Indo-European Languages

The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Through my works especially- Indus script decipherment breakthrough, PaNameTa-the troy tower weight  and measure system of Harappa, The Harappan Symbol Of 
Man+ Trident And Its Relation To Kausika Visvamitra  And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan Unicorn And The Kalinga Malla MeTas(Tower Weights) , The Harappan Symbol Of  Intersecting Circles And Its Relation  To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), The Harappan Contest Motif Of Nude Man With Six Locks Of Hair Fighting  Two Tigers And Its Relation To The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan symbols of Roots, Nuts And Cocks And Their  Relation    To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), Identification Of KaNva In The Indus Script, Identification Of Troy In The Indus script,Identification Of Barley And Mustard In The Indus Script, Krishna’s Mathura And Dvaraka In The Indus Script, The Pinna In The Indus Script, The Identity Of Vedic Sarasvati And The Location Of Krishna’s Dvaraka, Identification Of Vedic Bharadvaja In The Indus  Script, Krishna’s Dvaraka  In The Indus Script, One Symbol  Of Indus Script Can Tell  A Lot About The Indus Valley Civilisation, The Identity Of Kasyapa In The Indus Valley And Sumeria, Kusa -The Son Of Rama-In Mesopotamia(Sumer),Indus -Sumer Trade, A Few “Copper” Names In The Indus Script, Janaka-King Of Mithila-In The Indus Script,The Vedic Asvins, Yama And Kartikeya In The Indus Script, The Goddess Sarasvati And The Origin Of Brahmi And Kharoshthi, The Origin Of The Roman Aes Grave From The Indus Valley Money, A Solution To The Mystery Of  The Gundestrup  Cauldron, The Eternal Soma Of The Vedas,              Vedic Roots Of Ancient Egyptian Religion, A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice  In The New Testament , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-1:The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-2,
The Punny Plough,The Bearded Kings Of The Ancient,
Bharata -The Language Of The Indus Valley Civilisation,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation -3,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-4,Harappan Vedic Sacrificial Feasts In Mesopotamian Art And In The Bible,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-6 :A Vrishni Silver Coin And Its Harappan Source,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-7: The Conversion Of Makha(Sacrifice) To Tanka(Mint) In The Indus Script,Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-8:Vedic Root Of Gudea’s Akshayapatra,Three Men In A Boat Seal Evidence Of Indus –Dilmun Trade,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-9: The Goodluck Symbols Of The Indus Script, The script of Indus valley civilisation-10:Identification Of The True Vedic Soma From Harappan Seals  Confirms The Indus Valley Civilisation As Vedic, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-11:
Daksha (Soma) Yaaga-The Vedic Eucharist -In The Indus Script , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-12:
Dāśarājñá And Dasaratha In The Indus Script, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-13:The Silver Palm Seals Are Rosetta Stones Of The Indus Script -

I have shown that several seals contain vedic metrological terms,names of vedic ornaments,names of people, places and gods etc. My perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedic  metrology can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily. A significant find herein is the existence of the Kalinga malla mana system during Harappan times challenging  the common perception of its origin from the later  Kalinga kingdom(Orissa).The unicorn is identified as the pala/nishka/soma/agni.Signs of intersecting circles, fish , crab,bud,tower etc. also indicate pala.The six locks of hair indicate  the paNameTa weight of six barley grains.Roots  and nuts indicate viira bhadra/ Drupada/ varaha/pala.We have located Lord Krishna’s Mathura and Dvaraka in the Indus valley scripts.
We have confirmed Mohenjodaro as the first Dvaraka
on the basis of the inscription on the copperplate B7C2 from there and textual evidences from the Rgveda, Mahabharata etc.We have located PadmakuuTa,one of the
palaces of Krishna there.Also we have identified the Sindhu(Indus) as the Vedic Sarasvati river.We have gone through the symbols  identifying the Bharadvajas,the clan of composers of the earliest vedic texts.In Krishna’s Dvaraka we gathered more details from the script on Lord Krishna’s Dvaraka and Sindhu/Sarasvati. We have looked into the
indications of the Harappan jar symbol with three forks on each edge.We have located  the Kasyapas in Hastinapura
trading with Sumeria.We have decoded the Mari Standard,went deeper into the meanings of several Sumerian images and confirmed Meluhha as Vedic Harappa/Indus valley. We have located Janaka,the king of Mithila,father-in-law of Rama, in the Indus script.We have identified the names of copper in the Indus script and located  the Asvins,Yama and Skanda  in the Indus script.In A Model For Indus Script Decipherment
we have identified the deity in the seal M-1181 and built a model for complete decipherment of the Indus script.
We have seen how  Brahmi and Kharoshthi evolved from the Indus Script and how the Indus script was in use along with Brahmi/Kharoshthi even into the  first centuries CE.We have seen how the coins of the ancient world,including the Roman coins evolved from the Indus valley money.
We have looked for  and located a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script, in the varaha/gadyanaka coin form.
We have gone into the relation of the Druids to the Indus valley civilisation and the role of their  Gundestrup cauldron
in the evolution of Christianity.
We have explored the relation of the Anau seal to the Indus Valley Civilisation.
We have gone into the relationship of the Egyptian and Harappan deities.
We have looked into a beautiful story from the New Testament
invoving  the vedic soma sacrifice in A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice In The New Testament.
We have studied  the indications of some of the Indus script symbols with particular reference to their use on ancient coins of India .
We have looked into symbolism of the overflowing vase on the Sumerian statue of Gudea and through it we identified the indications of several Indus symbols including the Harischandra vaajapeya sacrifice.
We have seen how the Harappan glyphs served as goodluck symbols .
The identification of the right vedic soma has two important
aspects:First, it ends the long quest for the mysterious soma. Second,it confirms the Indus valley civilisation as vedic ,beyond any doubt.
We have studied the vedic Daksha Yaaga  and its relation to the soma yaaga.Also we have located  Dāśarājñá and  Dasaratha in the Indus seals.
We have explored the application of the palm seals as further rosetta stones of the Indus script .
In this article we are looking into the claim of mlecca as the language of the Indus valley civilation and concludes that Bharata,not mlecca, was the language of the Indus valley civilisation.

