Hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy is a medical branch that uses the chemical and physical properties of the mineral waters.The hydrotherapy as a prominent role in the ancient medical theory, both in the Greek and Roman world,but it continued in the Middle Ages, in the Renaissance, till our modern times.

The natural surrounds and resources wrapping hot or mineral springs belong to sustainable matter involving governance and strategic planning of public health, environment, welfare, tourism and mining sectors. Noted it, through the current Brazilian policy demand: social thermalism/hydrotherapy/crenotherapy selected like complementary alternative medicine (CAM) by health ministry law MS 971/2006 (PNPIC), hydro-thermal therapy qualifying DNPM (MME Ordinance 127/2011 and MME 337/2002), health and wellness tourism formally oriented by tourism ministry and environmental management groundwater resources (Resolution MME / CONAMA 396/2008 and MME / CNRH 107/2010). Whereas as fresh potable reserves or potential mineral aquatic strategic deposits, the main biologically active components (BAC) were identified, with their minimum levels needed to related health benefits. Similar to conventional mining prospection, these “cut off grade” detection, at natural occurrences from Brazil, was the major goal in this work. The bibliographic systematic review allowed identify the main bioactive substances (BAC) related to springs sources of elements enougth or proven as health beneficial and at which indications. Wards after, it was performed a georeferenced database with these same variables (BAC) from Brazilian springs. Overlays all through thematic maps assisted in geographical and geological evaluations, whereas, at the end, statistical comparisons filtered target selection at all. The total 60 possible natural BAC and its minimum values for efficacy globally reviewed and established were detected at least one BAC occurrence from 703 mineral springs at 525 Brazilian cities. The arguments utilized were important in demonstrating the abundant and diverse existence of this endowment, where its potential health applications are virtually unknown today.

ÖZET
Suyun fizyolojik hastalıkların tedavisinde veya tedaviye yardımcı olmak amacıyla kullanımının geçmişi Antik çağa kadar uzasa da, psikolojik hastalıkların 'tedavi'sinde kullanımı ancak Orta çağda başlamıştır. 'Hidroterapi' olarak adlandırılan ve suyun iyileştirici gücünü ihsas eden suyla tedavi yöntemi bu dönemde humoral patoloji kuramıyla Hristiyanlığın dogmatik kanılarının sentezine dayandırılmıştır. İlk kez 17. yüzyılda inanç temelli anlayıştan çok maddi unsurlarla gerekçelendirilen bir 'tedavi yöntemi'ne dönüşmeye başlamıştır. Her ne kadar şok etkisi yaratmak amacıyla hastanın kafasının aniden soğuk suya sokulmasının ve uzun süre suda bekletilmesinin yaşamsal riske yol açması yöntemin yaygınlaşmasını önlese de, bu anlayış 18. yüzyılda da devam etmiştir. Psikiyatri hastalarının suyla tedavi edilmesi ancak 19. yüzyılda dogmatik unsurlardan arınmaya ve yaygınlaşmaya başlamış; hastalığın türüne göre duş, sıcak ya da soğuk su banyoları ve ıslak çarşafa sarma gibi hidroterapi yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Ajite ve agresif hastaların sıcak su uygulamalarıyla sakinleştirilmesi; depresyon ve melankoli hastalarına ise soğuk suyla canlılık kazandırılması hidroterapinin işlevselliğini ortaya koymuştur. Başlangıçta mahiyeti ve uygulama amacı ile bir cezalandırma türü olarak değerlendirilmesine rağmen, özellikle 20. yüzyılda bir tedavi yöntemine dönüşmüş ve uygulama sırasında hastaların kontrol altında tutulmasıyla da tespit ve tecride nazaran daha insancıl bir nitelik kazanmıştır. Hidroterapi yöntemi Batı'nın psikiyatri tarihinde önemli bir yer edinirken, Türk psikiyatri tarihinde araştırmamıza göre -Selçuklu ve Osmanlı darüşşifalarında su sesinin sakinleştirici etkisinden yararlanılmasının dışında- kullanılmamıştır. Bu farklılık, yazarlar tarafından, hastalıklarda olduğu gibi tedavide de topluma özgü değerler dizgesinin, ekonomik gücün ve sosyokültürel belirleyicilerin etkisiyle açıklanmaktadır. Hidroterapi yöntemleri ülkemizde psikiyatri hastalıklarının tedavisinde geçmişteki sosyokültürel ve ekonomik yapıyla belirlenen tedavi yaklaşımında yer bulamamış olsa da, gerek fizyolojik yararlarından gerekse insani mahiyetinden ötürü günümüzde uygulanabilir olduğu, tarafımızdan, ileri sürülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tıp tarihi; hidroterapi; psikiyatri


