Self-presentation (Psychology)

The Mum effect is the natural human reluctance to share bad news with others, due to a desire to avoid a range of negative consequences, consequences affecting both self and the recipient of the bad news. Although the gospel is good news to those who believe, it may be viewed negatively by those who do not believe. Thus, Christians may be hesitant to share the gospel because of the negative consequences associated with the Mum effect. Because of the anonymity of the internet, social media is often filled with unre-strained criticism of Christianity. This may amplify the perceived negative consequences of sharing the gospel with unbelievers. In light of this cultural evolution, found now in the global north and increasingly present in the global south, Christian leaders can lead more effective ministries by distinguishing between outreach (building relationships in a way that makes the gospel attractive), witnessing (explaining how one has experienced God), and evangelism (sharing all that is necessary to make a decision for Christ), and by ensuring that all three occur in culturally relevant ways, carried out by individuals best equipped to do each, in a way consistent with the New Testament teaching on spiritual gifts. Specifically, outreach and witnessing can be done by all Christians who interact with non-Christians, whereas evangelism may be carried out, both on the individual level and in large groups, by those who are appropriately gifted. By addressing large groups in a more impersonal way, those gifted in evangelism may reduce the negative consequences of the Mum effect and build upon the outreach and witnessing done by others.

The compensation effect demonstrates a negative relationship between the dimensions of warmth and competence in impression formation in comparative contexts. However, does compensation between warmth and competence extend to impression management? Two studies examined whether people actively downplay their warmth in order to appear competent and downplay their competence in order to appear warm. In Studies 1a and 1b, participants selected words pretested to be high or low in warmth and competence to include in an e-mail message to people they wanted to impress. As predicted, participants downplayed their competence when they wanted to appear warm (Study 1a) and downplayed their warmth when they wanted to appear competent (Study 1b). In Studies 2a and 2b, compensation also occurred when participants introduced themselves to another person, as evidenced by the questions they selected to answer about themselves, their self-reported goals, and their open-ended introductions. Compensation occurred uniquely between warmth and competence and not for other dimensions, such as healthiness (Study 2a) and political interest (Study 2b), which suggests that the compensation effect extends beyond a mere zero-sum exchange between dimensions.► Compensation between warmth and competence occurs in impression management. ► People who want to appear warm (vs. control group) downplay their competence. ► People who want to appear competent (vs. control group) downplay their warmth. ► Compensation does not extend to other dimensions (health, political interest).

Dalam ilmu psikologi, kita sering berbicara mengenai persepsi. Persepsi adalah proses mengintepretasi yang dilakukan seseorang terhadap stimulus. Persepsi pada dasarnya mengarah pada tiga hal, yakni persepsi pada diri sendiri, persepsi pada orang lain, dan persepsi pada kelompok. Dalam pembahasan ini, saya akan membahas mengenai persepsi terhadap diri sendiri yang dikaji dari buku Pengantar Psikologi Sosial karangan Suryanto, Putra, Herdiana, dan Alfian (2012).

Self-presentation is a fundamental aspect of social life, with myriad critical outcomes dependent on others' impressions. We identify and offer the first empirical investigation of a prevalent, yet under-studied, self-presentation strategy: humblebragging. Across 9 studies, including a week-long diary study and a field experiment, we identify humblebragging— bragging masked by a complaint or humility—as a common, conceptually distinct, and ineffective form of self-presentation. We first document the ubiquity of humblebragging across several domains, from everyday life to social media. We then show that both forms of humblebragging— complaint-based or humility-based—are less effective than straightforward bragging, as they reduce liking, perceived competence, compliance with requests, and financial generosity. Despite being more common, complaint-based humblebrags are less effective than humility-based humblebrags, and are even less effective than simply complaining. We show that people choose to deploy humblebrags particularly when motivated to both elicit sympathy and impress others. Despite the belief that combining bragging with complaining or humility confers the benefits of each strategy, we find that humblebragging confers the benefits of neither, instead backfiring because it is seen as insincere.

Self-presentation is a fundamental aspect of social life, with myriad critical outcomes dependent on others' impressions. We identify and offer the first empirical investigation of a prevalent, yet under-studied, self-presentation strategy: humblebragging. Across 9 studies, including a week-long diary study and a field experiment, we identify humblebragging— bragging masked by a complaint or humility—as a common, conceptually distinct, and ineffective form of self-presentation. We first document the ubiquity of humblebragging across several domains, from everyday life to social media. We then show that both forms of humblebragging— complaint-based or humility-based—are less effective than straightforward bragging, as they reduce liking, perceived competence, compliance with requests, and financial generosity. Despite being more common, complaint-based humblebrags are less effective than humility-based humblebrags, and are even less effective than simply complaining. We show that people choose to deploy humblebrags particularly when motivated to both elicit sympathy and impress others. Despite the belief that combining bragging with complaining or humility confers the benefits of each strategy, we find that humblebragging confers the benefits of neither, instead backfiring because it is seen as insincere.

