Tacit Knowledge

... The research is based on an analysis of a European Commission dataset from a benchmarking survey of 77 incubators as well as 52 interviews in 25 large technology-driven corporations in Europe and the United States. ... The size of the incubators, as measured by ...

This paper looks for evidence of tacit knowledge in the Old Testament. Such can be found in the description of the professional knowledge of craftsmen and artists, priests and prophets, as well as judges. Another area is cultural, social, and moral knowledge, which includes habitualized sensibilities and values. They play a role not only in moral decisions and judgments, but also in the criticism of traditional values and norms. Finally, tacit knowledge in the OT may be internalized (primarily in the heart) but also externalized (in cultural artifacts such as the "horns of the altar" or the architectural conception of a sanctuary).

Painting, like other areas of the visual arts, is a complex field that defies any single method or style. In the visual arts, we are taught and we learn that there is never a true answer to the problems that we face. Each of us must find our own way. Unlike other traditional subject matter there are no manuals or directives to aid the painter in devising a teaching curriculum. Few artists have written about how to teach art. Although some have written rich narratives about their teaching experiences, they offer little advice to artists who want to teach. We must rely upon our own knowledge and experience as we enter into the studio classroom. We must also learn how to translate that which we know into something that can others can learn. The aim of this arts-based research is to create a bridge between the practice of the artist and the practice of the teacher, constructing a dialectic relationship between the two. It is an exploration into artistic knowledge, artistic process and t...

Security Science education at university levels is still in its infancy, with little agreement towards knowledge, curriculum and competency. Therefore, it is essential that educators draw on relevant literature highlighting means of efficient and effective knowledge transfer for tertiary students within the Security Science domain. Such knowledge transfer will reduce the gap between academic knowledge (explicit) and professional competency (tacit

Both in theory and in practice insight is limited about how firms in dynamic environments could organize to manage concurrently the strategic processes of exploring new knowledge and exploiting existing knowledge. To contribute to this issue, a conceptual framework is developed which considers the ability to exchange knowledge across organization-units within a firm as a prerequisite to achieve both the goals of exploring and exploiting organizational knowledge. This framework shows how awareness and interest towards exchanging knowledge across units, internal knowledge transfer mechanisms, prior knowledge of the organization units and their organization form, influence the processes of exploration and exploitation within the firm. The conceptual framework and the propositions are illustrated by two case studies of Novartis, one of the leading European life-science companies. The first case is about exchanging knowledge between Novartis’ divisions in the actual organization context....

Nach einer kurzen Erörterung der Frage, inwieweit Spektakel zur Populärkultur zu zählen seien, wird zentral das Thema der Gewinnung von Wissen bei der Rezeption von Spektakeln behandelt. Ästhetisches Erleben, so die These, ist wesentlich körperliches Erleben, und bezieht sich wesentlich auf körperlich-sinnliches Wissen. Spektakel als Unterhaltungsangebote werden nicht nur kognitiv-rational, sondern gleichermaßen sinnlich-affektiv angeeignet. Vor allem das bezeichnet "aisthesis" als sinnliche Erkenntnis.
Konkreter wird die These mit Intepretationen von Richard Dyer belegt, die die Effekte nicht-sprachlicher, nicht-begrifflicher Dimensionen von Filmen demonstrieren. Farben, Bewegungen, Rhythmen, Räume, Musik und Schauspieler*innen-Images wirken über affektive Codes auf bedeutungsgeladene Stimmungen hin - etwa auf die Erzeugung "utopischer" Energien.

The purpose of this literature review is to analyze what organizational development (OD) experts have written about the three critical roles in a human resource (HR) based approach to an operational type Knowledge Management (KM) system. Those three roles are the role of employees, the role of HR, the role of top leadership and culture.
Keywords: knowledge management, human resources, leadership, and organizational culture

Prevailing views about what constitutes organisational knowledge need to be systematically evaluated at deep epistemological levels. We argue there is a need is to establish a new paradigm comprising of both a theoretical and an ontological foundation for thinking about knowledge epistemologies. We think, along with Bill McKelvey, (1997, 2002) that the “science of management” as it relates to organisations seems to be greatly wanting.Our approach is based on an evolutionary theory of knowledge contained within Karl Popper’s later epistemological works beginning with his 1972 “Objective Knowledge – an evolutionary approach” and a framework of organisational theory based on Maturana and Varela's concept of self-producing complex systems ("autopoiesis"). We have drawn upon this combined approach in order to understand how best to integrate understandings of personal and objective knowledge and the notion of “living organisations” into a new paradigm of organisational know...