Ratha(car) festivals have been  traditionally associated with temples of India from Harappan times to the present and show the continuity of the vedic culture throught the ages.
Nowadays the most famous of these is the Car festival of the Puri Jagannath temple.
Temple cars are chariots used to carry images of Hindu gods(bhadra-king,bull,gold,girl/bharata-anointed king,fire→bha-ratha→vrisha-bull,Indra→varsha-year,place→vraja-Ambadi/Gokula→vrata-dominion→svar-sun,sky,sound). The cars are usually used on annual festival days called Ratha Yatras.
In Tamilnadu,the great temple car of Thiruvarur(in Tamil: ஆழித் தேர்) is said to be the largest of its kind in height and weight, standing  96 feet (29 m) tall and weighing more than 300 tons.
Annamalaiyar Temple,  Tiruvannamalai,  Chidambaram Natarajar Temple also possess  huge wooden chariots for regular processions. The Natarajar Temple celebrates the chariot festival twice a year; once in the summer (Aani Thirumanjanam, which takes place between June and July) and another in winter (Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai, which takes place between December and January). Lord Krishna of Udupi has five temple cars, namely Brahma ratha (the largest), Madya ratha (medium), kinyo (small), and the silver and gold rathas.
In the Sunasepha sacrifice Indra presented his suvarNa ratha(golden car) to Sunasepha.
In the Yuddha(udaya) KaNDa of the Ramayana Indra gave his Ratha(tara) to Rama.
The spiked car of Harappa described by Dr.Massimo Vidale is an Indra Ratha model used in the Rajasuuya sacrificial ritual.Since raajas are not there now,the “ritual is also lost” as noted by him.

This table shows an unusual spectrum of cognates: Indo-European - Sanskrit, Avestan, Persian, Belarusian, Croatian, Polish, Romanian, Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Latin, Irish, Scots-Gaelic, Welsh, Italian, French, English, Etruscan, Hittite, Tocharian, Luwian;; in addition, Hurrian, Urartian, Akkadian, Georgian, Latvian, Baltic-Sudovian, and Finnish-Uralic. Overlaying the Semitic Sumero-Akkadian cognates in this table has produced an unusual Concordance. The Concordance is also part of our Copeland-Akkadian-English.Dictionary which integrates the findings in our Indo-European Table. Part 6 (http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1B.1.html) is our first integrated Akkadian-Indo-European, Altaic, etc. Table,  Click on it for the most current version.

The process of deriving substantives from adjectives in the classical Indo-European languages can be accomplished in two fundamentally different ways. The first possibility is a derivational one, i.e. the adjective is substantivized by a word-formation process that typically consists of an overt morphological or morphonological operation such as suffixation, accent shift, introduction of new ablaut grades, or a combination thereof. The second process, on the other hand, is a gradual one: an adjective can be substantivized through the ellipsis of a head noun that this adjective was originally paired with. In this paper, I intend to outline the differences and similarities between these two mechanisms and discuss their role in the interpretation of Proto-Indo-European stems in *-(e-)h2- .

https://brill.com/view/journals/ieul/8/1/article-p181_4.xml?language=en

Updated attached exel file only, 3.09.2024. Updated to include corrections of mirrors. One mirror carries the name TIRANAII (Tyrhenni).  It is the oldest extant document containing the name Herodotus referred to and may predate Herodotus' "Histories." The Etruscan Glossary A spreadsheet presents 2,800 individual words from the major extant Etruscan texts. The texts contain a total word count of 6,000+ words, about 4,000 of which are repetitious. The Etruscan Glossary also sheds light on Etruscan declension and conjugation patterns that are similar to Latin, French & Italian. The glossary accounts for all of the 6,000+ words in the texts, including  the Zagreb Mummy wrapping and important grammatical and mythological data contained in Etruscan mirrors. Each word in the glossary has alphanumeric locators showing exactly where they are used in the cited texts.

To this day, the question of the internal or external origin of the “Indo-Aryan speaking Vedic people” is one of the most popular subjects of scientific speculation. While some scholars (archaeologists, linguists, geneticists, anthropologists, historians) still devoted to the Aryan Migrationist theory which states that nomadic Aryans invaded India between 1500 - 1200 BCE, destroyed the Harappan Civilization and pushed its inhabitants -the Dravidian people- to the south of India; others suggests that Aryans were the indigenous population and that an invasion of India from the outside around 1500 did not occur. This presentation will discuss the linguistic, literary and archaeological evidences of these two contradicting theories and outline the cultural exchanges between dravidian and aryan cultures in light of recent data. I will also discuss the reasons for the decline of Indus-Harappan Civilization and the collapse of urban society in 1500 BCE: Invasion of the nomadic Aryan warriors, social instabilities, decline in trade, climate shift that caused great droughts for several centuries or human-induced environmental degradation? One of the consequences of the disintegration of the Harappan civilization (perhaps because of continued aridification) has been the large-scale depopulation of Indus cities and the concentration of new settlements in the Ganges Plain.

The Vulgar Pre-Indo-European new lengthened grade marking nominative and locative singular forms must be distinguished from a Proto-Indo-European geminate transfix *_VV_ which was realized as a long vowel in the root vowel slot. The new lengthened grade arose by laws of Auslaut and was secondarily employed as an additional marker of nominative singular and locative singular forms. It cannot plausibly be dated to a period prior than the Vulgar Pre-Indo-European dialect or variant cluster. The geminate transfix *_VV_, however, was a proper Proto-Indo-European marker of nominal and verbal PLURATIVITY.

Keywords: Lengthened grade, Szemerényi’s law, Nussbaum’s law.

The aim of this paper was to comparatively analyze some
(Proto)Indo-European and Oromo-Cush phonological, lexical and
grammatical items and roots. It was triggered by competing
debates and models on (Proto-)Indo-European ((P-)IE) origin, one
of which is the Ancient Model pointing to Africa. (P-)IE and closest
relatives, Eurasiatic and Anatolian, data was collected from the
literature. Pertinent Oromo corpora and native speaker data were
collected. They were subjected to the Comparative Model analysis.
Quite intriguing results showing significant level of resemblance,
both in form and meaning, and implications emerged.

This paper argues that Hittite anšaššiwiš ‘corpse’ is ultimately a Luwianism based on a genitival derivative made from Luw. mīša- ‘flesh, meat’ < PIE *mē(m)s-o-. The problematic and exceedingly rare sequence -nš- finds its explanation as the expectable reflex of (secondary) sequence *-ms- that arose in the Luwian word after syncope of short pretonic vowel in *misā́ssa/i-.