New question and answer websites Ask.fm and Formspring have brought highly specific and personal abuse to a new level amongst young people by providing easy anonymity to users within a circle of offline friendship groups culled from Facebook. Relatively unknown due to their unattractiveness to adults, these sites are growing rapidly and have already been associated with at least eight suicides amongst teenagers.
Media educators at school level encouraging self-awareness of social media use need to be aware of this new trend. At higher levels, these sites provide a fascinating current case-study of online disinhibition, and fit into ethical and legal debates on the responsibilities of platform providers, and of individuals as media producers.
This paper is based on an anonymous online survey of 302 13- to 16-year-olds at a British state girls’ school. Results showed abuse levels were significantly higher than on Facebook or Twitter. The girls felt using the Q&A sites with their real names felt more real than when asking questions anonymously, but receiving anonymous abuse felt significantly more real than either. Opinions as to the acceptability of “sending hate” were mixed, with some users feeling victims had no right to complain if they had entered the forum.

Self-expression values are at an all-time high, and people are increasingly relying upon social media platforms to express themselves positively and accurately. We examined whether self-expression on the social media platform Twitter elicits positive and accurate social perceptions. Eleven perceivers rated 128 individuals (targets; total dyadic impressions = 1,408) on their impulsivity, self-esteem, and attachment style, based solely on the information provided in targets’ 10 most recent tweets. Targets were on average perceived normatively and with distinctive self-other agreement, indicating both positive and accurate social perceptions. There were also individual differences in how positively and accurately targets were perceived, which exploratory analyses indicated may be partially driven by differential word usage, such as the use of positive emotion words and self- versus other-focus. This study demonstrates that self-expression on social media can elicit both positive and accurate perceptions and begins to shed light on how to curate such perceptions.

One social media platform that is still highly favored by most people in this day and age is Instagram. Instagram users can present themselves in a visual form (eg, pictures and video) and text. Instagram promotes visual use, coupled with editing features which enable Instagram users to present themselves distinctly on social media. Friendship-contingent self-esteem is an important factor in presenting one's behavior in the context of friendly relations. However, there are negative impacts of use of social networking sites, such as lowering self-esteem, which is mediated by the fear of losing or fear of missing out (FoMO). This study aims to analyze the influence of friendship-contingent self-esteem and fear of missing out on self-presentation of Instagram users. Participants of this study were 326 male and female Instagram users spread across several provinces in Indonesia. This study uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to construct an empirical model of friendship-contingent self-esteem, fear of missing out, and self-presentation which fits the data. Results show adequate goodness of fit, however, the only variable found to influence self-presentation was only fear of missing out. Friendship-contingent self-esteem was found to affect the fear of missing out, while friendship-contingent self-esteem did not affect self-presentation.

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This paper provides a deep analysis of Snapchat user behavior among American college students. While my study focuses solely on Snapchat, I believe that it has broader implications for how people communicate in digitally mediated networked publics as well as in real, embodied life. It provides further insight into the ways in which users manage balancing social relationships while maintaining their own self-presentation in everyday, technologically mediated social interactions.

The focal point of my analysis centers on how Snapchat has multiple levels of interaction, each with its own relationship to the user’s perception of public and private. In this way, Snapchat can be understood as an intermediary between a messaging tool and a networked public, which I understand as a hybrid-networked public. My analysis of Snapchat is separated into three distinct components: the lack of positive or negative feedback (particularly as this relates to other forms of social media today), the maintenance and reconstruction of an impermanent profile, and the modes of saving face, which expose the complex space between public and private. These topics are examined and woven throughout the discussion. The behaviors explained in this paper reveal how modes of interacting on Snapchat that are drawn from existing aspects of everyday life are redefined to create entirely new ways of interacting in a digitally mediated space.

This article analyzes how pregnant women perform their pregnancies on Instagram. We ask whether they rely on and reproduce pre-existing discourses aimed at morally regulating pregnancy, or reject them and construct their own alternatives. Pregnancy today is highly visible, intensely surveilled, marketed as a consumer identity, and feverishly stalked in its celebrity manifestations. This propagates narrow visions of what a “normal” pregnancy or “normal” pregnant woman should be like. We argue that pregnant women on Instagram do pregnancy via three overlapping and complimentary discourses of “learn it,” “buy it,” and “work it.” Together these form the current authoritative knowledge of pregnancy we call “intensive pregnancy” as performed on Instagram. Concurrently, this article highlights how the combined discursive power of hashtags, images, and captions may influence and enforce discursive hegemonies.

This report gives an in-depth overview of the topic of power in the sharing economy. It forms one part of a European Union Horizon 2020 Research Project on the sharing economy: "Ps2Share Participation, Privacy, and Power in the Sharing Economy". We aim to foster better awareness of the consequences which the sharing economy has on the way people behave, think, interact, and socialize across Europe. Our overarching objective is to identify key challenges of the sharing economy and improve Europe’s digital services through providing recommendations to Europe’s institutions. The initial stage of this research project involves a set of three literature reviews of the state of research on three core topics in relation to the sharing economy: participation (1), privacy (2), and power (3). This piece is a literature review on the topic of privacy. It addresses key privacy challenges for different stakeholders in the sharing economy. Throughout, we use the term "consumers" to refer to users on the receiving end (e.g., Airbnb guests, Uber passengers), "providers" to refer to users on the providing end (e.g., Airbnb hosts, Uber drivers) and "platforms" to refer to the mediating sites, apps and infrastructures matching consumers and providers (e.g., Airbnb, Uber).