The goal of this paper is to explore the relationship between theory and practice in management research. In examining the relationship between theory and practice, the application and use of the knowledge-based theory of the firm were investigated in five peer-reviewed articles. The findings from the literature review reveal that philosophical and practical issues prevent theory application. Thus, the use of correlation methods does not allow investigators to test explanations provided by a particular theory effectively. The ineffectiveness in theory application concerns four domains: (a) the multifaceted and complicated nature of the various organizational phenomena, (b) the fragmented theorizing, (c) inappropriate research designs and methodologies, and (d) the untested assumptions. Also, there is an inadequate explanation of the practical aspects of how organizational social interactions, driving objectives and organizational knowledge assets might support tacit and explicit knowledge exchange at an organizational and inter-organizational level. The paper was structured on three thematic sections. In the first section, a comprehensive analysis of how theory could guide and advance practice is analyzed, considering the required parameters in converting theory into practice. The second section provides a brief description of the knowledge-based theory of a firm which is an improved version of the dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. An evaluation of the appropriateness of the uses to which the theory has been applied is presented in the third section.

ABSTRACT Even though knowledge management scholars generally advocate explicit management of knowledge, there is research that cautions against the unintended consequences of such efforts. Some researchers go as far as arguing that knowledge and management are contradictory concepts (Alvesson and Kärreman, 2001). This paper explores the apparent double-edged nature of knowledge management by developing a theory-based framework that highlights different fundamental assumptions about knowledge and its management. This framework, which is an adaptation of Burrell and Morgan's four paradigms of social and organizational inquiry, distinguishes among a neo-functionalist, a constructivist, a critical and a dialogic discourse.We use the contradiction of managing tacit knowledge, which has been highlighted in the knowledge management literature, as an analytical device to explore the four discourses in more detail. We show how notions of knowledge, and what it means to manage knowledge, vary across the four discourses. We conclude that all four discourses need to be appreciated, understood and represented in knowledge management research for this area of inquiry to deal with the rich and problematic nature of managing knowledge in practice.

This article deals with the issue of negotiation skills in the Sunnah which adopted Hudaibiyah peace negotiation as a case study where it manifested many negotiating skills. Through this research, many skills has been developed, highlighted and linked to the theories of modern negotiation management. This research began with discussing about the meaning of negotiation skills, the elements of the main negotiating, skills related to negotiator behavior, steps and different stages of negotiation, and application of these skills in the peace negotiation. The findings of this research proved the mastery of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him in negotiating skills that led to the success of the peace negotiation. This remarkable peace negotiation honoured Muslims space in the propagation of Islam which also called as landslide conquest. The skills and negotiating tactics adopted by the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him now taught in the books of management science in general, and the books of negotiation in particular.

“Illustrators embody their experiences. The personification of experience is a fundamental device in the way
illustrative imagery and visual communication perpetuates ideologies, metaphors, mythologies, and in particular the
anthropomorphisation of the human condition. Illustrators translate experiences, and the perceptual synthesis (Merleau-
Ponty 2013) of those experiences into the illustration and design of fictitious narratives, worlds, characters, and
environments. Drawing becomes a crucial part of articulating the world and capturing perception of experience and
reality. Audiences can relate to the experiences of designed characters through observed similarities with their own
experience. If we take the understanding that individuals tacitly negotiate the world, and their interactions with other
people, through interpretation of aesthetics, physiology, psychology, socio-economic class and culture- then the design of
characters that exhibit a range of these factors can help define a reflexive relationship between the illustrator, the
character, and the audience. This paper will examine the implicit role an illustrator’s habitus (Bourdieu 1977) has in the
development of their characters, and provide conceptual tools that outline this unique relationship. Habitus is a unifying
concept that generates tastes and dispositions based on an individual’s physiology, psychology and sociology.”

This paper explores long-term partnership benefits of local strategic alliances in knowledge-intensive industries. A structural model of the value continuum is formulated and tested on small and mid-size enterprises in the software industry. Partial least squares path analysis is used to investigate the cause–effect relationships between the foundation values – efficiency and effectiveness – and the innovation value. The results show that the innovation value of localised inter-firm networks originates from costs savings and quality improvements. Conversely, alliance-induced 'speed' benefits (measured by the R&D process's acceleration), which improve flexibility and/or shorten delivery time, have no significant impact on market-based performance. An alliance's time-related benefits may be important to maintain competitive parity, but they do not significantly support competitive advantage, market development and market penetration. Instead, value is created via, for example, an exchange of tacit knowledge and a reduction in transaction costs, and particularly by a reduction in customer service costs.