The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which have not been properly understood so far. Several seals contain vedic metrological terms,names of vedic ornaments,metal names,names of people, places and gods etc. My perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedic literature, temple legends ,vedic rites and rituals, and vedic  metrology alone can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily.A brief attempt in this direction is made through my different articles.
In previous articles we have confirmed the Indus script readings based on the Narayanastra shot by Asvatthama,the Kaurava commander-in-chief in the Kurukshetra war, by
the name of one of the samvatsaras in the 60 year Jupiter cycle followed by the Harappans and found mentioned in the seal L051a and by the Biblical story of Christ’s raising of Lazarus four days after his death.
We have identified the story of Sudasa in the Rigveda and the Traigarta and Trisiras in the Mahabharata.
We have used the Hebrew lmlk seal as a rosetta stone for reading the Indus script.
In the last article we have identified the Sumerian term Meluhha in the Indus script seals,which gives direct evidence of Indus-Sumer trade,confrming Bharata varsha as Meluhha.
Also we have looked into the origin of the word Meluhha in Vedic IVC instead of  in Sumer/Sumerian.
We have identified Satyabhama-the wife of Krishna in the Indus seals and confirmed  Meluhha as Bharata Varsha based on  Shu-Ilishu’s seal and  Harappan seals.
We have gone into the presence  of the treasury of the Bharatas in Taxila, Hastinapura,Ayodhya etc.in the north and Irinjalakuda,Thiruvanantapuram etc. in the south of India.
We have located the words  throne and koTTaram in the Indus script.
We have studied  a Kushana vohu manah coin with
a Harappan motif on it.
In the last articles we have confirmed the Indus script readings of the fish/jar signs from known Sumerian readings and attempted to read the Indus writing on a tin ingot from Haifa.
In this article we are studying the relation of the story of Gilgamesh to vedic stories and ascertaining the age of the Rigveda.

The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Through my works especially- Indus script decipherment breakthrough, PaNameTa-the troy tower weight  and measure system of Harappa, The Harappan Symbol Of 
Man+ Trident And Its Relation To Kausika Visvamitra  And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan Unicorn And The Kalinga Malla MeTas(Tower Weights) , The Harappan Symbol Of  Intersecting Circles And Its Relation  To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), The Harappan Contest Motif Of Nude Man With Six Locks Of Hair Fighting  Two Tigers And Its Relation To The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan symbols of Roots, Nuts And Cocks And Their  Relation    To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), Identification Of KaNva In The Indus Script, Identification Of Troy In The Indus script,Identification Of Barley And Mustard In The Indus Script, Krishna’s Mathura And Dvaraka In The Indus Script, The Pinna In The Indus Script, The Identity Of Vedic Sarasvati And The Location Of Krishna’s Dvaraka, Identification Of Vedic Bharadvaja In The Indus  Script, Krishna’s Dvaraka  In The Indus Script, One Symbol  Of Indus Script Can Tell  A Lot About The Indus Valley Civilisation, The Identity Of Kasyapa In The Indus Valley And Sumeria, Kusa -The Son Of Rama-In Mesopotamia(Sumer),Indus -Sumer Trade, A Few “Copper” Names In The Indus Script, Janaka-King Of Mithila-In The Indus Script,The Vedic Asvins, Yama And Kartikeya In The Indus Script, The Goddess Sarasvati And The Origin Of Brahmi And Kharoshthi, The Origin Of The Roman Aes Grave From The Indus Valley Money, A Solution To The Mystery Of  The Gundestrup  Cauldron, The Eternal Soma Of The Vedas,              Vedic Roots Of Ancient Egyptian Religion, A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice  In The New Testament , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-1:The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-2,
The Punny Plough,The Bearded Kings Of The Ancient,
Bharata -The Language Of The Indus Valley Civilisation,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation -3,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-4,Harappan Vedic Sacrificial Feasts In Mesopotamian Art And In The Bible,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-6 :A Vrishni Silver Coin And Its Harappan Source,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-7: The Conversion Of Makha(Sacrifice) To Tanka(Mint) In The Indus Script,Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-8:Vedic Root Of Gudea’s Akshayapatra,Three Men In A Boat Seal Evidence Of Indus –Dilmun Trade,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-9: The Goodluck Symbols Of The Indus Script, The script of Indus valley civilisation-10:Identification Of The True Vedic Soma From Harappan Seals  Confirms The Indus Valley Civilisation As Vedic, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-11:
Daksha (Soma) Yaaga-The Vedic Eucharist -In The Indus Script , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-12:
Dāśarājñá And Dasaratha In The Indus Script, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-13:The Silver Palm Seals Are Rosetta Stones Of The Indus Script , Vedic And Sumerian Linguistic Evidences For The Language Of Harappa, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-14:The Difference Of Meluhha And Mlecca,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-15:The Shift Of The Capital Of The Vrishnis From Mathura( Kalibangan) To Dvaraka( Mohenjodaro) -