The title of this book alludes to the "Theory of the letter" - the postdoctoral thesis of Stefania Skwarczyńska published in 1937 in Lviv, which remains a clear reference point for all researchers in Polish epistolography. Skwarczyńska’s monograph, which is actually a huge research project, innovative both in the theoretical dimension (interdisciplinary perception, category of applied literature, definition and typology of the letter), as well in the dimension of literary history and interpretation (comparative approach, the first outline of the history of the letter, numerous examples of letters from various epochs), has not been updated in the years to come, although as the only work - among the generally few Polish books devoted to epistolography - it is still read by specialists in various fields dealing with letters. This gap is meant to be filled in by this monograph, which is also a continuation of Skwarczyńska’s project, as well as its supplementation with new theoretical and research contexts, absent in pre-war reflection.
"New theory of the letter" is divided into two parts, which are preceded by an extensive introduction, aimed at presenting Polish epistolographic research against the background of foreign work - their problematics, scope and research fields. A special place among them is reserved for theoretical and literary proposals, starting from "Theory of the letter", up to the latest concepts - Elżbieta Rybicka’s or Lucyna Marzec’s. Although they are just brief outlines, they constitute an important reference point for the whole proposed new theory of letters, which is modular in nature. The idea of replacing a comprehensive, uniform tool - the configuration of concepts and methods that are useful to a given block of epistolography - results from the conviction that a letter as a complex and multidimensional statement cannot be reduced to a strictly defined framework, identical for all letters regardless of their type or time of creation. It is the decision of the researcher, who takes into account the numerous conditions and context of a particular epistolary text, that conditions the choice of a given aspect of correspondence deemed as the most interesting; within this monograph, researchers will be able to get acquainted with many possible approaches to the issues useful in the analysis of letters going back to literary and linguistic tools, as well as concepts and methods developed within philosophy (personalist anthropology, philosophy of the mind, self-techniques) and social sciences (communication psychology, logotherapy, conversational analysis, or discourse analysis). The theory of letters proposed in this monograph is presented in detail in the first part of the work, divided into six chapters. The book opens with an overview of the previously used approaches and characteristic qualities of letters, which leads to the formulation of a new definition, constituting the basis for another relevant five perspectives. In further chapters, such issues as dialogue, subjectivity, self-creation, self-presentation, consciousness and unconsciousness, representation, pragmatism and performativity of the letter, self-reflexivity, self-techniques and the need and will of meaning appear. These contexts, so far often unused in the analysis of epistolography, are a practical realization of Skwarczyńska’s postulate to analyze letters in an interdisciplinary way and construct separate research methods for this genre. The second part of the monograph, in turn, brings six autonomous interpretative studies, using previously proposed theories and research methods in the analysis of letters of such authors as Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Maria Konopnicka, Zbigniew Herbert or Sławomir Mrożek. A comprehensive, theoretical-interpretive view of the letter as one of the oldest literary genres, invariably accompanying a literate man, documenting his struggle with reality and constituting a cultural "mirror" in which the subject leaves his own - forever embedded - reflection is a kind of "new opening" in epistological research, and at the same time an invitation to a lively academic debate on the place, function and meaning of letters both in the humanities and social sciences.

Phubbing is a relatively new phenomenon (Blachnio & Przepiorka, 2018) and is conceptualized as a communicative behavior that occurs during interpersonal interactions when one or more communicators pays more attention to their phone than the actual face-to-face interaction. Framed by Social Information Processing Theory, the current investigation sought to understand what personality and demographic characteristics are associated with one's likelihood to engage in phubbing. One hundred fifty college students participated in an online survey about their phubbing behaviors. Results revealed the following: phubbing behaviors are positively associated with selfabsorption, online self-presentation, and online impression management tactics; women are significantly more likely to engage in phubbing compared to men; and, one's frequency of texting behaviors are associated with his/her phubbing behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, along with limitations and future directions.

Anonymity was once the norm online, but uploading personal information on social networks is now ubiquitous amongst teenagers, leading to new concerns about abandonment of privacy and obsessive self-grooming of online identities. However, researchers have not examined whether different social networks result in differing behaviour or happiness, which should be a key issue for media practitioners involved in social network design.
This research examines whether different SNs affect behaviour and happiness differently by examining usage of Facebook, Twitter and Q&A sites Formspring and Ask by 342 teenage girls. Results showed they felt more confident on Twitter than Facebook, but were more likely to agree their Facebook personas were “the real me”. Fewer negative experiences were reported on Twitter. Despite Ask.fm’s appalling reputation, there was little statistical difference between  it and Facebook across most categories. Though judgemental about ‘fake’ behaviour, girls reported often concealing their feelings.
This article shows behaviour, influenced by site architecture, has created varying environments, through new media practices which can be characterised as “choice architecture” or “persuasive design”. In turn, these differing environments continue to influence users’ behaviour. Understanding these mechanisms could help site designers create safer online environments which promote rather than degrade users’ mental health. Persuasive design on SNS also has implications for researchers seeking to understand behaviour on these platforms and craft future studies, as well as being an important field of future study in its own right.

