Human Mating

Öz: Sylvia Plath, yirminci yüzyıl gizdökümcü edebiyatının önde gelen isimlerinden biridir. Yaşamı ve yapıtları (özellikle Sırça Fanus adlı romanı ve Ariel şiirleri) farklı disiplinlerden pek çok araştırmacı tarafından incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmada bir nitel araştırma yöntemi olan doküman analizi aracılığıyla Plath'ın yapıtları arasında yalnızca güncelerine odaklanılmış ve bu güncelerdeki toplumsal cinsiyete ilişkin sorgulamalar çözümlenmiştir. Bu amaçla önce 1950'li yılların Amerikan toplumundaki ideal kadın tipi ele alınmış, ardından Plath'ın bu ideal kadın tipi gölgesinde yaptığı toplumsal cinsiyete ilişkin sorgulamalar irdelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler Soğuk Savaş dönemi Amerika'sında Plath'ın çatışan aşk tarzları, bakirelik/el değmemişlik tabuları, ikinci cins olma ve erkek yaşamına öykünme, kadının evlilik içindeki konumu, eş seçimi ve feminist ya da "kız kurusu" olarak anılma korkuları, cinsel politika, güzellik ve beden imgesi, evlilik ve kariyer çatışması, annelik ve çocuk sahibi olma ve aile içinde toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine dayalı iş bölümü konularında eleştirileri olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca Plath ailesinin hiyerarşik ve patriarkal yapısının yazarın toplumsal cinsiyete bakışı üzerinde kritik bir role sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Abstract: Sylvia Plath was one of the prominent figures of the confessional literature of twentieth century. Her life and works (especially her novel titled The Bell Jar and Ariel poems) have been examined by many researchers from different disciplines. This study only focused upon her journals through document analysis, a form of qualitative research method and her questionings on gender were analyzed in the light of her journals. To do this, firstly, the ideal woman's type of 1950's American society was addressed, then, the gender questionings of Plath were examined in the shade of this ideal woman image. Analysis showed that Plath has a lot of criticism related topics such as conflicting love styles, taboos on virginity, second sex and jealousy of male life, the position of women in marriage, the choice of spouse and fears of being calling a feminist or a spinster, sexual politics, beauty and body image, conflicts between marriage and career, motherhood and childbearing, and traditional gender roles within the family in American society during the Cold War. In addition, it was found that the hierarchical and patriarchal structure of Plath's family had a critical role in her viewpoint on gender.

""Largely based on pre-theory that ties high testosterone (T) to masculinity, and low T to femininity, high T is mainly studied in relation to aggression, mating, sexuality, and challenge, and low T with parenting. Evidence, however, fails to support this, and the social variability in T is better accounted for by a competition–
nurturance trade-off as per the Steroid/Peptide Theory of Social Bonds (van Anders et al., 2011). Four key domains are discussed: adult–infant interactions, sexual desire, sexual behavior, and partnering. Empirical engagements with gender/sex are shown to lead to important insights over assumptions about masculinity–femininity. Humans are discussed within a comparative framework that attends to cross species principles informed by human insights alongside human-specific particularities like social constructions, which are critical to evolutionary understandings of the social role of T. This paper thus integrates seemingly orthogonal perspectives to allow for transformative approaches to an empirically supported social phenomenology of T.""