I have shown that several seals contain vedic metrological terms,names of vedic ornaments,names of people, places and gods etc. My perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedic  metrology can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily. A significant find herein is the existence of the Kalinga malla mana system during Harappan times challenging  the common perception of its origin from the later  Kalinga kingdom(Orissa).The unicorn is identified as the pala/nishka/soma/agni.Signs of intersecting circles, fish , crab,bud,tower etc. also indicate pala.The six locks of hair indicate  the paNameTa weight of six barley grains.Roots  and nuts indicate viira bhadra/ Drupada/ varaha/pala.We have located Lord Krishna’s Mathura and Dvaraka in the Indus valley scripts.
We have confirmed Mohenjodaro as the first Dvaraka
on the basis of the inscription on the copperplate B7C2 from there and textual evidences from the Rgveda, Mahabharata etc.We have located PadmakuuTa,one of the
palaces of Krishna there.Also we have identified the Sindhu(Indus) as the Vedic Sarasvati river.We have gone through the symbols  identifying the Bharadvajas,the clan of composers of the earliest vedic texts.In Krishna’s Dvaraka we gathered more details from the script on Lord Krishna’s Dvaraka and Sindhu/Sarasvati. We have looked into the
indications of the Harappan jar symbol with three forks on each edge.We have located  the Kasyapas in Hastinapura
trading with Sumeria.We have decoded the Mari Standard,went deeper into the meanings of several Sumerian images and confirmed Meluhha as Vedic Harappa/Indus valley. We have located Janaka,the king of Mithila,father-in-law of Rama, in the Indus script.We have identified the names of copper in the Indus script and located  the Asvins,Yama and Skanda  in the Indus script.In A Model For Indus Script Decipherment
we have identified the deity in the seal M-1181 and built a model for complete decipherment of the Indus script.
We have seen how  Brahmi and Kharoshthi evolved from the Indus Script and how the Indus script was in use along with Brahmi/Kharoshthi even into the  first centuries CE.We have seen how the coins of the ancient world,including the Roman coins evolved from the Indus valley money.
We have looked for  and located a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script, in the varaha/gadyanaka coin form.
We have gone into the relation of the Druids to the Indus valley civilisation and the role of their  Gundestrup cauldron
in the evolution of Christianity.
We have explored the relation of the Anau seal to the Indus Valley Civilisation.
We have gone into the relationship of the Egyptian and Harappan deities.
We have looked into a beautiful story from the New Testament
invoving  the vedic soma sacrifice in A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice In The New Testament.
We have studied  the indications of some of the Indus script symbols with particular reference to their use on ancient coins of India .
We have looked into symbolism of the overflowing vase on the Sumerian statue of Gudea and through it we identified the indications of several Indus symbols including the Harischandra vaajapeya sacrifice.
We have seen how the Harappan glyphs served as goodluck symbols .
The identification of the right vedic soma has two important
aspects:First, it ends the long quest for the mysterious soma. Second,it confirms the Indus valley civilisation as vedic ,beyond any doubt.
We have studied the vedic Daksha Yaaga  and its relation to the soma yaaga.Also we have located  Dāśarājñá and  Dasaratha in the Indus seals.
We have explored the application of the palm seals as further rosetta stones of the Indus script .
We have looked into the claim of mlecca as the language of the Indus valley civilation and concluded that Bharata,not mlecca, was the language of the Indus valley civilisation.
We have gone into the shift of the vedic Yadava clans from the Ghaggar-Hakra to the Sarasvati(Sindhu) basin.
We have seen that the river Sindhu is the Rig vedic river Sarasvati and the Ghaggar is the Yamuna.
In this article we are confirming the river Sindhu as the Sarasvati and Mohenjodaro as Dvaraka.

(from a work published in 1981) This table shows an unusual spectrum of cognates: Indo-European - Sanskrit, Avestan, Persian, Belarusian, Croatian, Polish, Romanian, Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Latin, Irish, Scots-Gaelic, Welsh, Italian, French, English, Etruscan, Hittite, Tocharian, Luwian;; in addition, Hurrian, Urartian, Akkadian, Georgian, Latvian, Baltic-Sudovian, and Finnish-Uralic. Overlaying the Semitic Sumero-Akkadian cognates in this table has produced an unusual Concordance. The Concordance is also part of our Copeland-Akkadian-English.Dictionary which integrates the findings in our Indo-European Table. Part 2 (http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1A.html) includes our integrated Akkadian-Indo-European Table. Click on it for the most current version.

Ratha(car) festivals have been  traditionally associated with temples of India from Harappan times to the present and show the continuity of the vedic culture throught the ages.
Nowadays the most famous of these is the Car festival of the Puri Jagannath temple.
Temple cars are chariots used to carry images of Hindu gods(bhadra-king,bull,gold,girl/bharata-anointed king,fire→bha-ratha→vrisha-bull,Indra→varsha-year,place→vraja-Ambadi/Gokula→vrata-dominion→svar-sun,sky,sound). The cars are usually used on annual festival days called Ratha Yatras.
In Tamilnadu,the great temple car of Thiruvarur(in Tamil: ஆழித் தேர்) is said to be the largest of its kind in height and weight, standing  96 feet (29 m) tall and weighing more than 300 tons.
Annamalaiyar Temple,  Tiruvannamalai,  Chidambaram Natarajar Temple also possess  huge wooden chariots for regular processions. The Natarajar Temple celebrates the chariot festival twice a year; once in the summer (Aani Thirumanjanam, which takes place between June and July) and another in winter (Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai, which takes place between December and January). Lord Krishna of Udupi has five temple cars, namely Brahma ratha (the largest), Madya ratha (medium), kinyo (small), and the silver and gold rathas.
In the Sunasepha sacrifice Indra presented his suvarNa ratha(golden car) to Sunasepha.
In the Yuddha(udaya) KaNDa of the Ramayana Indra gave his Ratha(tara) to Rama.
The spiked car of Harappa described by Dr.Massimo Vidale is an Indra Ratha model used in the Rajasuya sacrificial ritual.Ratha is raaja(king)/tara(agni).Since raajas are not there now,the “ritual is also lost” as noted by him.The Rajasuya is the ritual of Inaugurating/anointing a samrat/bharata/emperor/king as Indra/Vishnu/God.

This important book deals with the laryngeal loss rule customarily referred to as the Weather Rule (German: Wetter-Regel): the laryngeal is regularly lost after an unaccented vowel or a non-initial syllabic resonant and before a cluster formed by at least one obstruent followed by a non-syllabic resonant or a semivowel. This book is a seminal contribution to the study of Indo-European phonology, morphology, and etymology.

Semenenko A.A. On the true meaning of Ashva in Rigveda // Диалог языков и культур в современном образовательном пространстве: материалы международной научно-практической конференции (Россия, Воронеж, апрель 2019 г.) / Колл. авторов. – Воронеж: ФГБОУ ВО Воронежский ГАУ, 2019. – C. 131–136.

