geothermal area, West Bengal. The area consists of a cluster of hot springs having temperature range of 42-72 0 C and with a characteristic of high heat flow rate ~ 230 MW/m 2 , high geothermal gradient ~90 0 C/Km. Recently, we have collected water samples and gas samples from various hot springs, bore well water, tube well water of the region & subsequently different analysis were performed. The result indicates that the temperature of the geothermal reservoir of Bakreswar may belong to 126-130 0 C by means of geothermometry. The entire study reveals that the said area is an ideal site for installation of prototype geothermal power plant.

Tattapani hot springs are located near the Kotli District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. This study evaluates these hot springs based on surface geological information, radon emission measurements, hydro-geochemical and isotopic signatures and potential source mechanisms. Field observations reveal that the hot springs are located at the crest of the Tattapani anticline along the faulted contact of Cambrian carbonates with Paleocene siliciclastics. In addition, remnants of igneous intrusions in the Cambrian carbonates are commonly observed. Spatial distribution of radon emissions (ranging between 2.1 and 29.5KBq m-3) indicates an anomalous zone located over the Cambrian-Paleocene faulted contact. Hydro-geochemical data show sodium-bicarbonate affinity of hot springs. The highest surface temperature of these springs is recorded at 60.8ºC. Average reservoir temperatures based on silica and cation geo-thermometers are 101ºC and 115ºC, respectively. Giggenbach ternary diagram (Na-KMg) suggests a non-equilibrium state between fluid and rock, whereas isotopic and chemical data indicate heat loss by conductive cooling and mixing with groundwater during the flow of thermal water up to the surface. Oxygen and deuterium isotopes indicate that thermal water is of meteoric origin, rain and/or snow in the north at higher altitudes providing the potential recharge. Furthermore, absence of tritium in the thermal water suggests a residence time of more than 50 years.

Geothermal power seems to be a potential source of green energy in India. But these renewable energy resources are still ignored in India even after having a lot of potential sources as seen in more than 300 hot springs scattered throughout different geothermal areas of the country. Many of them could be utilized for power generation using the earth's internal heat. More hours are needed to explore these geothermal areas using geochemical, geophysical techniques, and statistical analysis to qualitatively estimate power harnessing capabilities and sustainability of the areas for generation of geothermal power. In the present paper, attention has been focused to investigate Bakreswar geothermal field of India by continuous (24*7) and online monitoring of terrestrial gases such as He and radioactive gases (222 Rn) in hot spring emanations of the geothermal area for more than 5 years along with discrete measurement of some other geochemical and geophysical parameters. The discrete measures imply that the seven hot spring vents at the study area are linked to the aquifer through different ways covering non-uniform rock assemblies and ascertain the presence of high amount of radioactive minerals at the underneath terrains. Stable activities with a high-out flux of 222 Rn and He for a prolonged time period is expected within the reservoir present at the study area as consequence of analysis of the temporal variations and statistical measures of the continuous data sets. Seasonal variation of time series data also recommends that the high amount of radioactive sources present at the crust of the reservoir is able to produce enough quantity of heat irrespective of meteorological effects. The investigation on the power spectra interferes that the geothermal system is still in quite active phase on the influence of tectonic activities. Therefore, the geothermal reservoir present at the Bakreswar geothermal area may be utilized as a constant and continuous heat source for a long time period to run a geothermal power plant.

It is well recognized by different geophysical & geochemical techniques such as Audio Magnetuteluric survey, Magnetuteluric survey, geochemical survey that Bakreswar-Tantloi area is a potential geothermal province located in eastern part of India. We have estimated that reservoir temperature lies in the range of 126 0 C-139 0 C. In this paper we mostly discussed about different aspects on geothermal power plant technologies. Here we propose pilot scale Kalina cycle based binary power plant utilizing geothermal fluids (hot water) as hot fluid. A steam and gas separator will be used to separate the water and gas phase. Organic fluid of lower boiling temperature may be used as working fluid for the proposed binary cycle power plant. Our study shows that the Kalina cycle will be appropriate for power production from this low enthalpy geothermal system at Bakreswar. Here we have discussed in detailed about the Kalina cycle and proposed operational aspect of the power plant.