This paper presents a sociological theoretical framework for the study of self-presentation in social networks. Theoretically, the paper draws on the sociological classics of E. Goffman and M. Castells and work from other academic fields in which self-presentation and social networks have been explored as social phenomena. The first part of the paper provides a contextual framework for the development of information technology and the growth of social network users, and offers some terminological clarifications. Then, the sociological approaches to the phenomena of social networks and self-presentation are analysed within the framework of the dramaturgical approach. The spatio-temporal framework created by the emergence of the Internet is questioned, and self-presentation is examined in this context. The notion of the exhibition site that defines the new form of appearance on social network platforms, the temporal status of the contemporary form of self-presentation on social networks and the asynchronous character of communication implied by this self-presentation are also analysed.

This article revisits the issue of Saite copying from earlier sources and, more specifically, addresses the possible transmission of the older phraseology and thematic conceptions of the genre (Schriftkultur
or Textkultur) in the self-presentations of Payeftjauemawyneith in late Saite Egypt. The discussion is based on a comparison of textual similarities of his self-presentations on naophorous statues Louvre A
93 and BM EA 83 to the earlier self-presentations of the Old Kingdom text of Djau (stela CG 1431 from Abydos), the Middle Kingdom text of Djefaihapi I at Asyut (Siut I), and the New Kingdom text of Puyemre at Thebes (TT 39)—comparisons already made in the past by other scholars. Although there are similarities between these texts and those of Payeftjauemawyneith, the textual features of his self-presentations do not reflect direct transmission from those earlier texts. Moreover, it is not entirely obvious that the older phraseology of the genre was known to Payeftjauemawyneith. Thus, in this case, there is no evidence the scribes of the texts of Payeftjauemawyneith had any direct, or even
indirect, knowledge of Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom texts such as those to which his texts have been compared.

Mind Alone For many years psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy was singularly centered on the unconscious mind and conscious mind. There was only mind and the mind could become aware of its own self and its own representational realm. The self itself was representational and the emphasis on the mind was in the light of analytic thinking and analytic observation. There was an emphasis on objectification of mental phenomena and subjectivity itself. Knowing was knowledge by association, by reflection and mediation by linguistic signifiers. Knowing was neither non-conceptual nor pre-reflective, nor was there a place for direct experiential knowingness. Knowing was associated as mind alone and singular mind functions such as thinking, feeling, sensation, memory and imagination. Transitional Space as Space of Awareness With the presentation of the work of Donald Winnicott there was a shift in the psychoanalytic understanding of knowingness. A similar change in psychoanalytic thinking about knowing was also taking place in the Jungian and archetypal analytic schools. In psychotherapy Winnicott emphasizes a focus on the suspension of mind and in the process of suspension of mind, awareness was freed to focus within awareness, free to focus itself on itself. In the suspension of mind (a Winnicottian form of the phenomenological reduction,) the patient relocates themselves. The patient relocates from being located in mind alone or even located in a particular function of mind alone such as: feeling function or thinking function or sensation function or memory function; the patient enters or relocates themselves into the intermediate area of experience. This intermediate area of experience or this in-between space of experience is also described as the transitional area of experience and relatedness. Sometime this place is also described as the place of potential space. The sense of self shifts from being located in the mind or mental function of the mind into the more embodied sense of spacious awareness or as the place of potential space. Winnicott would described this knowing

El itinerario psicológico de EL UNIVERSO PSÍQUICO es estructurado en cuatro partes:

* Parte 1: EL MAPA DE LAS EMOCIONES DE LA PERSONALIDAD REPRESENTATIVA obtenido por:
- la realización de las Pruebas "3 Colores", "Mar", Sol en el Cielo, “Puerta”, “Tu Familia”, "Figura Humana" con Emociones Representativas,
- la descripción del significado y la identificación de las Emociones, de las Emociones Representativas, de las Cadenas de Emociones Representativas, de la Personalidad Representativa, de el “Mapa de las Emociones Representativas”;

* Parte 2: EL MAPA DE LAS EMOCIONES DE LA PERSONALIDAD ESCONDIDA obtenido por:
- la realización de las Pruebas "Sombra" y "Oscuro",
- la descripción del significado y la identificación de las Emociones Opuestas, de las Cadenas de las Emociones Opuestas, de la Personalidad Escondida, de el "Mapa de las Emociones Opuestas";

* Parte 3: EL MAPA EMOCIONALES DEL UNIVERSO PSÍQUICO obtenido combinando el Mapa de Emociones Representativas con el Mapa de Emociones Opuestas;
* Parte 4: EL YO DEL UNIVERSO PSÍQUICO obtenido por:
- la realización de la Prueba “Describes Tu Personalidad” y la descripción de las Emociones Importante;
- la representación de las Cadenas de las Emociones Importantes, del "Mapa de las Emociones Importantes", del YO.

Los estímulos propuestos durante el itinerario formativo EL UNIVERSO PSÍQUICO permiten el desarrollo de la personalidad, la construcción de el Universo Psíquico y la expresión del Mundo de las Emociones en que vive cada sujeto.
Comprender las propias emociones y los propios valores, educarse a vivir intensamente y con profundidad, a personalizar la realidad con el propio modo de ser, es fundamental para promover una vida plena y satisfactoria, para coger el sentido de la propia existencia, para dar una motivación profunda a las actividades que se cumplen cotidianamente.