ABSTRACT
The date of using water to treat or help treatment of physical illnesses had extended to Ancient times however its implementation to 'treat' mental illnesses or psychological disorders began in the Middle ages. Water treatment called as 'hydrotherapy' and implied the healing power of water was based on the synthesis of humoral pathology with dogmatic views of Christianity in this period. Hydrotherapy began to turn into a 'treatment method' that was justified with natural reasons instead of supernatural and spiritual terms for the first time in the 17th century. Although this practice threated life since the patient's head was suddenly ducked to create shock effect and waited in the water for a long time and thus it couldn't be commonly used, it was being used throughout the 18th century, too. Treatment of psychiatric patients by hydrotherapy without dogmatic elements could start to be made and become widespread in the 19th century; the implementation of hydrotherapy was sustained regarding to the symptoms of the illness in different ways such as douche, cold or warm permanent baths and wet sheet pack. The results of the implementations that agitated patients were sedated with warm water and the patients with depression and melancholy were vivified by cold water revealed functionality of hydrotherapy. Although the method was evaluated as a kind of punishment because of its quiddity and the purpose at the beginning, it turned into a 'treatment method' in time, especially in the 20th century, and since the patients were also kept down when it was applied, it obtained a more humane qualification than retaining and isolation. While hydrotherapy had an important place in the history of Western psychiatry, according to our research, it wasn't used in the history of Turkish psychiatry -except that just the sound of water was utilized for the calming effect in Seljuk and Ottoman hospitals. This difference is described with influence of value system, economic power and sociocultural determinants that a society has on treatment methods just as diseases, by us. Even though implementation of hydrotherapy to treat or help treatment of mental illnesses didn't find a place in Turkish treatment approach determined by economic and sociocultural factors in the past, it is alleged, by the authors, that this method can be implementable to the mentally ill patients in Turkey today because of its physiological benefits and more humane quiddity.

Keywords: History of medicine; hydrotherapy; psychiatry

Türkçe Tıp Yazmalarına Göre Hamam ve Sağlığa Etkisi. Minyatür ve Bezeme Sanatıyla Türk Hamamı. (Yay. Haz. N. Sarı, J. Yavuz ve G. Özen), İÜ Sürekli Eğitim Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Klasik Türk Bezeme Sanatları Atölyesi ve Elgin Kan Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul: 2014, 77-85.

2021 marks the 250th anniversary of the death of Charles Lucas, who died on 4 November 1771 in Dublin.   

In contrast to figures such as Swift and Grattan, Charles Lucas is little remembered today and has not infrequently been dismissed as a minor politician and anti-Catholic bigot. Born in County Clare in 1713, Lucas’s earliest surviving published work described Kilcorney Cave and the Burren. After moving to Dublin city he trained as an apothecary and agitated against abuses in that trade. Following his election to Dublin Corporation in 1741 Lucas led an unsuccessful campaign for municipal reform. Lucas’s candidacy during the Dublin by-election of 1748-49 was accompanied by copious pamphleteering on national as well as local issues, leading to his condemnation by parliament for alleged seditious writings and exile in Britain and Europe.
   
Having qualified as a medical doctor, Lucas promoted hydrotherapy in particular as a cure for many illnesses. Following his return from exile in 1761 Lucas succeeded in being elected as one of Dublin's MPs, and in parliament he continued to assert Irish autonomy and to oppose perceived English misgovernment until his death in 1771. A case is made in the present work that despite Lucas’s undoubted Protestant prejudices, he was more than a mere anti-Catholic bigot, and furthermore that his ideology was nationalist and marked a pivotal transition to the republican separatism of the United Irishmen.

