Hyperlinks

Digital Accessibility is an inclusive best practice that formalizes the development coding standards. The Accessibility Compliance that are required to satisfy varies by countries, however Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) serve as a core guide that covers the Accessibility requirements for people with different kinds of disabilities accessing the web. The WCAG Accessibility requirements are subjective based on the user experience and the assistive technologies being used along with the wide range of scenarios covered. Given various focus areas on web components as part of WCAG standards, this short article covers the best practices for creating Accessible Hyperlinks

A web page generally includes elements such as text, hyperlink, image, etc. Hyperlink represents a relationship between two web pages or just between sections of the same page. Understanding the hyperlink structure is fundamental to understanding the Web connectivity structure, because hyperlinks have been used in web indexing and information retrieval, as well as page ranking. If the Web were a car, hyperlinks would be the engine, because without them, we are not going anywhere. It can be concluded that search engines consider that any words used by other sites to describe a site is particularly relevant even if the keywords are not used in the backlinked site/page (the linked target destination). In other words, the foreign language text links allow the linked sites to have a chance to be retrieved as relevant results in response to a search query. Many search engines judge the linking page partly based on the quality of the linked page, and if many sites backlinking to a site use keywords in their link text, search engines will raise its ranking for those keywords. Ultimately, backlinks from popular websites with a higher ranking, have a higher weight then backlinks from smaller unknown websites.

In this paper I analyze the network structure of race blogs in relation to the broader political blogosphere and traditional media landscape. Findings show that race blogs exhibit a multi-level, homophilous link structure with respect to non-race blogs, and among race blogs. Race blogs also frame their content in racial terms, unlike their non-race blog counterparts. I argue that these differences set race blogs apart from political blogs and warrant using a different theoretical lens to understand their nature and role within the U.S. political and media landscape. Specifically, I argue that race blogs should be viewed not only through the theoretical lens of political and media influence, but also through the lens of collective action.

This study uses content analysis and in-depth interviews to examine the use and conceptions of hyperlinks among news websites, independent bloggers, and blogging journalists, particularly the way that they contribute to episodic, thematic, and conflict news frames. The news sites’ links function thematically to provide context through background information produced by a limited body of traditional, non-opinionated sources, placing news events in a thematic frame. Bloggers’ links, however, serve as a more social connection, while also pointing toward immediate, specific news issues, placing events in an episodic frame. Blogging journalists are found to be situated between the two groups, appropriating some practices from each.

The Web is a hypertext body of approximately 300 million pages that continues to grow at roughly a million pages per day. Page variation is more prodigious than the data's raw scale: taken as a whole, the set of Web pages lacks a unifying structure and shows far more authoring style and content variation than that seen in traditional text document collections. This level of complexity makes an “off-the-shelf” database management and information retrieval solution impossible. To date, index based search engines for the Web have been the primary tool by which users search for information. Such engines can build giant indices that let you quickly retrieve the set of all Web pages containing a given word or string. Experienced users can make effective use of such engines for tasks that can be solved by searching for tightly constrained key words and phrases. These search engines are, however, unsuited for a wide range of equally important tasks. In particular, a topic of any breadth will typically contain several thousand or million relevant Web pages. How then, from this sea of pages, should a search engine select the correct ones-those of most value to the user? Clever is a search engine that analyzes hyperlinks to uncover two types of pages: authorities, which provide the best source of information on a given topic; and hubs, which provide collections of links to authorities. We outline the thinking that went into Clever's design, report briefly on a study that compared Clever's performance to that of Yahoo and AltaVista, and examine how our system is being extended and updated

This study examines the formation of linking norms among political bloggers and professional journalists. Through in-depth interviews with Web editors, reporters, and bloggers within and outside professional newsrooms, it explores the institutional and cultural forces at work in determining whom blogs and news sites link to, and in what contexts. Drawing on the framework of institutionalism, this study aims to supplement research on journalistic normalization and hyperlink patterns by providing a fuller understanding of the processes by which professional journalism and the political blogosphere mutually adapt toward new norms. It finds a significant role for blogging’s cultural values in establishing the importance of linking within professional newsrooms, but also a heavy influence on journalists’ linking practices from bureaucratic processes within those newsrooms.