Özet
Kentler tarih boyunca insani gelişimin bir ürünü olarak söz konusu dönemin sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel dinamikleri etrafında şekil almıştır. Endüstri Devrimi, Batı temelli modern kentlerin doğuşunu nitelemektedir. Modern kent, rasyonel düşünce ve planlama anlayışının bir parçası olarak işlevselci bakış açısından kentsel mekânın planlamasını içermektedir. 1970’li yıllarda postmodern kültürün yükselişiyle birlikte kentsel mekânlar bir dönüşüm sürecine girmiştir. Gündelik hayatın ve mekânların düzenlenmesinde oyuncul, eklektik ve tüketime dayalı pratikler katı işlevselci tutumun yerini almıştır. Modern kentlerin kültürel, kimlik boyutunda ya da toplumsallaşma sürecindeki mekânsal farklılaşmasına karşıt olarak postmodern dönemle birlikte tüm bu öğelerin eklektik ve süreksiz olarak bir araya geldiği görülmektedir. Kültürel alanın, üretimden çok tüketime doğru yönelim gösterdiği postmodern kenttin gündelik hayat pratikleri dramaturjik bir yapıyı içermektedir. Birincil ilişkilerin ortadan kalktığı postmodern kentin mekânsal pratiklerinde yüz yüze ve şahsiyete odaklı iletişim formları ikincil ilişkilere, gayri resmi iletişim formlarına yerini bırakmaktadır. İçine girilen mekânsal ve insani iletişimin fazlalığı ve çok yönlülüğü göz önüne alındığında postmodern kentsel mekânda insani ilişkiler ferdi olma özelliklerini yitirerek benliğin bir dizi düşünümsel etkinliğinin parçası haline gelmesini sağlamıştır. İnsani eylemin her zaman bir mekânsal pratik içerisinde şekillendiği düşünüldüğünde bireyler farklılaşmış mekânsal pratikler içerisinde verdikleri ve yaydıkları izlenim üzerinden teatral bir etkinlik içerisine girmektedir. Postmodern kentsel mekânın gündelik hayat pratikleri içerisinde dramaturjik etkinlik ilişki kurulan mekânsal pratiğin sembolik boyutunun bir parçası olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Kültürel ya da kimlik temelli farklılaşma çabası idealize edilen vitrin setlerinde hayat bulmaktadır. Postmodern kentsel mekân içerisindeki tüketim etkinliğinin bir yansıması olarak mekânla girilen sembolik etkileşim sürecinde benlik dramaturjik olarak özdüşünümsel bir perspektifte inşa edilmektedir.
Bu çalışma, postmodern kentsel alanlarda gündelik hayatın dramaturjik bir etkinlik haline gelmesi sürecinde sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel dinamiklerin şekillendirdiği mekânsal pratiklerin bireyin benlik algısını nasıl şekillendirdiğine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda özdüşünümsel bir alan olarak benliğin postmodern kentsel mekânlardaki sunumunun eleştirel perspektiften irdelenmesi bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Postmodern Kent, Gündelik Hayat, Tüketim Kültürü, Benlik, Kitle İletişim Araçları.

Abstract
Cities have been shaped around the socio-economic and cultural dynamics of the period in question as a product of human development throughout history. The Industrial Revolution characterizes the birth of Western-based modern cities. The Modern city incorporates planning of urban space from a functionalist point of view as part of rational thinking and planning. With the rise of postmodern culture in the 1970s, urban spaces underwent a transformation process. Acting, eclectic and consumption-based practices have replaced strict functionalist attitudes in the regulation of everyday life and spaces. As opposed to the spatial differentiation of Modern cities in the cultural, identity dimension or socialization process, it seems that with the postmodern period, all these elements come together eclectic and discontinuous. The daily life practices of the postmodern city, where the cultural space is oriented towards consumption rather than production, include a dramaturgical structure. In the spatial practices of the postmodern city, where primary relationships have disappeared, face-to-face and personality-oriented forms of communication leave their place in secondary relationships, informal forms of communication. Given the excess and versatility of spatial and human communication entered into it, human relationships in postmodern urban space have lost their ability to be a member, making the self part of a series of intellectual activities. Considering that human action is always shaped within a spatial practice, individuals engage in theatrical activity through the impression they give and spread within differentiated spatial practices. In the daily life practices of postmodern urban space, dramaturgic activity stands out as part of the symbolic dimension of spatial practice. Cultural or identity-based differentiation efforts come to life in idealized showcase sets. In the process of symbolic interaction entered into with space as a reflection of consumption activity within postmodern urban space, the self is dramaturgically constructed in an identical perspective.
This study focuses on how spatial practices shaped by socio-economic and cultural dynamics in the process of becoming a dramaturgical activity of everyday life in postmodern urban areas shape an individual's self-perception. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the presentation of self as an identical field in postmodern urban areas from a critical perspective.

Keywords: Postmodern City, Everyday Life, Consumer Culture, Self, Mass Media.

Self-expression consists of the outwards representation of the individual's personhood, their values, beliefs, and moods (Tshivhase, 2015, 376). To express oneself is done through a plethora of mediums, such as an emotional piece of art, tattoos, and even the hairstyle that the individual displays daily (Green, 2007, p. 1; Tshivhase, 2012, p. 8). Borrowing from Erving Goffman, the expression of self has historically existed as a means of impression management coordinated towards a social situation which within the individual finds him/herself (Goffman, 1956, p. 2). The individual would specifically coordinate his/her expressions to evoke a specific response from the other society members, or as a means to amalgamate their respective self with others in the social situation seeking unity (Ibid, p. 3).