The importance of thermoregulation lies in the fact that temperature as a physical parameter is crucial both for cellular function and humans' survival. The thermoregulatory system correlates not only with the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system but also with neural activity and pain sensation. Whole-body water immersion can alter both the core and skin temperature and induce physiological changes. Therefore, in Balneology, water immersion ranges between 20-42°C covered a wide range of therapeutic applications. We aim to investigate thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses in carbonated (CO₂) baths versus plain water baths at different temperatures. This research's base was the scoping literature method. A standard literary search was performed on PubMed and Google Scholar. The words “Immersion” “Bath” was used either as solely searched terms and MeSH terms or in combination with the text words “thermoregulatory response” “warm” “thermoneutral”. The inclusion criteria were: water immersion from the diaphragm level up to the xiphoid sternum in humans either in plain or thermal water (artificial or natural), total body fat 20-30%, or body mass index 18.5-24.9kg/m², ambient temperature 24-30°C and 40-60% relative humidity. Exclusion criteria set individuals with health problems and contrast baths. 12 articles were considered eligible for inclusion. The literature findings showed that the immersion in plain water at 20-28°C significantly decreased the core temperature in a gradual manner, while at 29-37°C, no changes were observed. By contrast, CO₂ baths at temperatures 30-35°C caused a statistically significant drop in core temperature with parallel a significant elevation of skin blood flow. Nonetheless, the core temperature increased significantly above 38°C water temperature from the 5th minute and could reach 39.5°C in the second immersion hour with a parallel elevation of sweat rate and blood circulation. However, at a greater level in CO₂ baths, possibly due to higher heat conductance, extreme vasodilatation, and prevailed function of warm thermoreceptors. Besides, skin temperature did not differed between the two types of baths at different temperatures. In conclusion, the thermoregulatory-mechanical responses may be influenced by chemical water compositions as in the case of CO₂ baths, but further investigation is needed due to limited experimental work. The review of the literature suggests that carbonated water baths at 30-35°C may attenuate the heat stress on the cardiovascular system, and consequently that in turn may affect the therapeutic properties of hydrotherapy. It is essential to understand the thermal load during Balneotherapy to determine the aquatic's session duration to be safe and beneficial.

Η υδροθεραπεία και το θεραπευτικό κολύμπι εφαρμοζόταν μέσω της αρχαίας ελληνικής θρησκείας στο πλαίσιο της λαϊκής θρησκευτικής παράδοσης, εδώ αναφέρεται ενδεικτικά η λατρεία της Αφροδίτης. Στη ρωμαϊκή εποχή εμφανίζονται στη βόρεια Ευρώπη τα λουτρά της Ντιάνα, στη κεντρική Ευρώπη τα θερμά λουτρά της Αρτέμιδος.  Ωστόσο, η υδροθεραπεία αποτελεί σήμερα ένα νέο σχετικά άγνωστο αντικείμενο για την επιστημονική κοινότητα με έντονη επιρροή από ανατολικά φιλοσοφικά δόγματα στα  σύγχρονα υδροθεραπευτικά συστήματα, όπως το Watsu και το Ai chi. Δεν έχει δημοσιευθεί μια ιστορική μελέτη για την υδροθεραπεία-θεραπευτική άσκηση στο νερό στα αρχαία ελληνιστικά χρόνια και την μετέπειτα εξέλιξη της στον ευρωπαϊκό πολιτισμό, καθώς τότε θα εμφανιζόταν στο προσκήνιο ένα νέο μοντέλο ολιστικής υδροθεραπείας. Στη παρούσα έρευνα αναδείχθηκε η ύπαρξη της θεραπευτικής κολύμβησης και  της υδροθεραπείας ως ένα καθημερινό μέσο θεραπείας του ανθρώπου άρρηκτα συνδεδεμένο με τη θρησκευτική παράδοση.

Cervical dystonia may also cause limitation in articulation mobility and alteration of the balance, both accompanied with pain. AIM. To evaluate if hydrotherapy produces decrease of pain, increase in mobility and balance in patients diagnosed with cervical dystonia. A pre-post treatment pilot study was carried out without group control, with a sample of 16 patients (13 female and 3 male) diagnosed with cervical dystonia. The patients received an hydrotherapy treatment consisted of three individual sessions and three grupal sessions of aquatic exercises. In the pre-treatment phase the disability, severity and pain were evaluated by means of the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS); the balance was evaluated by means of the Get up and Go and Tinetti tests. In addition, the range of active mobility of the neck was measured with tape. The test were measured pre and post-treatment. The Student t showed a significant difference (p < 0, 01) in all the values. The ...

