Hydrocarbon

Öz
Doğu Akdeniz farklı etnik, siyasi, dini, kültürel yapısıyla özellikle 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrası gerilimlerin eksik olmadığı bir bölge olmuştur. Bölgedeki aktörlerin tarihsel sorunları güvenlik kaygılarını besleyen bir etki yaratmıştır. Günümüzde uluslararası ilişkilerin gerilim alanlarından belli başlısının enerji kaynakları ile ilgili olduğu görülmektedir. 2000’li yıllarda Doğu Akdeniz’de keşfedilen hidrokarbon kaynaklar, bölgedeki mevcut gerilimleri artıran bir unsur olmuştur. Türkiye’nin bölgeye ilgisi tarihsel bağları yanında en temel bakış açısıyla yakın dönem Kıbrıs sorunu bağlamında açıklanabilmektedir. Ancak Türkiye genel güvenlik ve enerji güvenliği kaygıları, artan enerji tüketimi ve enerji koridoru / merkezi olma hedefi kapsamında da bölgeyi dış politikasının odak noktasında görmektedir. Bu kapsamda, bölge ülkelerinden, en uzun kıyı uzunluğuna sahip ülkesi Türkiye’nin, bölgeye ilişkin politikalarının incelenmesi önemli görülmektedir.
Arap Baharını takiben, Libya ve Suriye iç savaşı gibi çatışma alanlarının yaygınlaşması sonrası, bölge dışı güçlerin müdahil olması ile birlikte Doğu Akdeniz son dönemde uluslararası ilişkilerin odak noktasını teşkil etmeye başlamıştır. Aynı zaman diliminde bölgedeki hidrokarbon temelli deniz yetki alanları sorunlarındaki gerilim, uluslararası ilişkiler açısından bölgeye yönelik politikaları ve olayları yönlendiren dinamikleri anlamayı önemli hale getirmiştir. Uluslararası sistemin anarşik yapıda olduğunu kabul eden ve devletler açısından gücü artırmanın yanında güvenliği sağlamanın da önemine odaklanan neorealist kuramın, son gelişmeler ışığında bölge politikalarının anlamlandırılması için uygun bir bakış açısı sunduğu değerlendirilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz enerji politikası neorealist yaklaşımla analiz edilerek, Türk dış politikasının belirli bir bölümü teorik açıdan incelenecek ve uluslararası ilişkiler disiplinine katkı sağlanmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu kapsamda öncelikli olarak neorealist kuramın analize temel teşkil eden esasları ortaya konulacak, çalışmayla ilişkili olan Doğu Akdeniz’deki siyasal gelişmeler ele alınacak, son olarak Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz enerji politikası analiz edilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Neorealizm, Türkiye, Doğu Akdeniz, Enerji Politikası, Hidrokarbon, Doğalgaz


Neorealism Theory and Eastern Mediterranean Energy Policy of Turkey
Abstract
Because of its various ethnic, political, religious and cultural diversity, Eastern Mediterranean has never been without tension, in particular after World War II. The historical disputes among the regional players contributed to the security concerns. It can be observed today that energy sources are one of the main causes of international conflicts. Hydrocarbon resources, discovered in the eastern Mediterranean in the early 2000s, have become a factor that increases the already existing tension in the region by creating disputes regarding the maritime jurisdiction zones.
After the Arab Spring, with conflict zones spreading with Libya and Syrian civil war and outside players getting involved; Eastern Mediterranean has become the focal point of international relations. Neorealist approach, which acknowledges the international system is anarchic and from the viewpoint of the states focuses both on increasing their power and ensuring security; in light of recent events provides a proper perspective regarding the interpretation of the regional policies. Among all the countries in the region, the analysis of the regional policy of Turkey with the longest coastline in the eastern Mediterranean is considered significant.
This study aims to contribute to international relations discipline by analyzing certain parts of Turkish Foreign Policy from a theoretical perspective while the energy policy of the country is analyzed in line with neorealist approach. In this context, firstly, basic principles of neorealist theory, which will be the basis of the analysis, will be presented; political developments in the eastern Mediterranean concerning this study will be discussed, lastly the regional policy of Turkey will be analyzed. 
Key Words: Neorealism, Turkey, Eastern Mediterranean, Energy Policy, Hydrocarbon, Natural Gas

La refinación del petróleo entrega muchos compuestos. Pero generalmente en pequeñas cantidades que no alcanzan para el uso humano. La síntesis química es la solución.
Otro problema es que los hidrocarburos puros son generalmente tóxicos para el ser humano. Por lo tanto, los hidrocarburos deben modificarse para ser usados por el ser humano.
Dentro de los hidrocarburos para uso humano están: piridina, glucosa, lidocaína, ceras, vaselina, propano, biodiesel y glicerina.