This research advances our understanding of what constitutes a “good parent” in the course of actual social interaction.  Examining video-recorded naturally occurring parent-teacher conferences, this article shows that, while teachers deliver student-praising utterances, parents may display that they are gaining knowledge; but when teachers’ actions adumbrate student-criticizing utterances, parents systematically display prior knowledge.  This article elucidates the details of how teachers and parents tacitly collaborate to enable parents to express student-troubles first, demonstrating that parents display competence – appropriate involvement with children’s schooling – by asserting their prior knowledge of, and/or claiming/describing their efforts to remedy, student-troubles.  People (have to) display competence generically in interaction.  By explicating how parents display competence, this article offers insights for several areas of communication research.

The spread of mobile communication among Finnish teenagers has been markedly rapid during the latter half of the 1990s. Young people have created and developed communication culture that incorporates many special features such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels. Teenagers’ intersecting and selective use of communication channels has generated multimedial communication. From the theoretical standpoint provided by symbolic interactionism, we can ask whether communication through new media technologies generates new forms of social interaction. If this is the case, how could we describe and analyse these new forms of interaction? The media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space as well as enabling presentation of self and defining their relationships to others. This article is based on thematic interview material, and its purpose is to analyse the meanings and use contexts of mobile communication and other multimedial communication culture among Finnish youth.

Günümüzde hızla gelişen internet teknolojileri toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik sunumların incelenmesi için yeni bir mecra olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma,  bir sosyal paylaşım sitesi olan Facebook’ta benlik sunumunu toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri açısından ele almaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Facebook kullanıcılarının profil ve kapak resimleri incelenmiştir. Facebook profilleri uygun gelen örneklem yöntemi ile belirlenmiş olup veriler içerik analizi yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Bu kapsamda 464 Facebook kullanıcısına ait profil ve kapak resimleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları yaş ve medeni durum değişkenlerine göre cinsiyetler arasında profil ve kapak resmi özellikleri açısından anlamalı farklar olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Nowadays, rapidly developing internet technologies appears as a new medium to examine self-presentation for gender roles. This paper discusses self-presentation on Facebook, a social networking site, in terms of gender roles. In this sense Facebook users’ profile and cover pictures were analyzed. Facebook profiles were determined by convenience sampling method and data were collected by content analysis method. In this context profile and cover pictures of 464 Facebook users’ were analyzed. Results show that in different age groups and marital status there are significant differences between genders with regards to features of profile and cover pictures.

Purpose – Many people moving into a new culture for work or study do so without prior cross-cultural training, yet successful cultural adaptation has important ramifications. The purpose of this paper is to focus on cross-cultural impression management as an element of cultural adaptation. Does cultural adaptation begin by paying strong attention to nonverbal cues in a host culture? How is that attention converted into knowledge, and how do people use such knowledge management during impression management within the new culture?

Design/methodology/approach – The method was qualitative. In total, ten international students at an English university were recruited. All originated outside the European Union and each took part in a one-hour structured interview. The transcripts were analysed through thematic analysis.

Findings – International students adopted cross-cultural impression management strategies in order to enhance successful adaptation to the new host culture. Students consciously processed knowledge about nonverbal behaviour norms through everyday interactions. They audited knowledge deficits by detecting differences between the host norms and their home culture's norms. The motives for this included desiring to maximise rewards from situations.

Research limitations/implications – The findings imply that being in a new culture makes people “high self monitors”. They are more aware than usual about their own and others' nonverbal behaviours. The findings tell us about how cultural adaptation begins.

Originality/value – This appears to be the first in-depth qualitative research examining cross-cultural impression management by international students and deducing implications for expatriates.

Understanding of another person predominantly informed by observation is more complete and dynamic than understanding available to an audience for whom they are curating their self- presentation. Interpersonal encounters conducted via digital media platforms lack the physical proximity that lets us observe other persons’ accidental self-disclosure in real-life encounters, as distinct from being the audience of their explicit self-disclosure. However, in online interpersonal interactions we can still place others in the role of observer by allowing them to watch our interactions with external texts, without focusing on those others as audience or on the text as demonstratively referential to oneself.

This study investigated the effect that varying degrees of faculty self-promotion had on 322 student evaluations. As high student evaluations are correlated with greater student learning, it is imperative that we assess how faculty’s presentation style is perceived by students so as to enhance instruction and therefore student learning. Students read a biographical introduction to a speaker followed by a transcript of a lecture. A manipulation check revealed that only the boastful, individual self-promotion condition was perceived as significantly different from the other three self-promotion conditions, so the data were recoded according to what students perceived to be self-promotion. Subsequent analyses found that this perceived self-promotion leads to lower evaluations. Personality and competence attributions accounted for 67% of students’ perceptions of faculty.

This paper aims to know the relationship between language styles and selfpresentation in social media, specifically Twitter, by analyzing K-pop idols' tweets. It aims to identify the role of language styles K-pop idols use in their tweets to build or create and maintain their self-representation as those who people look up to, or as role models for their fans or followers. The method that is used in this research is a qualitative approach and is focused on Twitter as the social media in which K-pop idols use to express themselves through tweets. In this research, the authors will use the tweets from bilingual K-pop idols from different groups with different backgrounds to be analyzed. The language styles and the purpose of the K-pop idols in choosing those certain language style to present themselves through social media will be identified through their tweets. By the end of this research, it can be seen how a language style can describe a person's personality and how she/he can use it to present him/herself as an inspiration for a lot of people, especially through a big social media platform such as Twitter.