The authors investigated the efficacy of a single exposure to 14 min of cold-water immersion (COLD) and contrast water therapy (CWT) on posttraining recovery in Australian football (AF). Fourteen AF players participated in 3 wk of standardized training. After week 1 training, all players completed a passive recovery (PAS). During week 2, COLD or CWT was randomly assigned. Players undertook the opposing intervention in week 3. Repeat-sprint ability (6 × 20 m), countermovement and squat jumps, perceived muscle soreness, and fatigue were measured pretraining and over 48 h posttraining. Immediately posttraining, groups exhibited similar performance and psychometric declines. At 24 h, repeat-sprint time had deteriorated by 4.1% for PAS and 1.0% for CWT but was fully restored by COLD (0.0%). At 24 and 48 h, both COLD and CWT attenuated changes in mean muscle soreness, with COLD (0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.4) more effective than CWT (1.9 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 0.7) and PAS having minimal effect (5.5 ±...

In the seventeenth century, elite women throughout Europe took to the waters of spa towns and springs to ingest or to bathe in their healthful waters, particularly to engender fertility. I posit that as English Stuart queens consort Catherine of Braganza and Mary of Modena visited Bath and Tunbridge Wells from 1663-1688, they participated in a royal spectacle of dynastic display. I consider the experience of the queen in the water and in the towns' rural surroundings, as well as the material and visual significance attached to the real and imagined sight of the queen bathing and drinking. An impression of her fertility, health and her suitability and agency as consort was shaped in part by the life-giving English waters in spa towns. Even once Catherine and Mary left, the waters continued to represent their images in name, monument, and common memory. As such, the waters take on meaning as politically charged spaces: Catherine of Braganza's infertility led to plots to have her kidnapped, while the birth of Mary of Modena's son, a Catholic heir to the English throne, sparked the Glorious Revolution. This paper considers the spectacle the queens at the spa presented, who had access to it, the space and experience of the spa and how the waters of Bath and Tunbridge Wells were used distinctly by Catherine and Mary in comparison with their husbands Charles and James.

Medico e naturalista, dal 1567 lettore di botanica nello 'Studium Urbis', archiatra di Sisto V (1586-1590) e familiare del cardinale Ascanio Colonna, Andrea Bacci (Sant'Elpidio a Mare, 1524-Roma 1600) scrisse di farmacologia, zoologia, mineralogia ed enologia. E' noto soprattutto per il "De thermis libri" (Venezia, Vincenzo Valgrisi, 1571), primo trattato completo delle qualità terapeutiche delle acque. L’opera fu accolta con ampio plauso, si impose a lungo come pietra miliare dell’idrologia medica e conobbe ristampe fino al secolo XVIII. Fu infatti ripubblicata a Venezia da Felice Valgrisi nel 1588 , a Roma da Giacomo Mascardi nel 1622, a Padova da Giovanni Battista Conzatti nel 1711, con aggiunte e osservazioni di Antonio Vallisneri che ne riconobbe la perdurante validità. Nel paper si propone un confronto con il "De rimedii naturali che sono nell'isola di Pithecusa, hoggi detta Ischia" (Napoli, Giuseppe Cacchi, 1588) del medico calabrese Giulio Jasolini, lettore di anatomia nello Studio di Napoli, che a più riprese dichiara il suo debito nei confronti di Bacci.

This paper focuses, with an articulated iconographic system, on that moment in the history of Naples when it lost its ancient status of Capital City, but could still compete with all other Italian cities thanks to the development of its tourist trade, at least until the early 20th century. The object of this research is first to describe all the efforts made to turn Naples into a perfect “città di loisir”, including modern
tourist facilities suitable for the most demanding customers, particularly foreign tourists. Then, this paper aims at explaining why the city missed the opportunity of a tourist trade take-off, caused by plans for its industrialization from the law promulgated in 1904.