W biologii i psychologii ewolucyjnej jednym z ważniejszych pojęć jest pojęcie strategii reprodukcyjnej, przez które rozumieć będziemy zachowania służące tworzeniu więzi między partnerami w celu pozostawienia po sobie potomstwa. Generalnie rzecz biorąc, na strategie te składają się dwa komponenty: wybór partnera do związku oraz style jego utrzymania w związku.
Głównym celem prezentowanych badań była próba ustalenia powiązań między orientacją socjoseksualną a taktykami utrzymania partnera. Uzyskane przez nas wyniki pozwoliły stwierdzić, że związki te kształtują się odmiennie u kobiet i mężczyzn. Mężczyźni wykazują większą niż kobiety skłonność do związków krótkotrwałych. Stosują też więcej taktyk utrzymania partnera i korzystają z nich częściej, jednak, ich własna (potencjalna) skłonność do niewierności, nie ma wpływu na to, w jaki sposób starają się oni utrzymać partnerkę przy sobie. Z kolei kobiety, im bardziej są skłonne akceptować seks bez emocjonalnej bliskości i zaangażowania, tym więcej stosują taktyk utrzymania partnera  w stałym związku, przy czym ich tendencja do związków krótkotrwałych spada wraz  z wiekiem, czasem trwania związku i liczbą posiadanego potomstwa. W przypadku mężczyzn spadek zainteresowania niezobowiązującym seksem zmniejsza się wraz  z wiekiem własnym i partnera. Wartym odnotowania jest również fakt, że niezależnie od płci częstość stosowania taktyk utrzymania partnera zmniejsza się wraz z wiekiem (zarówno własnym jak i wiekiem partnera) oraz długością trwania związku i liczba posiadanego potomstwa. Mając to wszystko na uwadze można stwierdzić, że wyniki naszych badań dostarczają empirycznych przesłanek, pozwalających uznać określone taktyki utrzymania partnera za istotne i charakterystyczne wyróżniki kobiecych i męskich strategii reprodukcyjnych.

This article deals with dating apps in general and Tinder in particular, departing mainly from Marx's commodity analysis and Hegel's dialectics. Mediation between people, whether operated by rituals, commodity form or apps, is analyzed to unveil its effects on the structure that guides gender relations, revealing, for example, the mating pattern in a club as a microcosm of capitalistic society. The virtual is approached as the development of reality's "mathematization" by the commodity, generating a new level of atomization and weakening of more direct human bonds. This process also poses itself as "sexual atomization", which may explain the decrease in sexual activity of young people and their libidinal displacement to forms such as pornography. The opposition between masculine/activity and feminine/passivity analyzed by Freud and Scholz opens space to consider the existence of a sort of libidinal market based on the scarcity and to investigate the possibility of a new abundant sexual economy.

Monumentalfilme prägen unser heutiges Bild von der Antike sehr stark. Schon kurz nach der Entstehung der Filmkunst wurde auch das Alte Ägypten der Gegenstand von Filmwerken. Wie beim Römerfilm wurden die entscheidenden Story-Plots und Motive noch in der Stummfilmzeit entwickelt und haben die nachfolgenden Filmgenerationen wesentlich geprägt. Das Buch untersucht die Bildsprache, die Handlungskonzepte und Kostüme des teuersten Filmgenres. Eine umfangreiche Liste von Filmen wird analysiert und mit heutigen Erkenntnissen zu Kleidern und Schmuck des Alten Ägypten in Beziehung gesetzt. Der Textband wird durch einen separat erhältlichen Tafelband mit weiteren Abbildungen aus den besprochenen Monumentalfilmen ergänzt.

Textband
https://www.amazon.de/dp/3756514501/

Tafelband
https://www.amazon.de/dp/3756513424/

This article looks at the evolution of sex differences in sexuality in human beings, and asks whether evolutionary psychology sometimes exaggerates these differences. According to a common understanding of sexual selection theory, females in most species invest more than males in their offspring and, as a result, males compete for as many mates as possible, whereas females choose from among the competing males. The males-compete/females-choose (MCFC) model applies to many species, but is misleading when applied to human beings. This is because males in our species commonly contribute to the rearing of the young, which reduces the sex difference in parental investment. Consequently, sex differences in our species are relatively modest. Rather than males competing and female choosing, humans have a system of mutual courtship: Both sexes are choosy about long-term mates and both sexes compete for desirable mates. We call this the mutual mate choice (MMC) model. Although much of the evolutionary psychology literature is consistent with the MMC model, the traditional MCFC model exerts a strong influence on the field, distorting the emerging picture of the evolved sexual psychology of Homo sapiens. Specifically, it has led to the exaggeration of the magnitude of human sex differences, an overemphasis on men’s short-term mating inclinations, and a relative neglect of male mate choice and female mate competition. We advocate a stronger focus on the MMC model.

Sexual activity over the life course is strongly associated with better health and greater personal happiness, yet the sexuality of aging adults has been a neglected topic. There is a lack of research on those with a consensually non-exclusive sexual relationship style regardless of age.
This research examines whether such an orientation has positive effects on sexual frequency, health and personal happiness, and how this might inform counselors and therapists providing services to older adults.