List motywacyjny, jako element pierwszego etapu rekrutacji, jest dla osoby apli- kującej szansą wywarcia wrażenia na rekrutującym. Celem artykułu jest empi- ryczna eksploracja strategii autoprezentacyjnych, ilustracja środków, jakie stosuje autor listu motywacyjnego, a także zarysowanie sytuacji psychologicznej osoby aplikującej w kontekście procesu autoprezentacji. Artykuł przedstawia fragment systemu kategoryzowania strategii autoprezentacyjnych w listach motywacyjnych, który powstał w wyniku jakościowej indukcyjnej analizy treści, oraz dedukcyj-
ną aplikację tych kategorii na wybranym przykładzie listu motywacyjnego.

This study examines sex differences in emotion word use in retrospective private and public relationship dissolution accounts through two studies. Study 1 (n = 423) found men’s use of negative emotion words in private breakup accounts correlated with their use of negative emotion words in their public accounts; however, women’s emotion words in their private breakup accounts did not correlate with their use of emotion words in their public accounts. Study 2 (n = 284) replicated Study 1 with a broader sample and revealed the same pattern of negative emotion word use. These studies suggest that after a breakup women and men may process emotions differently in their public and private breakup accounts depending on their audience. The findings offer insights into how relationship dissolution model processes, evolutionary mating strategies, and self-presentation may influence linguistic variations accounting for sex differences.

This paper reviews existing research on self-presentation in social media in order to inform future research. Social media offer seemingly limitless opportunities for strategic self-presentation. Informed by existing self-presentation theories, a review of research on self-presentation in social media revealed three significant context and audience variables that were conceptualized in a model. First, three affordances of social media-anonymity, persistence, and visibility-were discussed, as research has revealed the moderating effects of these affordances between self-presentation goal and the self-presentational content shared in social media. For example, one might expect that social media users are more likely to present their actual selves under conditions of less anonymity, more persistence, and more visibility. On the other hand, the freedom associated with more anonymous, less persistent, and less visible social media may lead to idealized self-presentation. The second finding revealed the impact of other-generated content in the form of likes, comments, tags, and shares on social media users' self-presentation content, mediated by how they choose to manage such content. The third theme concerned the moderating effect of context collapse on the relationship between goals and self-presentation content. The composition of an impression manager's audience from one platform to the next varies across social media platforms, impacting and often complicating the attainment of self-presentation goals in the midst of merging networks of people. Social media users have adopted varying ways to navigate the complexities of context collapse in their pursuit of self-presentation. Although we have learned much from this body of literature, a more comprehensive theory of self-presentation in the hypermedia age is needed to further advance this area of research.

Increasingly, researchers are creating machines with humanlike social behaviors to elicit desired human responses such as trust and engagement, but a systematic characterization and categorization of such behaviors and their demonstrated effects is missing. This paper proposes a taxonomy of machine behavior based on what has been experimented with and documented in the literature to date. We argue that self presentation theory, a psychosocial model of human interaction, provides a principled framework to structure existing knowledge in this domain and guide future research and development. We leverage a foundational human self-presentation taxonomy (Jones and Pittman, 1982), which associates human verbal behaviors with strategies, to guide the literature review of human-machine interaction studies we present in this paper. In our review, we identified 36 studies that have examined human-machine interactions with behaviors corresponding to strategies from the taxonomy. We analyzed frequently and infrequently used strategies to identify patterns and gaps, which led to the adaptation of Jones and Pittman’s human self-presentation taxonomy to a machine self-presentation taxonomy. The adapted taxonomy identifies strategies and behaviors machines can employ when presenting themselves to humans in order to elicit desired human responses and attitudes. Drawing from models of human trust we discuss how to apply the taxonomy to affect perceived machine trustworthiness.

Social networks are one of the most used communication methods of today's world. Their use in different fields has been examined in several research studies. This study aims to examine the effects of social media on student's behaviors which will mainly focus on Facebook. Whether there is a positive relationship between confidence, social media participation and social media related behaviors will also be assed with regard to using Facebook. In order to collect the primary data, a general scanning model was used to observe attitudes of high school students. The participants chosen were 362 high school students from level 9 to 12. The findings highlight that Facebook is used for communication entertainment and sharing news, pictures and songs. In addition, their Facebook profile picture is alone and students were aware that swearing is considered a form of misconduct, which is a good sign. The study also indicates that students were aware of protecting their social identity as their Facebook shares are not public. Furthermore, they respect privacy as they do not use their friend's Facebook account.

The online social networks allow individuals to continuously create and model their self-presentations and representations. Facebook stands for a relevant example as people are given the uncensored opportunity to unfold their online selves according to their interests, preferences, goals and expectations. !e current research aims at investigating the way students (re)present themselves on Facebook social networks and their readiness to consider the implications of Facebook usage as a recruitment tool by the current employers. As more and more people use figurative photos to present themselves on Facebook, it becomes important to understand whether the users are aware of the consequences derived from uninspired choices when it comes to future employment. Neither the virtual, nor the physical self can ever truly be liberated from the other and the association between them may become an advantage and a disadvantage at the same time. The investigation is concentrated on the person’s perception, taking into consideration the reasons for profile pictures and album photos selection, for the generated content and its effects on the online identity. The analysis relies on a sociological survey based on self-administered questionnaires – 89 undergraduate students from the National University of Political Studies and Public Administration in Bucharest participated to the research we conducted during two weeks in April 2013. The data analysis validates the main hypothesis is that students’ self-presentation through their Facebook profiles follows the offline personal data and is not influenced by potential employers’ assessments.