Abstract This article is an assessment of the Ottoman Turkish book about thermal springs of Le Mont-Dore written by a chronic asthma patient famous physician Prof. Dr. Gen. Besim Omer Pasha (1862-1940) in 1928, who went to that place for his treatment. Le Mont-Dore, located on the right bank of Dordogne River on a valley in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France, is a well-known thermal with the same name as the town. It is one of the few thermals that have been benefited medically from an ancient auld past to the present. Some parts of this thermal spring that have been actively benefited since the early periods of the Roman Empire, still carries traces of the past within its structure, although it was damaged by external factors such as earthquakes and natural disasters. Michel Bertrand, was a French physician who scientifically revealed the chemical properties of thermal spring waters in the 19th century. Le Mont-Dore, which has gained its importance since the beginning of the 20th century, has been a thermal spring visited for the treatment of various diseases. This thermal spring is recommended especially for chronic bronchitis and asthma as well as like catarrh, nose, throat, larynx, trachea diseases and hoarseness complaints. One of the remarkable features of the thermal spring is that there are many physicians for treatment and physical activities are also managed by a medical committee. This condition ensured that the treatment and care should be acted according to medical principles besides hygiene and sanitation rules were meticulously applied in the thermal spring. There are two hospitals in the Le Mont-Dore; the military hospital and the other public or civil one.
There are also places for social life and activities in this town and its surroundings, apart from this thermal work. Besides the places for cinema, theatre, concert, billiards and dance in the city casino are available. There are sunbathing and play-grounds where physical exercises can be performed, as well as lakes, mountains and cities that can be visited near the Le Mont-Dore. Keywords: Besim Omer Pasha, Thermal Springs of Le Mont-Dore, Hydrotherapy
Özet
Bu makale kronik astım hastası olan meşhur hekim Prof. Dr. Gen. Besim Ömer Paşa (1862-1940)’nın tedavi amaçlı gittiği Le Mont-Dore kaplıcası üzerine 1928 yılında yazdığı Osmanlıca kitabının bir değerlendirmesidir. Fransa’nın Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Bölgesi’nde, Dordogne Nehri’nin sağ kıyısında, bir vadide kurulmuş olan Le Mont-Dore kasabası aynı adla bilinen kaplıcasıyla meşhur bir termaldir. Kadim bir geçmişten günümüze kadar tıbben istifade edilmiş birkaç kaplıcadan biridir. Roma İmparatorluğu’nun ilk dönemlerinden itibaren aktif olarak istifade edilen bu kaplıcanın bazı bölümleri deprem ve afet gibi dış etkenlerden dolayı zarar görmüşse de bünyesinde hâlâ geçmişe dair izler taşımaktadır. 19. yüzyılda kaplıca sularının kimyasal özelliklerini bilimsel olarak ortaya koyan kişi Fransız bir doktor olan Michel Bertrand’dır. 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren önem kazanan Le Mont-Dore çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisi için ziyaret edilen bir kaplıca haline gelmiştir. Bu kaplıca özellikle kronik bronşit ve astımın yanı sıra nezle, burun, boğaz, gırtlak, soluk borusu hastalıkları ve ses kısıklığı gibi şikayetler için önerilmektedir. Kaplıcanın dikkat çeken özelliklerinden biri de tedavi için çok sayıda doktor bulunması ve bedensel aktivitelerin de tıpçılardan oluşan bir heyet tarafından yönetilmesidir. Bu durum tedavi ve bakımda tıbbi esaslara göre hareket edilmesini, kaplıcada hijyen ve hıfzıssıhha kurallarının titizlikle uygulanmasını sağlamıştır. Le Mont-Dore’da biri askeri diğeri sivil olmak üzere iki hastane mevcuttur. Bu kasaba ve çevresinde kaplıca haricinde, sosyal hayat ve aktiviteler için de mekanlar bulunmaktadır. Şehir gazinosunda sinema, tiyatro, konser, bilardo ve dans yerleri bulunmaktadır. Le Mont-Dore yakınlarında fiziki egzersizlerin yapılabildiği güneşlenme ve oyun alanlarının yanı sıra gezinti yapılabilen göl, dağ ve şehirler de bulunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Besim Ömer Paşa, Le Mont-Dore Kaplıcası, Hidroterapi.