The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Through my works especially- Indus script decipherment breakthrough, PaNameTa-the troy tower weight  and measure system of Harappa, The Harappan Symbol Of 
Man+ Trident And Its Relation To Kausika Visvamitra  And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan Unicorn And The Kalinga Malla MeTas(Tower Weights) , The Harappan Symbol Of  Intersecting Circles And Its Relation  To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), The Harappan Contest Motif Of Nude Man With Six Locks Of Hair Fighting  Two Tigers And Its Relation To The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan symbols of Roots, Nuts And Cocks And Their  Relation    To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), Identification Of KaNva In The Indus Script, Identification Of Troy In The Indus script,Identification Of Barley And Mustard In The Indus Script, Krishna’s Mathura And Dvaraka In The Indus Script, The Pinna In The Indus Script, The Identity Of Vedic Sarasvati And The Location Of Krishna’s Dvaraka, Identification Of Vedic Bharadvaja In The Indus  Script, Krishna’s Dvaraka  In The Indus Script, One Symbol  Of Indus Script Can Tell  A Lot About The Indus Valley Civilisation, The Identity Of Kasyapa In The Indus Valley And Sumeria, Kusa -The Son Of Rama-In Mesopotamia(Sumer),Indus -Sumer Trade, A Few “Copper” Names In The Indus Script, Janaka-King Of Mithila-In The Indus Script,The Vedic Asvins, Yama And Kartikeya In The Indus Script, The Goddess Sarasvati And The Origin Of Brahmi And Kharoshthi, The Origin Of The Roman Aes Grave From The Indus Valley Money, A Solution To The Mystery Of  The Gundestrup  Cauldron, The Eternal Soma Of The Vedas,              Vedic Roots Of Ancient Egyptian Religion, A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice  In The New Testament , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-1:The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-2,
The Punny Plough,The Bearded Kings Of The Ancient,
Bharata -The Language Of The Indus Valley Civilisation,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation -3,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-4,Harappan Vedic Sacrificial Feasts In Mesopotamian Art And In The Bible,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-6 :A Vrishni Silver Coin And Its Harappan Source,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-7: The Conversion Of Makha(Sacrifice) To Tanka(Mint) In The Indus Script,Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-8:Vedic Root Of Gudea’s Akshayapatra,Three Men In A Boat Seal Evidence Of Indus –Dilmun Trade,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-9: The Goodluck Symbols Of The Indus Script, The script of Indus valley civilisation-10:Identification Of The True Vedic Soma From Harappan Seals  Confirms The Indus Valley Civilisation As Vedic, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-11:
Daksha (Soma) Yaaga-The Vedic Eucharist -In The Indus Script , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-12:
Dāśarājñá And Dasaratha In The Indus Script, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-13:The Silver Palm Seals Are Rosetta Stones Of The Indus Script , Vedic And Sumerian Linguistic Evidences For The Language Of Harappa, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-14:The Difference Of Meluhha And Mlecca,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-15:The Shift Of The Capital Of The Vrishnis From Mathura( Kalibangan) To Dvaraka( Mohenjodaro), 6000 Year Old Mehrgarh Wheel
Amulet Employs Vedic Script, The Script Of Indus Valley
Civilisation-16:Vedic Sarasvati-Ganga Civilisation, The Identity Of  The RigVedic Rivers, Mohenjo-daro-The City Of Krishna , Gods fighting Dragons,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-17:A Harappan Seal With A Majestic Bull,The Sindhu Is The Vedic Sarasvati ,Suvarna Is Not The Vedic Soma,Govinda Garudadhvaja Vishtarasrava-The Supreme God Of The Harappans, The Continuity Of Vedic Bharata Varsha Civilisation From Harappa To The Present , The Etymology of Irinjalakuda A Rosetta Stone For The Indus Script, The Identification Of The Royal Throne In The Indus Script,
The Identification Of The Royal Throne Of Lord Krishna In The Indus Script, The Star Of Bethlehem And  Its Relation To The Indus Script, The ‘Sma’ In Metal Names Of The Indus Glyphs, The Significance Of The Madhya-Ma In The Indus script, A Harappan Spiked Throne Confirms Vedic Identity Of  Indus Valley Civilisation, Vedic Rajasuya-The Harappan Ritual Of Inaugurating Kings As Gods -

I have shown that several seals contain vedic metrological terms,names of vedic ornaments,names of people, places and gods etc. My perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedic literature, temple legends ,vedic rites and rituals, along with vedic  metrology alone can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily.A brief attempt in this direction is made here .A significant find herein is the existence of the Kalinga malla mana system during Harappan times challenging  the common perception of its origin from the later  Kalinga kingdom(Orissa).The unicorn is identified as the pala/nishka/soma/agni.Signs of intersecting circles, fish , crab,bud,tower etc. also indicate pala.The six locks of hair indicate  the paNameTa weight of six barley grains.Roots  and nuts indicate viira bhadra/ Drupada/ varaha/pala.We have located Lord Krishna’s Mathura and Dvaraka in the Indus valley scripts.
We have confirmed Mohenjodaro as the first Dvaraka
on the basis of the inscription on the copperplate B7C2 from there and textual evidences from the Rgveda, Mahabharata etc.We have located PadmakuuTa,one of the palaces of Krishna there.Also we have identified the Sindhu(Indus) as the Vedic Sarasvati river.We have gone through the symbols  identifying the Bharadvajas,the clan of composers of the earliest vedic texts.In Krishna’s Dvaraka we gathered more details from the script on Lord Krishna’s Dvaraka and Sindhu/Sarasvati. We have looked into the indications of the Harappan jar symbol with three forks on each edge.We have located  the Kasyapas in Hastinapura trading with Sumeria.We have decoded the Mari Standard,went deeper into the meanings of several Sumerian images and confirmed Meluhha as Vedic Harappa/Indus valley. We have located Janaka,the king of Mithila,father-in-law of Rama, in the Indus script.We have identified the names of copper in the Indus script and located  the Asvins,Yama and Skanda  in the Indus script.In A Model For Indus Script Decipherment we have identified the deity in the seal M-1181 and built a model for complete decipherment of the Indus script.
We have seen how  Brahmi and Kharoshthi evolved from the Indus Script and how the Indus script was in use along with Brahmi/Kharoshthi even into the  first centuries CE.We have seen how the coins of the ancient world,including the Roman coins evolved from the Indus valley money.
We have looked for  and located a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script, in the varaha/gadyanaka coin form.
We have gone into the relation of the Druids to the Indus valley civilisation and the role of their  Gundestrup cauldron
in the evolution of Christianity.
We have explored the relation of the Anau seal to the Indus Valley Civilisation.
We have gone into the relationship of the Egyptian and Harappan deities.
We have looked into a beautiful story from the New Testament
invoving  the vedic soma sacrifice in A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice In The New Testament.
We have studied  the indications of some of the Indus script symbols with particular reference to their use on ancient coins of India .
We have looked into symbolism of the overflowing vase on the Sumerian statue of Gudea and through it we identified the indications of several Indus symbols including the Harischandra vaajapeya sacrifice.
We have seen how the Harappan glyphs served as goodluck symbols .
The identification of the right vedic soma has two important
aspects:First, it ends the long quest for the mysterious soma. Second,it confirms the Indus valley civilisation as vedic ,beyond any doubt.
We have studied the vedic Daksha Yaaga  and its relation to the soma yaaga.Also we have located  Dāśarājñá and  Dasaratha in the Indus seals.
We have explored the application of the palm soma seals as further rosetta stones of the Indus script .
We have looked into the claim of mlecca as the language of the Indus valley civilation and concluded that Bharata,not mlecca, was the language of the Indus valley civilisation.
We have gone into the shift of the vedic Yadava clans from the Ghaggar-Hakra to the Sarasvati(Sindhu) basin.
We have confirmed the river Sindhu as the Rig vedic river Sarasvati and the Ghaggar/Hakra  as the Yamuna.
We have established that the unicorn standard
of Harappan civilisation is  Govinda/Vishnu the supreme
god of the Harappans .We have also identified vedic
genealogies in some of the Bharata varsha seals
establishing the continuity of vedic civilisation from
Harappan times to the present day.We have also
gone into a possible link of the names of
the Harappan Mathura and Mesopotamian Assur.
We  have identified some of the Harappan glyphs indicating kings,thrones and palaces.
W have identified some of the symbols of Lord Krishna in the Indus script.
We have looked into the sma in metal names of the Indus script and the significance of the madhya-ma /naama.
We have identified the Visvamitra-Sunasepha story in the lady of spiked throne of Harappa.
We have gone into the significance of the Rajasuya ritual of Harappa.
We have looked into some of the metal work symbols employed by the Kausika/Bharata/Visvakarma
metal workers of Bharata Varsha/Harappa.
We have gone into the royal seats of Visvamitra,
Rama,Bharata,Krishna etc.in the Sindhu-Yamuna basin.
We have gone into the use of the man-on –tree symbol to indicate the exquisite finish of the throne especially in relation to King Bhagiratha.
In this article we are looking into the influence of the Harappan Bharatas in Hattusa,Mitanni,Egypt etc.