In this work, we address the problem of joint modeling of text and citations in the topic modeling framework. We present two dif-ferent models called the Pairwise-Link-LDA and the Link-PLSA-LDA models. The Pairwise-Link-LDA model combines the ideas of LDA [4] ...

The growing number of blogs has caused problems for search engines, problems such as the highly frequent blog spam. Spammers use blogs to promote their websites. Spammers are trying to win the attention of search engines, not of bloggers or their readers. Spam in blogs (also called simply blog spam or comment spam) is a form of search engine spamming done manually or automatically by posting random comments, promoting commercial services, to blogs, wikis, guestbooks, or other publicly-accessible online discussion boards. Any web application that accepts and displays hyperlinks submitted by visitors may be a target of 'Link Spam'. This is the placing or solicitation of links randomly on other sites, placing a desired keyword into the hyperlinked text of the backlink. Blogs, guest books, forums and any site that accepts visitors' comments are particular targets and are often victims of drive-by spamming, where automated software creates nonsense posts with links that are usually irrelevant and unwanted. Link spam dishonestly and deliberately manipulates link-based ranking algorithms of search engines like Google's PageRank to increase the rank of a web site or page so that it is placed as close to the top of search results as possible. A link-based ranking algorithm gives a higher ranking to a site that has many backlinks, especially from highly-ranked sites/pages. The link spammers' underlying assumption is that link spam within the comments of blogs increases traffic to a site from search engines and optimizes site backlinks to help search engines index the site better. The big advantage of this to spammers and marketers/advertisers is that it probably gives their site a great PageRank (Google's ranking algorithm). The more links the spammers can propagate across the Web, the better their rankings in the search engine results. According to the PageRank methodology explanation, Google interprets a link from page 'A' to page 'B' as a vote, by page 'A', for page 'B'. But Google considers more than the sheer volume of votes, or [back]links a page receives; it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves "important" weigh more heavily and help to make other pages "important". If site 'A' links to site 'B', Google calculates this as a vote for site 'B'. The higher the number of votes, the higher the overall value for site 'B'. In a perfect web society, this would be true. However, some bloggers and authors abuse the system, implementing 'link spam' and Google bombing: linking to web sites that have little or nothing to contribute. It is obvious that web bloggers and authors have been able to "bomb" Google and are still playing with Google and other search engines. Spammers may use different methods to spam, for example they may praise other blogs, linking to their own site/page. However, in some cases it is not clear whether it is spam or not. Therefore, not all blog comments are spam. But now the question arises, "Do search engines use backlinks in blog comments to crawl and rank web sites?" When a search engine crawls a blog comment, its crawler reads what the anchor text says about the page that it is linked to, and then follows each link to index the target page/site and the topic or theme of the page. From a search engine's point of view, anchor text determines the topic of the page the link points to.

We describe the query interfaces of a practical biological database system-GPCRDB. Distinguishing features of the system include: an embedded smart query engine (for query relaxation), smooth integration of navigation with the more conventional SQL-based query mechanisms, and the top-down style of incremental query result presentation combined with flexible navigation capabilities. Query relaxation is important due to the fact that queries tend not to be expressed exactly by the users, particularly when complex ...

The principal objective of this research project was to determine if and to what extent cultural factors prescribe interface choices by learners. Concept mapping and standard hyperlinks were offered as choices for information retrieval interfaces. The methods employed were to identify a set of culturally divisive factors, and then to test two different interfaces with a group of culturally diverse, advanced learners. Some of the results had to be ignored due to small sample sizes. The remaining results indicated that most choices, almost irrespective of culture divisive factors, were made in favour of the concept mapping interface. This finding confirmed that of another author in the field. The primary conclusion reached is that concept mapping should be considered as the interface of choice to a knowledge repository to be used by Master's students in Information management.