Ulu Slim hot spring possesses the highest surface temperature with a reported temperature of 104°C. Hence, the site may be suitable for electric power generation from the geothermal aquifer. In the present work, two seismic techniques are used for shallow structures investigation. The methods are the seismic refraction and the Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW). The delineation of superficial structures will aid in developing the area without affecting the geothermal system. The instrumentation used for both is similar to a large extent. The main differences are the natural frequencies of geophones used. MASW requires a low natural frequency geophone, whereas seismic refraction uses high-frequency ones. Both techniques are applied at five locations distributed in the 5 km x 5km area. The results obtained from both methods are also tending to confirm with each other. From all profiles, three layers are delineated in the vicinity of the hot spring. The top layer is impermeable clay with an average Vp of 500 m/s and Vs <200 m/s. Underneath this surface layer, the possible aquifer unit characterised by sand, with Vp in the range of 1000 to 2800 m/s and Vs between 200 m/s and 300 m/s. The final layer is the bedrock characterised by a Vp higher than 3700 m/s and Vs greater than 300 m/s. A particularly striking feature of the bedrock structure obtained from our results shows that the bedrock is relatively close to the surface of the vicinity of the hot spring, with a depth of about 5 m. These results confirm the conceptual model proposed for the Ulu Slim hot springs as of granitic origin. Moreover, a plot of the Poisson ratio indicated regions of high water saturation that may represent the hot water pathway to the surface. ARTICLE HISTORY

Silicification is the most important process of fossilization resulting in the preservation of internal tissues in plants, thereby providing essential information on the anatomy, life history, and evolution of land plants. However, fundamental knowledge of silica uptake, precipitation, and contribution to in situ plant fossilization is limited. To identify the cellular pathway of aqueous silica and subsequent fluid-wood interaction processes, we investigated upright standing young trees of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in the hot-spring environment of Cistern Spring, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Our multi-method analytical approach using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalyses shows that the surficial and internally co-precipitated silica-halite-gypsum assemblage traces the flow of silica-rich fluid and documents fluid retention after short-term hot-spring water immersion and evaporation. Element distribution maps reveal systematic 2D and 3D differences between silica quantities deposited in earlywood and latewood. The distribution of inorganic impurities in cell walls traces the anatomical structure of the wood and indicates rapid migration of homogeneous fluid into the waterlogged organic substrate. Our results show that the preferential pathway of silica-rich fluid into the above-ground wood was through the decorti-cated periphery which took place during a short-term flooding , ranging from days to weeks, of hot-spring fluid. In conclusion, the fluid retention capability in cellular pore space controls the in situ silicification process. The silicifica-tion of trees in growth position is a rapid process in which the in vivo transport of silica-rich fluid upward through the secondary xylem plays an insignificant role.

Thermoproteales (phylum Crenarchaeota) populations are abundant in high-temperature (>70°C) environments of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and are important in mediating the biogeochemical cycles of sulfur, arsenic, and carbon. The objectives of this study were to determine the specific physiological attributes of the isolate <i>Pyrobaculum yellowstonensis</i> strain WP30, which was obtained from an elemental sulfur sediment (Joseph's Coat Hot Spring [JCHS], 80°C, pH 6.1, 135 μM As) and relate this organism to geochemical processes occurring in situ. Strain WP30 is a chemoorganoheterotroph and requires elemental sulfur and/or arsenate as an electron acceptor. Growth in the presence of elemental sulfur and arsenate resulted in the formation of thioarsenates and polysulfides. The complete genome of this organism was sequenced (1.99 Mb, 58% G+C content), revealing numerous metabolic pathways for the degradation of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. Multiple dimethyl sulfoxide-molybdopterin (DMSO-MPT) oxidoreductase genes, which are implicated in the reduction of sulfur and arsenic, were identified. Pathways for the de novo synthesis of nearly all required cofactors and metabolites were identified. The comparative genomics of <i>P. yellowstonensis</i> and the assembled metagenome sequence from JCHS showed that this organism is highly related (∼95% average nucleotide sequence identity) to <i>in situ</i> populations. The physiological attributes and metabolic capabilities of <i>P. yellowstonensis</i> provide an important foundation for developing an understanding of the distribution and function of these populations in YNP.