This is the fifth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.

This is the fourth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.

For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 of this document.

This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1600 of them, adding more than 300 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.

On retrouve de nombreuses racines communes entre le gaulois et les langues slaves, et notamment les langues slaves du Sud, ainsi que le lituanien et le slavon, langues proto-slaves, attestant des liens étroits entre les Gaulois et le monde slave ancien, que je détaillerai dans un premier temps en vue de démontrer que les concordances linguistiques que je présente dans la seconde partie de cette étude sont fondées. Ces concordances peuvent s'expliquer en premier lieu par le fait que, selon les études les plus récentes, basées sur les dernières découvertes de la génétique, près de la moitié des Européens actuels descendent des cavaliers des steppes de la culture Yamna qui, venus du Caucase et de l'Iran, voire de l'Altaï, du Pamir ou de l'Hindou-Kouch, se sont installés dans les steppes du Sud de la Russie et de l'Ukraine au contact de populations sédentaires proto-slaves, dont celles de la culture de Cucuteni-Tripolje (qui serait d'origine dravidienne, comme celles de Vinča, Butmir et Visoko). La culture Yamna est génétiquement liée aux 3/4 à celles de la céramique cordée et de la hache de combat, qui se sont diffusées de la Russie aux Pays baltes, à la Pologne, la République tchèque et la Slovaquie, l'Allemagne et la Gaule. Ces cultures sont à l'origine de toutes les langues indo-européennes et des peuples slaves, celtes et germaniques, ce qui explique les similarités du gaulois avec le slave et l'indo-européen. Plusieurs études récentes corroborent en outre la thèse évoquée de longue date par des historiens français selon laquelle les Gaulois descendent des Cimmériens (kymru signifiant compatriote en gaulois), issus des civilisations Yamna et Srubna (qui se sont succédées). Les Thraces, proches des Cimmériens, les Illyriens, les Sarmates et les Vénètes sont également originaires du Nord de la Mer Noire. Vers-5.000, les ancêtres des Indo-européens occidentaux, dont les Ligures (dont le nom viendrait du dravidien gori, montagne) et les Gaulois, ont construit un empire en Ukraine, Russie du Sud-Est, Moldavie, Roumanie et Carpates. La tribu gauloise des Boudins est même restée sur les bords du Don. Tous ces peuples ont poursuivi leur migration, certains vers la Pologne (Vénètes), d'autres vers la région danubienne, où ils se sont joints à la civilisation de Hallstatt (Celtes, Cimmériens, Illyriens et Vénètes), d'autres vers les Balkans (Thraces et Illyriens), d'autres vers l'Anatolie (Thraces, Cimmériens, Vénètes et Celtes). Chassés d'Anatolie, les Cimmériens, Celtes et Vénètes ont poursuivi leur migration vers la Gaule. Ce n'est toutefois qu'à la fin de l'âge du bronze, vers-1.500, que la civilisation de Hallstatt et des champs d'urnes a commencé à se diffuser de la région du Danube vers la Gaule, ce qui pose la question de l'origine de la civilisation mégalithique qui s'est épanouie en Gaule à partir de-5.000. Diverses études apportent des éléments de réponse à cette question, dont une étude de l'UNESCO, qui évoque des migrations d'Asie vers l'Europe au 7 ème millénaire av. J. C., et une étude de l'Université de Toronto, qui explique la proximité avec le sanskrit des langues slaves archaïques, tel le vieux slavon (lié au vieux bulgare) et le slovène, par des contacts très anciens. Cette proximité, que l'on retrouve en gaulois, peut s'expliquer par l'apport au gaulois des Vénètes, dont les Slovènes sont issus et dont le nom serait issu du sanskrit vind, connu, familier, selon cette étude. S. Zaborowski, dans L'origine des Slaves, souligne les liens très étroits des Vénètes avec les Gaulois dès la naissance de la civilisation de Hallstatt, puis en Gaule, en Italie du Nord, en Bohème, en Pannonie et en Illyrie, où les Gaulois n'étaient entourés que de Slaves et se sont fondus dans la population locale. Une étude roumaine souligne aussi les liens très anciens de la civilisation pélasgienne carpato-danubienne avec les Indo-Aryens védiques, antérieurs à la civilisation des kourganes. Une autre étude souligne les similitudes entre le dravidien, les langues caucasiennes, le roumain, l'albanais, l'étrusque et les langues ibériques. André de Paniagua, dans plusieurs ouvrages, conforte cette thèse en suggérant que les Celtes et les Vénètes seraient en partie issus de Dravidiens venus de l'Inde primitive, qui se serait mêlés aux peuples des steppes venus de l'Altaï pour s'installer en premier lieu dans le Caucase et au Nord de la Mer Noire et former la culture des kourganes, et poursuivre ensuite leur migration vers la région danubienne et les Balkans, puis l'Europe occidentale, où ils auraient diffusé la culture mégalithique dravidienne. Il évoque à cet égard la diffusion de l'Inde au Caucase, aux Balkans, à l'Italie et à la Bretagne, des termes dravidiens vel, vin, blanc (beli en sl. c., balaros, vindos en gaulois), et kar, kara, noir (crni en sl. c.), que l'on retrouve dans le nom du lac blanc de Van et d'Erevan en Arménie, de la blanche Albanie du Caucase et des Balkans, de la Mer noire (kara deniz en turc), de la montagne noire du Monténégro (crna gora en slave), des Vénètes de l'Adriatique (dont le nom viendrait du dravidien adru, étendue d'eau, comme celui de l'Oder-Odra en polonais, où les Vénètes se sont également fixés), des blanches Venise et Vindobona (Vienne), des Carpates (enceinte noire en dravidien) et de la blanche Valachie, de Vannes la blanche et Carnac la noire, de la blanche Albion et la noire Calédonie. Les Celtes seraient « les Célestes du feu » en dravidien et les Gaulois « les Coqs », du dravidien kur/kori/koli qui aurait évolué en Galli. Selon les linguistes Allan Bomhard et John Kern, ces migrants dravidiens, dont le foyer d'origine serait l'Iran, puis la vallée de l'Indus, sont en partie remontés vers la Sibérie centrale et il est donc plausible qu'ils se soient mélés aux peuples des steppes pour poursuivre leur migration vers l'Ouest. La Gaule avant les Gaulois évoque aussi cette migration venue d'Orient, qui aurait pu apporter la culture mégalithique que les Dravidiens ont développée