Aunque parezca increíble, casi nadie puede hablar de ciencia. Los que se atreven son calificados en el acto de ignorantes o, peor aún, de anticientíficos, que en nuestro mundo es como decir incultos y socialmente peligrosos […] pero, ¿cómo no vamos a hablar de ciencia si cada día se toman más decisiones orientadas a minimizar los riesgos, conservar la naturaleza, gestionar los recursos o equilibrar el reparto de los males, y todas esas iniciativas que acaban llegando hasta las publicaciones oficiales de los estados tienen que pasar antes por los laboratorios, los seminarios, los papers, los comités, los congresos, los foros y los paneles internacionales? ¿Cómo no aceptar la necesidad de una crítica de la ciencia?

The aim of this paper is to explore the dichotomous role of knowledge through an examination of tacit and explicit knowledge in organizational change contexts. The study's aim is achieved by an analytical review of the seminal and contemporary knowledge management literature. The paper contributes to the current body of knowledge management literature by analyzing a wide range of key literature and presenting a contemporary overview that compares the role of tacit and explicit knowledge within organizational change contexts. The findings contribute towards theoretical development in the knowledge management field by providing researchers with future research directions to build upon previous theoretical understandings and advance our collective knowledge of the research domain. The paper offers practical and pragmatic insights that will help firm managers to use tacit and/or explicit knowledge to manage organizational change. This article presents an original comparative table that summarizes and compares the key understandings and insights from across the literature sources on a range of important aspects, and then presents implications for the two knowledge typologies. The paper also presents an original research framework containing a structured database of related calls for research by the latest academic publications. Furthermore, it provides specific and informed managerial recommendations for best practice in the integration of these knowledge typologies into organizational change management.

Study of the dynamics of organizational learning focuses on people’s work and organizational skills and the social construction of the latter by processes of organizational interaction which are not always explicit, formalizable or even apparent. In these cases, one talks of tacit knowledge, of practical expertise and of learning situated in the social practices that people implement within organizations or on their behalf. But one should also talk of aesthetic knowledge, for this would induce scholars to break with the dominant tradition of cognitive theory on organizational learning and managerial training.

The attitude of mindfulness is a meaningful and useful response to contemporary challenges and it helps us expand our existential horizons. However, mindfulness faces increasing criticism for supposedly fostering introversion, withdrawal into the private sphere, propagating individual pursuits of happiness, overemphasizing individual responsibility, as well as political and moral indifference. These criticisms can be refuted by clarifying the meaning of the concept, as well as further developing it by accentuating the importance of reality and context for human life. It is necessary to recognize the inevitability and necessity of evaluations, the potential contribution of all feelings to the understanding of situations, the importance of tacit interactivity between subjects and their co-world for cognition, moral orientation and action. On this ground, the idea of mindfulness should also be able to explain and preserve its spiritual potential.

This article discusses how designers learn about the creation of board games by familiarizing
themselves with tacit knowledge and company processes. To some extent board game design depends on
general design methodology and knowledge. However, in order to be able to work in an international board
game publishing house and to design board games (and thus facilitate play) for a multicultural audience, the
designer has to know about preferences regarding materials, production processes, visualization and
packaging. A board game is usually a product of teamwork where designers from different fields of expertise
come together to solve design challenges having to do with both form and function. Since a board game
sometimes is created from the idea to a ready made product all set for marketing inside a game publishing
house, the designer also has to understand the different stages of the product development process.
This study is conducted in the department of product development at a Scandinavian game publishing house
with professional board game designers coming from different educational backgrounds. The designers are of
different ages and in different stages of their careers. Traditional research methods such as qualitative
thematic interviews are used to demonstrate how tacit knowledge is transferred by both management and
fellow designers and how a designer becomes familiar with the company’s design philosophy. The findings
are that expertise in game design involves mastering a multitask challenge which may best be learned through
familiarizing oneself with both tacit knowledge learned in everyday work but also by analyzing feedback
coming from different sources.