This paper emphasized on the possibilities of researches in the field of exergy analysis in various usable sectors where vapor compression refrigeration systems are used. Exergy losses, exergy efficiency, second law efficiency and irreversibility of the system components as well as of the whole system are measured. In the vapor compression system, R134a, R290 and R600a are considered as refrigerants. Exergy parameters in the compressor, evaporator, condenser and expansion devices are calculated and analyzed. Exergy losses depend on evaporator temperatures, condensing temperature, refrigerants and ambient temperature. Most of the exergy losses occur in the condenser. Expansion device has the lowest losses. Exergy parameters are compared for different operating temperature. It is found that hydrocarbons (R600a) have 50% higher exergy efficiency than R134a. Mixture of hydrocarbons also shows the best performance based on the exergy analysis. © 2011 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/6032030/6041433/06041480.pdf?tp=&arnumber=6041480&isnumber=6041433

Abstrak Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas Jambi merupakan salah satu taman nasional yang ada di Sumatera terletak kurang lebih 180 km sebelah barat kota Jambi. Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas disamping sebagai wilayah konservasi flora dan fauna,maka secara geologi memiliki keunikan yang khas dimana batuan tersingkap berasal dari formasi yang paling tua sampai sampai formasi paling muda yang termasuk dalam Jambi Sub-Basin. Formasi yang tersingkap adalah Formasi Talang Akar terdiri dari batuan carbonaceous black shale diperoleh fosil polen Cephalomappa Type berumur Miosen Bawah dan Formasi Gumai terdiri dari batuan carbonaceous shale diperoleh fosil polen Meliaceae Type berumur Miosen Atas, kedua formasi tersebut diendapkan di lingkungan freshwater swamp deposits (alluvial swamp). Komposisi material organik shale Formasi Talang Akar terdiri dari Vitrinite dan Lamalginite sebagai precursor penghasil minyak dan gas, dengan Indeks Brittleness > 40% dan hal ini diyakini sebagai salah karakteristik umum untuk shale hidrokarbon. Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas dapat dikembangkan sebagai wisata riset kebumian.

The earth's atmosphere has definite limits, as it is not boundless. Life water courses, it has limited capacity for its self-purification. Industrialization and urbanization result in release of gaseous pollutants into atmosphere, presuming it to be and endless reservoir. The most common gaseous contamination in the urban atmosphere are sulphur dioxide, carbon mono-oxide, ozone and oxidants, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and aldehydes. Except under special circumstances, the carbon dioxide is not considered as and atmospheric contaminant, because of its role in the photosynthesis of green plants. One should know about composition and structure of the atmosphere, sources of air pollution-Natural or Man-made, types of Air pollutants, and its unit of measurement and effects of air pollution on vegetation, human health.

Lack of pressure data and/or one curve of the essential well logs such as density, neutron, sonic,
resistivity and gamma ray curves in some reservoirs, is not preferred situation for the petrophysict,
which will affect the petrophysical evaluation process and the reservoir characterization study.
Four wells (A, B, C and D), in the area of interest, penetrated Baba sandstone zone in Badri field. The
main challenge in the studied zone is the absence of pressure gradients and the density-neutron
separation is not clear enough to judge the hydrocarbon type in all wells at the level of baba sandstone
reservoir, where they are needed for the estimation of the hydrocarbon type (oil or gas). So it is preferred
to use the three porosity logs to investigate the hydrocarbon type. The second challenge is constructing
synthetic logs in the absence of the three main porosity logs.
In this paper, all available data were used to estimate the hyocarbon type in two studied wells at the
level of Baba sandstone zone, firstly by using well logging relationships between density and sonic in
the wells which have sonic logs at the zone of interest, secondly by applying special petrophysical
studies to help for estimation of hydrocarbon type.
Crossplot technique was used to estimate the hydrocarbon type in the zone of interest using the
synthetic sonic curve, original density curve, original neutron curve plus their derived porosity and
variables values in the used well logging crossplots including some petrophysical crossplots, which can
help in this situation.
The results of this study revealed that, 1) the synthetic logs play a great role in solving of
petrophysical and geological problems, 2) there is a good relationship between the density and sonic
logs in the analogues (A and D) wells, and 3) the obtained synthetic sonic log makes a sense with
lithology and other logs (neutron and gamma). Therefore, the synthetic sonic log, in corporation with the