The authors collected 502 responses via an online survey from individuals aged 55 and older residing in the United States who engage in consensually non-exclusive sexual relationships. Self-reported health and happiness, number of sexual partners, and sexual frequency were compared with 723 similar respondents from the nationally representative 2012 United States (US) General Social Survey.

Key findings were: irrespective of formal relationship status, the non-exclusive sample reported significantly more sexual partners, more sexual frequency, better health, and were much more likely to have had an HIV test than the general US population; the nonexclusive sample also reported being significantly happier than the general population, with the exception of married men, who reported being as happy as the general population sample; and regression analyses suggest that the factors which predict better health and happiness differ between the general population and those who participate in consensually non-exclusive sexual relationships.

In summary, this study examines sexuality among the healthy aging population. Participation (or interest in participation), in consensual non-exclusive sexual relationship styles can be rewarding and contribute to personal health and happiness, as much as or more than monogamous marriages.

Keywords: optimal aging; optimal sexuality; sexual frequency; non-exclusive relationships; non-monogamy; sexual satisfaction; HIV testing; gerotranscendence

This article provides a historical context of evolutionary psychology and feminism, and evaluates the contributions to this special issue of Sex Roles within that context. We briefly outline the basic tenets of evolutionary psychology and articulate its meta-theory of the origins of gender similarities and differences. The article then evaluates the specific contributions: Sexual Strategies Theory and the desire for sexual variety; evolved standards of beauty; hypothesized adaptations to ovulation; the appeal of risk taking in human mating; understanding the causes of sexual victimization; and the role of studies of lesbian mate preferences in evaluating the framework of evolutionary psychology. Discussion focuses on the importance of social and cultural context, human behavioral flexibility, and the evidentiary status of specific evolutionary psychological hypotheses. We conclude by examining the potential role of evolutionary psychology in addressing social problems identified by feminist agendas.

Why do some women pursue relationships with men who are attractive, dominant, and charming hut who do not want to be in relationships-the prototypical sexy cad? Previous research shows that women have an increased desire for such men when they are ovulating, hut it is unclear why ovulating women would think it is wise to pursue men who may he unfaithful and could desert them. Using hoth college-age and community-hased samples, in 3 studies we show that ovulating women perceive charismatic and physically attractive men, but not reliahle and nice men, as more committed partners and more devoted future fathers. Ovulating women perceive that sexy cads would he good fathers to their own children hut not to the children of other women. This ovulatory-induced perceptual shift is driven hy women who experienced early onset of puberty. Taken together, the current research identifies a novel proximate reason why ovulating women pursue relationships with sexy cads, complementing existing research that identifies the ultimate, evolutionary reasons for this hehavior.

Introduction: Personality disorders impair several aspects of intrapsychic and interpersonal life. In particular, mating strategies and sexual functioning could manifest in different and/or dysfunctional ways in people with personality disorders. Aim: To describe, through a comprehensive review of the literature, the mating strategies and sexual functioning in patients with personality disorders. Methods: We listed and discussed the principal studies on the relation between mating strategies and sexual functioning in personality disorders. The search strategy used search terms in PubMed for the main studies published from January 2000 to December 2016. Main Outcome Measures: We considered two main sections for our selection according to the aim of the present review: mating and sexuality. Results: Interesting evidence on mating strategies in personality disorders was found. In particular, the major items were found in the dramatic-unpredictable cluster, with borderline personality disorder being the most studied. In contrast, the bizarre-eccentric cluster had fewer items, with the schizoid personality disorder being the least studied. For sexual behavior, borderline personality seems to be the unique disorder sufficiently studied, with evidence of major histories of child sexual abuse, the presence of sexual dysfunctions, and paraphilic interests. Conclusion: A large spectrum of mating strategies characterizes different personality disorders, although an inconsistent knowledge about the relation between sexual function and personality disorders emerged from our analysis of the literature. Hence, we invite clinicians and researchers to integrate psychodiagnostic and sexual assessments in psychiatric disciplines for people with personality disorders. Collazzoni A, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, et al. Mating Strategies and Sexual Functioning in Personality Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Sex Med Rev 2017;X:XXeXX.