The rapid growth of the Internet and the media-rich extensions of the World Wide Web allow new developments in the way instructors transfer knowledge to their students. There is no doubt that nothing will replace synchronous learning through face to face interaction but it is sometimes not feasible for students to attend conventional classes due to distance or time constraints. This paper presents a model for using information technology to enhance the learning experience for conventional on-campus students, as well as for those students whose circumstances require that they be asynchronous in time or space. The approach described emphasizes a solution which allows students to attend the class in real time via the Internet, or to access asynchronously digitally stored video material with hyperlinks to online training resources at any time. The proposed solution permits interaction in real-time and asynchronously among students and between students and instructor, which is a key for effective learning. In addition, the instructor maintains a significant level of spontaneity in using multimedia material prepared in advance or using conventional chalkboard or hand written materials via traditional overhead projection. The paper describes the technical issues involved and the chosen solutions to provide enhanced live and archived classes. This paper provides some comments on the evaluation of the learning experience using this method of delivery for on-campus and distance education students. Finally the authors share their vision on future trends to improve the proposed learning environment and the need for an optimal balance between expositive teaching and active learning for both synchronous and asynchronous activities

Countries are engaged in a race towards acquiring a leading position in the e-Government era through strategic plans to increase its services offered to citizens. However, in order to compete globally, it is also important to develop the quality of services and the interactivity of databases offered through e-Government websites’ interface through using state of the art Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
This paper presents an approach to develop the quality, interactivity as well as the visual appearance of services and information offered to citizens in e-Government websites that deal with real estates development and urban planning through engaging Virtual Reality technology (VR) as an advanced interactive visual form of information in such websites. The Survey and Land Registration Bureau (SLRB) and the Ministry of Municipalities and Agriculture Affairs in the Kingdom of Bahrain are chosen as case studies to apply the approach. It has been found that applying such approach on information offered by websites of certain governmental authorities can dramatically affect the framework that governs the interoperability between such authorities. Moreover, it can also affect the interaction between sub-directorates of each authority.

In this paper, we describe two examples of implementations of the Media Fragments URI specification which is currently being developed by the W3C Media Fragments Working Group. The group’s mission is to create standard addressing schemes for media fragments on the Web using Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). We describe two scenarios to illustrate the implementations. More specifically, we show how User Agents (UA) will either be able to resolve media fragment URIs without help from the server, or will make use of a media fragments-aware server. Finally, we present some ongoing discussions and issues regarding the implementation of the Media Fragments specification.

Now, information is useful for every environment in which time similarity is more important case. The most of people are strongly interested in Internet. Web pages in the Internet are linked thorough hyperlinks that contain useful information. By using hyperlinks, web graphs are constructed for time similarity web links in which webs have been seen by users at past. These activities are needed to use for tracing who used the websites for something at the time. So this paper provides the history of users who connect the person started the news. We found that the normalized-cut method with the new similarity metric is particularly effective, as demonstrated on a web log file.

The Web is a hypertext body of approximately 300 million pages that continues to grow at roughly a million pages per day. Page variation is more prodigious than the data's raw scale: taken as a whole, the set of Web pages lacks a unifying structure and shows far more authoring style and content variation than that seen in traditional text document collections. This level of complexity makes an “off-the-shelf” database management and information retrieval solution impossible. To date, index based search engines for the Web have been the primary tool by which users search for information. Such engines can build giant indices that let you quickly retrieve the set of all Web pages containing a given word or string. Experienced users can make effective use of such engines for tasks that can be solved by searching for tightly constrained key words and phrases. These search engines are, however, unsuited for a wide range of equally important tasks. In particular, a topic of any breadth will typically contain several thousand or million relevant Web pages. How then, from this sea of pages, should a search engine select the correct ones-those of most value to the user? Clever is a search engine that analyzes hyperlinks to uncover two types of pages: authorities, which provide the best source of information on a given topic; and hubs, which provide collections of links to authorities. We outline the thinking that went into Clever's design, report briefly on a study that compared Clever's performance to that of Yahoo and AltaVista, and examine how our system is being extended and updated

In this paper we describe the prototype of an archive of short movies. The project proposes two original solutions for implementing the interface of this archive: an organic metaphor and a hypervisual navigation mechanism.
Keywords: hyperlinks, hypervisual navigation