A microbial composition study of sediments of contaminated (CWS) and uncontaminated (UWS) lentic ecosystems within Akwa Ibom State was carried out by analyzing the small-subunit rRNA genes to determine the effect of hydrocarbon contamination on its microbial composition and diversity. Analysis of the V4 region of the community DNA from both sediments revealed the presence of bacteria, archaea and microalgae. Bacterial sequences outnumbered archaea and microalgae. Abundance of Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Burholderiales, Alcaligenaceae, and Achrombacter were observed in the CWS and Actinobacteria, Actinomycetales, Bacillaceae, and Bacillus in the UWS. Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were also observed to be present in both sediments. The genus Achromobacter and Bacillus dominated in the

Reichhaltige Öl- und Gasvorkommen im östlichen Mittelmeer bergen enormes Konfliktpotential. Derzeit zeichnet sich ein Konflikt um die Exploration zwischen der Türkei und der türkisch-zypriotischen Volksgruppe auf der einen Seite und der griechisch-zypriotisch dominierten Republik Zypern auf der anderen ab. Spannungen über diese Ressourcen gibt es ebenfalls zwischen dem Libanon und Israel, in die auch die Republik Zypern hineingezogen werden könnte. Zudem hat Nikosia mit Israel ein bilaterales Abkommen über eine enge Zusammenarbeit bei der Ressourcenausbeute abgeschlossen und eine enge sicherheitspolitischer Zusammenarbeit zwischen beiden Ländern wird zumindest erwogen. Die Konfliktlage hat unabsehbare Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zwischen Zypern, Israel, der Türkei und der arabischen Welt – günstigstenfalls aber auch das Potential, den schwelenden Zypernkonflikt endlich beizulegen und die Kooperation in der Region zu stärken.

The subsurface soil around Baruwa community was reportedly contaminated by hydrocarbon not because the area falls within oil-producing community but it suffers from inceasant leakage from petroleum pipeline that supply petroleum products to hydrocarbon terminar located within the area. Thus, to ascretain the extent of contamination of the subsurface soil around the area, an integrated geophysical methods involving vertical electrical sounding (VES) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) supported with induced polarization (IP) and spontaneous potential (SP) methods were carried out. The hydrocarbon contaminated layers were marked out beneath each VES point by high resistivity ranging between 943Ωm and 4749Ωm at a depth of 1 to 35.44m below the surface. Similarly, ERT result shows that the subsurface soil around the investigated area has been contaminated at a shallow depth of about 2m downward with resistivity value above 1000Ωm. IP and SP data were Integrated to identify the s...

This work evaluated existing and potential adverse impacts in a remediated hydrocarbon spill site impacted by an unquantified volume of petroleum hydrocarbon where  depth to groundwater level may be less than one metre during  peak rainy season.  Pre-remediation concentration of  Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in soils was 30,000mg/kg to 160,000mg/kg while post remediation  values were below the intervention values of 5,000mg/kg, but still higher than the target values of 50mg/kg specified for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria. Similarly, BTEX levels reduced from 5mg/kg to less than 1mg/kg in soil and from 400µg/l to ˂3µg/l in groundwater. Post-remediation Primary Aromatic Hydrocarbon concentrations  reduced from 700mg/kg to 5mg/kg in soil and from 10µg/l to ˂3µg/l in groundwater. Seasonal fluctuations of the groundwater level imprinted a hydrocarbon smear of about 3-6m within the silty and sandy  soil profile. The presence of the post-remediation  residual contaminants at these concen...