According to the  prevalent history of Bharata varsha as told by western scholars the Indus valley civilisation belonged to the
Dravida/Munda people and the vedic people(Aryans) reached India around 1900 BCE only . But in reality the Indus civilisation is vedic and the vedic people were in the Indus Valley at least from 6000BCE as seen from the excavations.
If an unknown script can explain the known myth and known history of a nation,what more proof is required to show that the script belongs to the same people.The script of Egypt explains
their myth and history.The script of Sumer,Akkad or Elam does the same.So it is natural for the Indus script to denote the myth
and history of the Hindu/Sindhu / Sarasvati/ vindu/vipra/sura/ bhuusura/bhudeva/bharata/kuru/pancala/Somaka  people.Hence in this article we shall try to understand a bit of Indian history through the Indus script.We shall presently see  a few evidences pointing to the existence of the Aryans in the Indus Valley several millennia prior to the so called Aryan
arrival in the Indus valley.
In the last  articles we have looked into the writing of the Harappans in the early Ravi/Kot Diji phases and concluded that they are the same vedic people of the mature Harappan phase.
We also compared an inscribed  Ravi sherd showing  presence of the Pancalas/ Bharatas in the Indus valley before 3300BCE and a Taxila coin showing their presence in Taxila around 200 BCE confirming the continuity of the vedic civilisation in the Indus Valley from the early Harappan days.
In this article we are looking into the story of Indra’s clandestine love for Ahalya as shown in an Indus seal.

One of the reasons for the hesitation of scholars  to accept
the Indus valley civilisation as vedic is that the Rg veda has
several passages referring to Asva-the horse in the modern sense of the term and the veda itself states that its horse has 34 ribs whereas a modern horse usually has 36 ribs.
According to the  prevalent history of Bharata varsha as told by western scholars the Indus Valley Civilisation belonged to the
Dravida/Munda people and the vedic people(Aryans) reached India around 1900 BCE only . But in reality the Indus civilisation is vedic and the vedic people were in the Indus Valley at least from 6000BCE as seen from the excavations.
If an unknown script can explain the known myth and known history of a nation,what more proof is required to show that the script belongs to the same people.The script of Egypt explains
their myth and history.The script of Sumer,Akkad or Elam does the same.So it is natural for the Indus script to denote the myth
and history of the Hindu/Sindhu / Sarasvati/ vindu/vipra/sura/ bhuusura/bhudeva/bharata/Kuru/Pancala/Somaka  people.Hence we shall try to understand a bit of Indian history through the Indus script.We shall presently see  evidences pointing to the existence of the Aryans in the Indus Valley several millennia prior to the so called Aryan arrival  in the Indus valley.
In the last  articles we have looked into the writing of the Harappans in the early Ravi/Kot Diji phases and concluded that they are the same vedic people of the mature Harappan phase;we have  compared an inscribed  Ravi sherd showing  presence of the Pancalas/ Bharatas in the Indus valley before 3300BCE and a Taxila coin showing their presence in Taxila around 200 BCE confirming the continuity of the vedic civilisation in the Indus Valley from the early Harappan days;we have seen how an indus seal
portray the story of Ahalya described in later literature;
we have explored the universal idea of the mount of the dead Concept In The  Worship Of The Sun God .
We have gone into  the issue of the vedic horse and the number of its ribs and the birth of Kharoshti and Brahmi from this horse’s mouth. We have also looked into the relation of the
Iranian supreme god Ahura Mazda to the Harappan Sarasvati.
We have looked into the evidence of animal sacrifices from Harappan times to the present  to show the continuity of vedic civilisation from Harappan times to the present.
We have identified the mysterious vedic soma,
that was used by the ancient sages as a health tonic for the priestly class and the kings .
We have identified agni,agnishtoma, agnikshetra, saptavidha etc. in the IVC seals which are evidences of the right decipherment of the Indus Script.
We have seen that Kalibangan was the centre of Kali/Hali worship.
We have also gone into a Dilmun seal showing Pancala Gavaamayana .
We have looked into the meaning of the avabhritasnaana associated with the Vedic ritual of Sarasvatiya Satra.
In this article we are locating the Tamil Epic Silappatikaram in the seals of the Indus Script.

Irinjalakuda is a town near Thrissur,in Kerala.
The name Irinjalakuda(nR-dhaana/saala-pura) is said to be derived from Iru - Chaal-koodal, meaning union of two rivers or 'Irinjalikoodal', that derived from 'Inangikoodal', meaning merging. There is no such rivers in Irinjalakuda, only the myth of rivers.So where did the name come from? I suggest that the
name is a Malayalam version of Mathura-the place of Sangamesvara.