In Edipsos area many hot springs occur, as a result of both active tectonic of the area and recent volcanism (Lichades volcanic center). A geochemical study of Edipsos hot groundwaters was undertaken, in order to assess the hydrochemistry of hot springs from Edipsos and re-evaluate the geothermal situation of the area. For that purpose, 12 water samples were collected and analyzed by Spectrophotometry for the main ions and by AAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS for major and trace elements. The interpretation of the analytical data showed that the geochemistry of Edipsos hot groundwaters is controlled by three factors i) a deep magmatic source, ii) the chemical composition of the local rocks (ultramafic and carbonates) and iii) sea water. The application of chemical geothermometers is problematic because of the chemical composition of the hot groundwaters and especially the high participation of the sea water. The temperature which derives from the use of Na-K-Ca geothermometer is greater than 160 °C. Although, several studies have conducted in the area still remain unanswered questions concerning the underground circulation of the hot groundwater, in which only deep drilling data could give answers. Περίληψη Στην περιοχή της Αιδηψού υπάρχει πληθώρα θερμών πηγών, σαν αποτέλεσμα των ενεργών τεκτονικών διεργασιών και της σχετικά πρόσφατης ηφαιστειότητας (ηφαιστειακό κέντρο Λιχάδων) της περιοχής. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας μελέτης πραγματοποιήθηκε γεωχημική έρευνα των υπογείων θερμών νερών της περιοχής, με σκοπό να αξιολογηθεί το γεωθερμικό δυναμικό. Για τον σκοπό αυτό 12 δείγματα θερμών νερών συλλέχθηκαν και αναλύθηκαν με φασματοφωτομετρία για κύρια ιόντα και με AAS, ICP-OES και ICP-MS για κύρια στοιχεία και ιχνοστοιχεία. Από την επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων διαπιστώθηκε πως ο χημισμός των υπόγειων θερμών νερών της Αιδηψού ελέγχεται από 3 παράγοντες: α) μια βαθιά μαγματική πηγή, β) την χημική σύσταση των περιβαλλόντων πετρωμάτων (π.χ. υπερβασικά πετρώματα και ασβεστόλιθοι) και γ) το θαλασσινό νερό. Η εφαρμογή χημικών γεωθερμομέτρων πρέπει να γίνει με μεγάλη προσοχή στο εν λόγω πεδίο, εξαιτίας της χημικής σύστασης των θερμών νερών και κυρίως λόγω της μεγάλης συμμετοχής θαλασσινού νερού. Το πιο κατάλληλο χημικό γεωθερμόμετρο είναι του Na-K-Ca, βάσει του οποίου υπολογίστηκε ότι η θερμοκρασία ενός πιθανού γεωθερμικού ταμιευτήρα στην περιοχή μπορεί να φτάνει έως τους 160 o C. Παρότι πολλές μελέτες έχον διεξαχθεί στην περιοχή, ακόμη παραμένουν αναπάντητα ερωτήματα σχετικά με υπόγεια κυκλοφορία του θερμού νερού, στα οποία μόνο ένα πρόγραμμα βαθιών γεωθερμικών γεωτρήσεων μπορεί να δώσει απαντήσεις. Λέξεις κλειδιά: γεωθερμική ενέργεια, γεωχημεία υπόγειων νερών, συγκεντρώσεις ιχνοστοιχείων και ανιόντων, Αιδηψός, ΒΔ Εύβοια.