The biodiversity of the coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico is threatened by anthropogenic activities of various kinds. The predominant portion of the land-sea margin in the State of Yucatán consists of exposed sandy beaches. This ecosystem is threatened by several activities that vary in spatial scales, at a local: cargo/fishing ports, touristic facilities, maritime traffic, and domestic pollution; and at a larger scale: the forthcoming development of the oil industry. In the absence of information about the biodiversity of the beaches of Yucatán, we implement the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) Pole to Pole sampling protocol to (1) Quantify the spatial patterns of diversity of macrofauna along the beaches; (2) quantify current levels of pollution by hydrocarbons (aromatic and aliphatic); (3) estimate sampling effort for future environmental impact assessments. During November 2018, six localities along the coastline of Yucatán State were sampled following a spatial hierarchical design that included three sites at each locality, and 9–18 core samples in the intertidal strata of each site. As a result, 31 species of invertebrates were registered. The patterns of distribution and abundance of species showed that there was a base community structure along the entire coast dominated by four species. In general, the density of species was relatively low (2–4 species/0.01 m3) and the density of individuals was high (20–200 ind./0.01 m3). The beta diversity was higher between localities with good environmental health, but the estimated alpha diversities did not show a pattern regarding the health of the coast. Lastly, the overall number of species reported suggest that gamma diversity of the macrofauna in the beaches of Yucatán is within the highest known worldwide. Levels of hydrocarbons detected in this study are exceptionally low compared to those reported for other coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico and are several orders of magnitude lower than those considered as lower-threshold values for marine sediments. The biological and chemical patterns reported here indicated that it is an appropriate moment to start long-term monitoring. The sampling design we suggest is based on statistical precision and internationally recognized protocols for assessment of marine diversity on sandy beaches.

The Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is traditionally interpreted as a basin formed in a Mesozoic rift and passive margin setting that was subsequently modified by gravity-driven salt tectonics during Cenozoic time.  Feng et al. (1994) proposed that anomalously rapid tectonic subsidence of 2.5 to 3.5 km calculated in deep wells along the western edge of the basin reflect the onset of foreland basin tectonics as a result of eastward directed Laramide-age thrusting along the Sierra Madre Oriental fold-thrust belt (SMOFTB).  Since the time of their 1994 study, the stratigraphy of both the US and Mexican sectors of the GOM have undergone a major stratigraphic revision based on the recognition that the ubiquitous “mid-Cretaceous unconformity” is now recognized from biostratigraphy in deep exploration wells to be a much younger surface of Late Cretaceous age (e.g., Cantú-Chapa and Landeros-Flores, 2001).  Using this important new stratigraphic constraint, we have compiled seismic and well information on this surface over a petroliferous region of approximately 560,000 km2 that includes giant fields at the Golden Lane and Cantarell.  This top Cretaceous carbonate surface dips uniformly seaward into the GOM at angles of 2° to 5°, is complexly deformed by thrust faults near the modern Mexican coastline, and acts as an extensional detachment surface for 3-6 km of overlying Paleogene to Recent clastic sediments.  Our backstripping of four wells in the offshore area east of the Golden Lane and synthetic wells derived from age-dated horizons on regional seismic lines show a major pulse of subsidence at ~66 to ~40 Ma that we infer as the onset of Laramide-related thrusting in the western GOM that is consistent with other areas of Laramide deformation in North America and Mexico dated in the interval from Late Cretaceous to Paleocene (80 to 55 Ma).  Reservoirs of giant oil fields in the Chicontepec, Veracruz, and Macuspana basins are located in the overlying and extensionally-detached Cenozoic clastic section although most workers agree that key source rocks are within the Late Cretaceous carbonate section. Previous work shows that thrust-related traps deform the late Cretaceous carbonate section in the area between the SMOFTB and the modern coastline: areas seaward of the modern coastline show that the upper Cretaceous limestone dips uniformly seaward with no compressional deformation.