At present, there is little academic research on intimate relationships where the woman is older than her male partner-- that is, age-hypogamous relationships. With this study, we began to fill this gap in the literature by answering three research questions, using detailed data on sexual relationships drawn from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) 2002: (1) how prevalent are age-hypogamous sexual relationships in the United States? (2) What are the sociodemographic and attitudinal characteristics associated with middle-aged women who engage in these non-conventional relationships? (3) How long do age-hypogamous sexual relationship last? Overall, our findings challenges many of the common assumptions associated with age-hypogamous relationships, and women's sexuality more broadly.

Este artigo aborda os aplicativos de encontro em geral e o Tinder em particular, principalmente a partir da análise da mercadoria de Marx e tópicos da teoria de Hegel. A mediação entre pessoas, seja operada por rituais, pela mercadoria ou por aplicativos, é analisada para revelar seus efeitos na estrutura que orienta as relações de gênero, revelando, por exemplo, o padrão de flerte em uma " balada " como tipicamente capitalista. O virtual é abordado como desenvolvimento da 'matematização'  da realidade pela mercadoria, gerando um novo nível de atomização e enfraquecimento dos laços humanos. Este processo também se coloca como " atomização sexual " , o que pode explicar a diminuição da atividade sexual dos jovens e o deslocamento para formas como a pornografia. A oposição entre masculino/atividade e feminino/passividade analisada por Freud e Scholz abre espaço para considerar a existência de uma espécie de mercado libidinal com base na escassez e a possibilidade de uma nova e abundante economia sexual.

An evolutionary task analysis predicts a connection between disgust and human mating, two important but currently disconnected areas of psychology. Because short-term mating strategies involve sex with multiple partners after brief temporal durations, such a strategy should be difficult to pursue in conjunction with high levels of sexual disgust. On this basis, we hypothesized that individuals with a stronger proclivity for short-term mating would exhibit dispositionally lower levels of sexual disgust. Two independent studies provided strong support for this hypothesis: among both men and women, an orientation toward short-term mating was associated with reduced levels of sexual disgust, but not with suppressed moral or pathogen disgust. Our discussion highlights an unexpected finding and suggests important questions for future research.

We respond to the commentaries on our target article, The Ape that Thought It Was a Peacock. We start with specific issues raised by the article. These relate to the magnitude of human sex differences; the evolution and relative importance of pair bonding, paternal care, and polygyny in our species; and the distinction between the males-compete/females-choose (MCFC) model of human sexual psychology and the mutual mate choice (MMC) model. We then evaluate two competing theories of human sex differences and similarities: Social Role Theory and Attachment Fertility Theory. We conclude with some thoughts about how to present and teach evolutionary psychological research and theories without conveying an exaggerated impression of the scale of human sex differences.

Established from 1953 in Casino Royale, James Bond favourably captures the attention from the worldwide audience by embracing the relative phenomenon in the Western society. Balancing his life-threatening adventurous missions with consumerism, alluring glamour as well as the countless sexual encounters, Bond is conventionally created as a perfect womanizer. The selection of the 6th Bond, Daniel Craig, is extraordinarily attractive owing to the masculine body configuration. Portraying as an invincible seducer, it is yet expected that Bond encounters massive embarrassment in the authentic scenarios. The major theories and descriptions suggested by Michael D. Botwin concerning mating, particularly focuses on the long-term courtship, are examined. Supplementing the theories with the contemporary interpretations in sensual persuasion by heterogeneous PUAs (Pick-up artists) such as Erik von Markovik, Neil Strauss and Kezia Noble, it is suspicious that Bond can succeed in sexual enticement. The temporal limitation in constructing sufficient mutual understanding and connection diminishes the opportunity of rewarding sexual attempts. Owing to the fact that the minor Bond girls, Sévérine in Skyfall and Lucia in Spectre as investigated, provide crucial information leading to the villains. Bond, in reality, is considered as a counterproductive MI6 associate due to his deficiency in seduction and thus, the incapability of obtaining information from the Bond girls.