Özet Bu araştırmada, kadın sporcuların Instagram hesaplarını benlik sunumu ve toplumsal cinsiyet yaklaşımı bağlamında incelemeyi amaçladık. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın iki sorusu var: Sporcular, Instagram aracılığıyla benlik sunumlarını nasıl inşa ediyorlar? Bu inşa sürecinde hangi kadınlık stratejilerini kullanıyorlar? Araştırmada karma yöntem yaklaşımını kullandık. Elit düzey 5 kadın sporcunun 8 Mart 2019 tarihinden itibaren Instagram hesaplarından paylaştıkları son 50 gönderiyi inceledik. Fotoğrafları içerik analiziyle fotoğraf alt yazılarını tematik analiz ile analiz ettik. Toplam 250 fotoğraf analiz ettik. Nicel bulgulara göre, sporcular en fazla spor yaşamı ve özel yaşam içeriğinde fotoğraf paylaşırken; en az diğer sporlar ve sporcularla ilgili fotoğraf paylaşmışlardır. Sporcular paylaştıkları fotoğraflarda en fazla pasif performans görünümünde fotoğraf paylaşırken en az kombinasyon ve çekicilik görünümünde fotoğraf paylaşmışlardır. Sporcular en sık; güzellik miti ve adanmış kadın sporcu stratejilerine başvururken, en az zorunlu heteroseksüellik stratejisine başvurmuşlardır. Nitel bulgulara göre fotoğraf altyazılarında sporcular; adanmışlık, motivasyon, özgüven, spor yaşantılarının tanıtımı, reklam ve sponsorluk, kız çocuklarını güçlendirme ve cesaretlendirme gibi temalarla ifade edilebilecek açıklamalarda bulunmuşlardır. Sporcular Instagramda benlik sunumlarını inşa ederken, spor yaşantıları ve özel yaşamlarına dair fotoğraflar; uğraştıkları spora adandıklarını gösteren, motivasyon ve özgüven içerikli fotoğraf yazıları paylaşmaktadırlar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Benlik sunumu, toplumsal cinsiyet, Instagram 1. Giriş Marshall'a (2010) göre sosyal medya, bir bireyin kendisinin halka açık sunumunu yapabileceği bir platform olarak hizmet etme yeteneğine sahiptir. Son yıllarda performans sporcularının sosyal medya aracılığıyla kendi performanslarına, başarılarına ve genel olarak spora dair paylaşımlarının gittikçe arttığını görmekteyiz. Bugünün elit sporcuları, yeni bir medya varlığı oluşturmak için artan taleplerle karşı karşıyadırlar; kendi web sayfalarını kurulması, Facebook, Twitter ve Instagram gibi sosyal medya platformlarında sık sık güncelleme yapılması; blog yazısı yazmak ve çevrimiçi olarak hayranlar ve diğer paydaşlarla etkileşimde bulunmak gibi (Geurin, 2017). Sporcular, sosyal medya paylaşımları aracılığıyla taraftarlarıyla/takipçileriyle iletişim kurabilmekte, sponsorların promosyonunu yapabilmektedirler. Özellikle, günümüzde en çok kullanılan paylaşım sitesi Instagram, sporcuların kendilerini sundukları bir alan olarak gittikçe popülerleşmektedir. Sporda sosyal medya uygulamalarına özgü fırsatlar ve zorluklar bu konuda akademik araştırmaları hızlandırmıştır (Filo, Lock & Karg, 2015). Spor bilimlerinin farklı alanlarında; spor yönetimi, spor sosyolojisi ve spor psikolojisi gibi, sosyal medya araştırmaları yapılmaktadır. Özellikle spor yönetimi alanında yapılan çalışmalar, sosyal medyanın pazarlama stratejisi olarak kullanımına odaklanmaktadır. Bu araştırmalarda, kadın sporcuların ve toplumsal cinsiyet yaklaşımının da son zamanlarda kullanılmaya başlandığını görmekteyiz. Ülkemiz spor bilimleri alanında çok yeni bir alan olmakla birlikte, son birkaç yılda özellikle kadın sporcuların sosyal medya kullanımının ön planda olması bu araştırmanın yapılmasının temel motivasyonlarından birisidir. Dolayısıyla bu araştırmada, kadın sporcuların instagram hesaplarını benlik sunumu ve toplumsal cinsiyet yaklaşımı bağlamında incelemeyi amaçladık. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın iki sorusu var: Sporcular, Instagram aracılığıyla benlik sunumlarını nasıl inşa ediyorlar? Bu inşa sürecinde hangi kadınlık stratejilerini kullanıyorlar? Araştırmanın kuramsal çerçevesini benlik sunumu kuramı ve toplumsal cinsiyet yaklaşımı oluşturmaktadır. Aşağıda bunlara dair kısa bilgi sunulmuştur.