Abstract This article is directed to evaluating the proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) captured on particulate matter (PM) classified as PM2.5–10 and PM2.5, i.e. particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter 2.5–10 μm and 2.5 μm. During three week-long and one 2-day campaigns, 22 paired air samples were taken in parallel of PM10 and PM2.5 fractions inside the Mrazovka tunnel in Prague, Czech Republic. Following sample preparation, concentrations of individual PAHs were determined using gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Concentrations of individual pairs of each PAH were tested by the nonparametric method using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. At significance level p

This work evaluated existing and potential adverse impacts in a remediated hydrocarbon spill site impacted by an unquantified volume of petroleum hydrocarbon where depth to groundwater level may be less than one metre during peak rainy season. Pre-remediation concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon in soils was 30,000mg/kg to 160,000mg/kg while post remediation values were below the intervention values of 5,000mg/kg, but still higher than the target values of 50mg/kg specified for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria. Similarly, BTEX levels reduced from 5mg/kg to less than 1mg/kg in soil and from 400µg/l to ˂3µg/l in groundwater. Post-remediation Primary Aromatic Hydrocarbon concentrations reduced from 700mg/kg to 5mg/kg in soil and from 10µg/l to ˂3µg/l in groundwater. Seasonal fluctuations of the groundwater level imprinted a hydrocarbon smear of about 3-6m within the silty and sandy soil profile. The presence of the post-remediation residual contaminants at these concentrations...

Abstract Lack of pressure data and/or one curve of the essential well logs such as density, neutron, sonic, resistivity and gamma ray curves in some reservoirs, is not preferred situation for the petrophysict, which will affect the petrophysical evaluation process and the reservoir characterization study. Four wells (A, B, C and D), in the area of interest, penetrated Baba sandstone zone in Badri field. The main challenge in the studied zone is the absence of pressure gradients and the density-neutron separation is not clear enough to judge the hydrocarbon type in all wells at the level of baba sandstone reservoir, where they are needed for the estimation of the hydrocarbon type (oil or gas). So it is preferred to use the three porosity logs to investigate the hydrocarbon type. The second challenge is constructing synthetic logs in the absence of the three main porosity logs. In this paper, all available data were used to estimate the hyocarbon type in two studied wells at the level of Baba sandstone zone, firstly by using well logging relationships between density and sonic in the wells which have sonic logs at the zone of interest, secondly by applying special petrophysical studies to help for estimation of hydrocarbon type. Crossplot technique was used to estimate the hydrocarbon type in the zone of interest using the synthetic sonic curve, original density curve, original neutron curve plus their derived porosity and variables values in the used well logging crossplots including some petrophysical crossplots, which can help in this situation. The results of this study revealed that, 1) the synthetic logs play a great role in solving of petrophysical and geological problems, 2) there is a good relationship between the density and sonic logs in the analogues (A and D) wells, and 3) the obtained synthetic sonic log makes a sense with lithology and other logs (neutron and gamma). Therefore, the synthetic sonic log, in corporation with the density and the neutron logs as well as the crossplots can detect the fluid type in the studied wells. The final result that the most likely hydrocarbon type in well (B) is oil while it has gas signature in well (C).

A microbial composition study of sediments of contaminated (CWS) and uncontaminated (UWS) lentic ecosystems within Akwa Ibom State was carried out by analyzing the small-subunit rRNA genes to determine the effect of hydrocarbon contamination on its microbial composition and diversity. Analysis of the V4 region of the community DNA from both sediments revealed the presence of bacteria, archaea and microalgae. Bacterial sequences outnumbered archaea and microalgae. Abundance of Proteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Burholderiales, Alcaligenaceae, and Achrombacter were observed in the CWS and Actinobacteria, Actinomycetales, Bacillaceae, and Bacillus in the UWS. Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were also observed to be present in both sediments. The genus Achromobacter and Bacillus dominated in the

Abstract Lack of pressure data and/or one curve of the essential well logs such as density, neutron, sonic, resistivity and gamma ray curves in some reservoirs, is not preferred situation for the petrophysict, which will affect the petrophysical evaluation process and the reservoir characterization study. Four wells (A, B, C and D), in the area of interest, penetrated Baba sandstone zone in Badri field. The main challenge in the studied zone is the absence of pressure gradients and the density-neutron separation is not clear enough to judge the hydrocarbon type in all wells at the level of baba sandstone reservoir, where they are needed for the estimation of the hydrocarbon type (oil or gas). So it is preferred to use the three porosity logs to investigate the hydrocarbon type. The second challenge is constructing synthetic logs in the absence of the three main porosity logs. In this paper, all available data were used to estimate the hyocarbon type in two studied wells at the level of Baba sandstone zone, firstly by using well logging relationships between density and sonic in the wells which have sonic logs at the zone of interest, secondly by applying special petrophysical studies to help for estimation of hydrocarbon type. Crossplot technique was used to estimate the hydrocarbon type in the zone of interest using the synthetic sonic curve, original density curve, original neutron curve plus their derived porosity and variables values in the used well logging crossplots including some petrophysical crossplots, which can help in this situation. The results of this study revealed that, 1) the synthetic logs play a great role in solving of petrophysical and geological problems, 2) there is a good relationship between the density and sonic logs in the analogues (A and D) wells, and 3) the obtained synthetic sonic log makes a sense with lithology and other logs (neutron and gamma). Therefore, the synthetic sonic log, in corporation with the density and the neutron logs as well as the crossplots can detect the fluid type in the studied wells. The final result that the most likely hydrocarbon type in well (B) is oil while it has gas signature in well (C).