Clothing and make-up signal a wide range of characteristics including age, sex and sexual motivation. The present study examined the change from daywear to clothing/make-up worn in preparation for a 'night out' that would include a visit to a nightclub in over one hundred young women living in the UK. Amounts of flesh exposed were derived from photographs of participants and intensity of make-up products used determined using the 'Methuen handbook of colour'. Results showed marked increases in amounts of flesh exposed, heel heights of shoes, use of a wider range of makeup products and increases in the colour intensity of many of those products, particularly those used on the lips and eyes. It is concluded that the young women in this study prepared themselves for a 'night out' that would include a visit to a nightclub in ways designed to maximise the rich opportunities to attract the attention of potential sexual partners provided by such venues.

In the New York Times bestselling book The Game: Penetrating the Secret Society of Pickup Artists (2006), the world was granted its first exclusive introduction to the steadily growing dating coach and pick-up artist community. Many of its most prominent authorities claim to use insights and information gleaned both through first-hand experience as well as empirical research in evolutionary psychology. One of the industry's most well-respected authorities, the illusionist Erik von Markovik, promotes a three-phase model of human courtship: Attraction, building mutual Comfort and Trust, and Seduction. The following review argues that many of these claims are in fact grounded in solid empirical findings from social, physiological and evolutionary psychology. Two texts which represent much of this literature are critiqued and their implications discussed.

Over the course of history, human beings have taken keen interest in the mating activity. The survival of the human species has been dependent on sexual mating and human reproduction; the need for sexual companionship has played a pivotal role in building societies and establishing social as well as intimate relationships. To overcome the problem of finding a suitable sexual partner, men and women adopt different strategies, based on their roles in the society. This paper discusses the impact of Evolutionary Psychology on Human mating and sexual behavior. David Buss's Sexual Strategies Theory is considered one of the major research programs to investigate how this relationship works. This paper aims to provide an emotional and cultural perspective on how evolutionary psychology has influenced human sexual and mating behaviors. It can be said that Buss's theory, despite being one of its kind, has failed to look at the complete picture. These limitations are due to various reasons; such as over emphasis on the polygamous nature of men, the evaluation of parental investment of both sexes, the problems each of the sexes can solve by using these strategies and how mating is considered an individual activity instead of a cooperative one. The cultural, philosophical and emotional take on the evolution of human sexual behavior brings a fresh and creative outlook.

Female competition for male attention is multifaceted. Typically psychological and relational in nature, this competition may be no less damaging than physical violence more commonly used between males. Research on female-female mate competition has examined short-term effects, yet how women cope with long-term effects of romantic relationship dissolution has been little explored. If negative emotions exist because they provide an evolutionary advantage (attuning physiological processes, thoughts, and behaviors to deal with situations that have frequently incurred high fitness costs) then emotions arising from the loss of a mate to a sexual rival may potentially motivate actions that could make one avoid this scenario in the future. This chapter argues that there are consequences of female intrasexual mate competition which may be both evolutionarily adaptive and also beneficial in terms of personal growth, and that may expand beyond mating and into other realms of personal developm...

Women's preferences for several male traits, including voices, change over the menstrual cycle, but the proximate causes of these changes are unknown. This paper explores relationships between levels ofestradlol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone,
folhcle stimulating hormone, prolactin, and testosterone (estimated using menstrual cycle information) and women's preferences for male vocal masculinity in normally cycling and hormonally contracepting heterosexual females. Preferences for vocal masculinity decreased with predicted progesterone levels and increased with predicted prolactin levels in normally cycling--but not hormonally contracepting--women. Adaptive explanations for menstrual variation in women's preferences for masculine traits are discussed and evaluated in light of these findings.

This study examines sex differences in emotion word use in retrospective private and public relationship dissolution accounts through two studies. Study 1 (n = 423) found men’s use of negative emotion words in private breakup accounts correlated with their use of negative emotion words in their public accounts; however, women’s emotion words in their private breakup accounts did not correlate with their use of emotion words in their public accounts. Study 2 (n = 284) replicated Study 1 with a broader sample and revealed the same pattern of negative emotion word use. These studies suggest that after a breakup women and men may process emotions differently in their public and private breakup accounts depending on their audience. The findings offer insights into how relationship dissolution model processes, evolutionary mating strategies, and self-presentation may influence linguistic variations accounting for sex differences.