We constructed a Tacit Knowledge Inventory for Academic Researchers in the Social Sciences based on a method pioneered by Sternberg and colleagues, and administered it to a diverse sample, including over 7 departments within the Faculty of Behavioral and Societal Sciences at the University of Amsterdam. We explored the relationship between tacit knowledge and success and performance in academic researchers. Quantification of success was achieved by categorizing participants into 5 hierarchical groups based on academic rank. Bibliometric assessment of each participant using 7 performance metrics including publications, citations, journal weighted citations, citations per paper, H-Index, average journal SNIP and presentations was used to quantify performance. An expert group of professors was used to establish a benchmark for the calculation of tacit knowledge scores. Tacit knowledge scores of each academic rank, except for the student groups, differed significantly from the expert group, but not with each other. A trend was found where experts show most overall consensus in ratings, and the consensus progressively decreases with lower academic ranks. Higher ranked academics are thought to share common experience, leading to more convergence in strategies compared to less experienced academics. Tacit knowledge scores correlated significantly with 6 performance metrics. Our findings converge with previous tacit knowledge research. Construction and administration of our tacit knowledge inventory has identified dimensions of practical knowledge for which ratings co-vary in meaningful ways with the relative performance of the academics who rate the items, such that tacit knowledge may be seen as a significant predictor of academic performance. We can only theorize about the relative contribution of tacit knowledge compared to intelligence or executive functions, and possible differential relationship to age. Future research should examine to what extend tacit knowledge may compensate for age related cognitive decline. Small sample size was a serious limitation of the current study.

Every profession has a core body of knowledge (BoK) that at the very least, uniquely defines and differentiates that  profession within the crowded global landscape of all professions, particularly those that are closely related in terms of purpose, educational and skill requirements, intended audience or market, and tools and practices. Ultimately, a profession's BoK is what legitimizes the profession as a true "profession" in the U.S., as defined by the U.S. Department of Labor.

This article was originally published in the March, 2008 edition of 'Forum' magazine of the Association Forum of Chicagoland. It was targeted at the stakeholders (professional members, leaders, staff, affiliated vendors, ...) of associations/societies that support a designated profession. Although not specifically targeted at them, this article can also provide food for thought for academic fields, industry associations, and other types of organizations within the tax-designated "not-for-profit/NFP/non-profit" sector. However, many in this sector prefer to call it the "social sector" because the social purpose of the organization is much more important to us than its tax status. It also aligns better with the concept of the NGO - non-government organization, used in Europe and a few other areas.

It can also be employed on a universal scale to differentiate and enhance the potential value and interrelationships of professions or specialties by governmental bodies, educational institutions, businesses, and even the public. A dramatic example of the need for a better differentiator between professions/specialties is the American healthcare system, that almost everyone agrees needs a major overhaul. Obamacare is just a baby step or experiment in this direction. It's still a long way from making sense of all the specialties, providers, practices, technologies, services, fees, funding models ... as one critical key to beginning to solve the dilemma of the world's highest healthcare costs (more than double or triple the costs in comparable countries) delivering very poor results (in terms of public health, when compared to those comparable countries).

Typically the BoK of a profession is viewed from the limited perspective of the association function who leads the association's initial attempt to define the BoK of the profession it supports, as evidenced by the typically narrow focus of that project, for example: credentialing standards, exam content, education curricula, web content, best practices, research findings,.... Without something to connect and guide these perspectives toward a common direction, they are likely to sub-optimize the strategic potential of their profession's BoK. This article presents a different approach to BoK based on a belief that the ultimate strategic potential of BOK emerges out of being envisioned, leveraged, shared, and managed as the most valuable asset of the association and the profession it supports!

Tacit knowledge — the kind of knowledge that is the subtext of a conversation, the intuitions that are gained through experience, and the sense of competency one acquires by participating in communities of practice - plays a key role in the way people work, both alone and, perhaps more importantly, in collaboration with others." (http/://ecscw2001.gmd.de/w4.html) This paper reviews the role

Many believe that the nature-based narrative of Big History presents a new, emergent and profoundly important learning opportunity for humanity. However, I suspect that the prevailing modes of formal education, and perhaps the learning paradigms behind them, may be inadequate to deliver on this potential. My goal is to develop practical improvements in the way Big History is taught and communicated by arguing for the lived-experience to go hand-in-hand with the intellectual dimensions.  Therefore, I argue for the value of experiencing Big History as opposed to only knowing it.

Over the last decade organisations have taken a keen interest in retaining tacit knowledge as it is a very important asset for organisations. This has led to the adoption of knowledge management practices that provide innovation in decision making, product and process efficiency. However as organisational knowledge is greatly dependant on the tacit knowledge that its employees possess, it is important to dwell upon some human resource functional strategies to encourage sharing of employees' knowledge and also enhance employee retention. The focus of this paper is predominantly on tacit knowledge sharing. Strategies that organisations can take to share, retain and reuse tacit knowledge have been recommended. The role of the human resource function, as a key enabler of tacit knowledge transfer, has been highlighted. Employee rewards management plays a key part in promoting, creating, sharing and preserving knowledge and its vitality has been discussed. The paper also elucidates some learning and development strategies that will fundamentally aid in tacit knowledge transfer.