Background and Objectives: Petroleum hydrocarbons are harmful to the environment, human health, and all other living creatures. Oil and its byproducts in contact with water block sunshine to phytoplanktons and thus break the food chain and damage the marine food source. This study aims to isolate the crude oil degrading and biosurfactant producing bacteria from the oil contaminated soils of Gachsaran, Iran. Materials and Methods: Isolation was performed in peptone-water medium with yeast extract. Oil displacement area, emulsification index and bacterial phylogeny using 16S rRNA analysis were studied. Results and Conclusion: Three isolates were able to degrade the crude oil. In the first day, there were two phases in the medium; after a few days, these three bacteria degraded the crude oil until there was only one phase left in the medium. One strain was selected as a superior strain by homogenizing until the medium became clear and transparent. This method confirmed that the strain ...

Field development decisions must be made despite uncertainties of well performance, subsurface response, equipment failure rate, and downstream demands. The heterogeneity of information and complexity of current hydrocarbon assets implies an iterative approach to identify opportunities, which requires risk and uncertainty management. To accomplish such a challenging goal, it is necessary to estimate requirements for surface facilities while considering both reservoir uncertainties and multiple development scenarios, and their link to the economic model. Optimizing production operations may involve identifying opportunities for production increase from reservoir, wells, and surface equipment with the minimum effort. In addition, to make robust planning This paper presents methodologies, technology applications and case-studies for managing risk and uncertainties in the visualization of production scenarios. They are shown examples of multiple reservoir forecasts with wells and surfac...

This paper proposes a novel position controller for computer numerical control (CNC) machines based on a hybrid fuzzy inference system that uses artificial hydrocarbon networks in its defuzzification step, so-called fuzzy-molecular inference system. The fuzzy-molecular-based position controller is characterized to improve the accuracy in position and the time machining. In order to prove these characteristics, a case study was run over a recon-figurable micromachine tool (RmMT) assembly in lathe configuration. In addition, a workpiece machining in the RmMT assembly serves to realize a comparative analysis between the proposed controller and three other controllers: a classical PID controller manually tuned, a PID controller auto-tuned, and a fuzzy Mamdani controller. Experimental results validate the performance and the implementability of the proposed fuzzy-molecular position controller against the others.

A series of experiments was conducted to study the catalytic effects of the stainless-steel reactor material and activated carbon (AC) on the decomposition of methane for production of hydrogen. Additionally, the effects of the methane flow rate, amount of AC, decomposition temperature, and particle size on methane conversion, initial decomposition rate and deactivation time were determined in a fixed bed reactor. The reactor wall seriously affected the methane decomposition when the temperature was higher than 850 °C. The activity of the AC increased with the increase in methane decomposition temperature (775-850 °C), and changing the particle size (135-1095 μm) did not have a significant effect. The initial rate of methane decomposition showed an inverse and non-linear relationship with increasing weight of AC due to the dilution of methane by the produced hydrogen. However, the method of changing the volume hourly space velocity, i.e., by changing either the AC weight at a constant methane flow rate or the methane flow rate at a constant AC weight, did not cause differences in the measured AC initial activity. Various measurements on the AC at the beginning and end of the experiment revealed that methane decomposition occurs mainly within AC micropores. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0926860X10006381/1-s2.0-S0926860X10006381-main.pdf?_tid=135b2d06-2364-11e4-914e-00000aacb361&acdnat=1407987525_8a48ebf073cdf38effee34063d677ec9 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X10006381