Sulphate mineralization precipitated around a geyser located above the village of Pinchollo, Chivay
district and below Hualca Hualca volcano (6025 m a.s.l.) in the Western Cordillera of southern Peru is
described. The geyser is one of many manifestations of thermal activity in the Arequipa department. Its
age is estimated to be Upper PleistoceneeHolocene, as the discharge point lies at the intersection of
a fault system with latitudinal dip-slip fault cutting a volcanic-debris avalanche of probably Pleistocene
age. Thermal waters present in the Chivay district are mainly chloride-rich with a neutral pH. They are
rich in Li, Sr, and B. The water erupting in the geyser boils at about 85
C, as it lies at some 4353 m a.s.l.
The minerals examined, of various habits and various yellow, orange and white colours were
precipitated on the soil and on plants close to the geyser (location 1), on the walls of a 1 m diameter
pothole filled with boiling water (location 1a) and at a distance of some 100 m to the west of the geyser
(location 2). All are sulphates. Their chemical composition is fairly simple, consisting of Al, Fe, K, Mg, Ca,
S, NH4 and O, and all display chemical zoning. But the phase composition is more complex. In all locations,
alunogene, copiapite, coquimbite, tschermigite and gypsum are present. Close to the geyser
(location 1) magnesium-containing sulphates, namely, boussingaultite and pickeringite also occur. Iron
sulphates such as mohrite and rozenite precipitate on the walls of the pothole (location 1a). Sulphates
containing potassium such as jarosite, alunite and voltaiteevoltaite (Mg) dominate among the efflorescences
in location 2, where hematite was also noted. Any quartz and kaolinite or illite/mica admixture
identified in some samples derives from adjacent soil.
The present geothermal system does not involve the deposition of precious-metal deposits such as
those associated with an earlier deep-going epithermal system that scavenged a large volume of rock.
Most likely, as the present-day thermal waters do not involve a juvenile-water component, the geyser
waters derive from a shallower source.

Background: The silica leaching attribute of some of the mystifying bacteria present in the cluster of hot springs (temperatures range 35˚C-80˚C) at Bakreshwar (West Bengal, India, 23˚52'48"N; 87˚22'40") has provided some significant advancements in construction technology when incorporated to the concrete/mortar specimens. The present investigation was designed to isolate other novel bacterial strains from 65˚C hot spring that could have similar or better performance in construction technology. Methods: Soil sample collected from the 65˚C hot spring was inoculated to the culture vials (incubated at 65˚C) containing a specific synthetic growth medium (pH 8.0) to grow the bacterial population anaerobically by degassing the medium with CO2 gas. Subsequent serial dilution techniques were employed to isolate pure culture of a specific bacterial strain. 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis was carried out to identify the novelty of the isolated bacterial strain. The isolated bacteria were incorporated to the cement sand mixture at various cell concentrations to evaluate the efficacy of the strain in construction technology. Results: The work revealed the presence of a novel bacterial strain (BKH3; GenBank Accession No.: KP 890928) within the same hot spring consortium whose 16S rRNA gene sequence data showed 96% identity with Citrobacter freundii bacterial species. The newly isolated bacteria when incorporated at different cell concentration to the cement/cement-sand mixture were found to possess the similar compressive strength increment property, the cracks repairing ability and the water in-gression resistivity. It also reduced the permeability of sulphate ions to the cementitious matrix reflecting the increment of durability of the incorporated material. Conclusions: The enhancement of compressive strength and durability of the as prepared bio-concrete material by using the isolated bacterial strain (BKH3) was due to the silica leaching activity of the bioremediase like pro

Deciphering the microbial diversity of the Deulajhari thermal springs is the major goal of our study. In our study the taxonomic description of the bacterial community structure was deduced from the 1.52 Gb metagenomics sequence size from the Deulajhari hot spring located in the Angul district of Odisha. Covered with the dense foliage, it has a high temperature, i.e. 69°C and alkaline pH i.e. 8.09. Various physiochemical parameter analysis of the sediment like; electro conductivity (0.025dSm-1), total organic carbon content (0.356%), nitrogen (125 kg/ha), phosphorus (7.88 kg/ha) and potassium (169.34 kg/ha) were done. Sediment sample of the Deulajhari hot spring was further processed for the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region by the amplicon metagenome sequencing from community DNA. Approximately 88.12% of the total microbial diversity was represented by the Proteobacteria followed by Bacteroidetes10.76%, Firmicutes 0.35%, Spirochetes 0.18%, Thermi 0.13% and chloroflexi 0.11% at the phylum level. Thus through the metagenomics sequencing of the Deulajhari hot spring using IIllumina platform, we represent the complete microbial community structure present there in respective of their allocation, profusion and diverse coexisting microbiota.