This is Part 10 of a 11 Part table of Indo-European words, as they relate to the Etruscan/Latin languages as well as each other. We have added non-Indo-European languages to the table because of a continuing pattern of liaisons. These include Finnish, Latvian, Georgian and Hurrian, Urartian and Akkadian when possible. The liaisons are placed in color. Purple-colored words are generally with East Anatolian, Hittite, etc. liaisons; orange, east European to west European links,  Red, Latin liaisons, and Green Celtic/ western liaisons. Throughout the 11 tables one will find interesting liaisons between Irish and Scots-Gaelic, and Georgian, causing one to muse whether those connections had to do with the early movements of the Celts from the Caucasus Mountains involving the transport and practice of metallurgy, perhaps focused upon the need for tin. Albanian is of interest in terms of probably originally been located near the Caspian sea and having similar liaisons with the area. Romanian is of interest in terms of identification of liaisons that may reveal the root Thracian language.  What appears to be the case is that Romanian is predominately a mix of Latin,  Gaelic,  and Slavic. Many Romanian Latin liaisons curiously reflect Etruscan declensions. The Shift from Latin to Etruscan seems very similar to the shift from Latin to Romanian, as well as French.
Because of formatting problems with the PDF file, viewers may find the web page http://www.maravot.com/Indo-European_Table1E.html (link below) easier to work with.

The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Through my works especially- Indus script decipherment breakthrough, PaNameTa-the troy tower weight  and measure system of Harappa, The Harappan Symbol Of 
Man+ Trident And Its Relation To Kausika Visvamitra  And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan Unicorn And The Kalinga Malla MeTas(Tower Weights) , The Harappan Symbol Of  Intersecting Circles And Its Relation  To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), The Harappan Contest Motif Of Nude Man With Six Locks Of Hair Fighting  Two Tigers And Its Relation To The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan symbols of Roots, Nuts And Cocks And Their  Relation    To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), Identification Of KaNva In The Indus Script, Identification Of Troy In The Indus script,Identification Of Barley And Mustard In The Indus Script, Krishna’s Mathura And Dvaraka In The Indus Script, The Pinna In The Indus Script, The Identity Of Vedic Sarasvati And The Location Of Krishna’s Dvaraka, Identification Of Vedic Bharadvaja In The Indus  Script, Krishna’s Dvaraka  In The Indus Script, One Symbol  Of Indus Script Can Tell  A Lot About The Indus Valley Civilisation, The Identity Of Kasyapa In The Indus Valley And Sumeria, Kusa -The Son Of Rama-In Mesopotamia(Sumer),Indus -Sumer Trade, A Few “Copper” Names In The Indus Script, Janaka-King Of Mithila-In The Indus Script,The Vedic Asvins, Yama And Kartikeya In The Indus Script, The Goddess Sarasvati And The Origin Of Brahmi And Kharoshthi, The Origin Of The Roman Aes Grave From The Indus Valley Money, A Solution To The Mystery Of  The Gundestrup  Cauldron, The Eternal Soma Of The Vedas,              Vedic Roots Of Ancient Egyptian Religion, A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice  In The New Testament , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-1:The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-2,
The Punny Plough,The Bearded Kings Of The Ancient,
Bharata -The Language Of The Indus Valley Civilisation,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation -3,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-4,Harappan Vedic Sacrificial Feasts In Mesopotamian Art And In The Bible,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-6 :A Vrishni Silver Coin And Its Harappan Source,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-7: The Conversion Of Makha(Sacrifice) To Tanka(Mint) In The Indus Script,Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-8:Vedic Root Of Gudea’s Akshayapatra,Three Men In A Boat Seal Evidence Of Indus –Dilmun Trade,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-9: The Goodluck Symbols Of The Indus Script, The script of Indus valley civilisation-10:Identification Of The True Vedic Soma From Harappan Seals  Confirms The Indus Valley Civilisation As Vedic, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-11:
Daksha (Soma) Yaaga-The Vedic Eucharist -In The Indus Script , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-12:
Dāśarājñá And Dasaratha In The Indus Script, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-13:The Silver Palm Seals Are Rosetta Stones Of The Indus Script , Vedic And Sumerian Linguistic Evidences For The Language Of Harappa -

I have shown that several seals contain vedic metrological terms,names of vedic ornaments,names of people, places and gods etc. My perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedic  metrology can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily. A significant find herein is the existence of the Kalinga malla mana system during Harappan times challenging  the common perception of its origin from the later  Kalinga kingdom(Orissa).The unicorn is identified as the pala/nishka/soma/agni.Signs of intersecting circles, fish , crab,bud,tower etc. also indicate pala.The six locks of hair indicate  the paNameTa weight of six barley grains.Roots  and nuts indicate viira bhadra/ Drupada/ varaha/pala.We have located Lord Krishna’s Mathura and Dvaraka in the Indus valley scripts.
We have confirmed Mohenjodaro as the first Dvaraka
on the basis of the inscription on the copperplate B7C2 from there and textual evidences from the Rgveda, Mahabharata etc.We have located PadmakuuTa,one of the
palaces of Krishna there.Also we have identified the Sindhu(Indus) as the Vedic Sarasvati river.We have gone through the symbols  identifying the Bharadvajas,the clan of composers of the earliest vedic texts.In Krishna’s Dvaraka we gathered more details from the script on Lord Krishna’s Dvaraka and Sindhu/Sarasvati. We have looked into the
indications of the Harappan jar symbol with three forks on each edge.We have located  the Kasyapas in Hastinapura
trading with Sumeria.We have decoded the Mari Standard,went deeper into the meanings of several Sumerian images and confirmed Meluhha as Vedic Harappa/Indus valley. We have located Janaka,the king of Mithila,father-in-law of Rama, in the Indus script.We have identified the names of copper in the Indus script and located  the Asvins,Yama and Skanda  in the Indus script.In A Model For Indus Script Decipherment
we have identified the deity in the seal M-1181 and built a model for complete decipherment of the Indus script.
We have seen how  Brahmi and Kharoshthi evolved from the Indus Script and how the Indus script was in use along with Brahmi/Kharoshthi even into the  first centuries CE.We have seen how the coins of the ancient world,including the Roman coins evolved from the Indus valley money.
We have looked for  and located a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script, in the varaha/gadyanaka coin form.
We have gone into the relation of the Druids to the Indus valley civilisation and the role of their  Gundestrup cauldron
in the evolution of Christianity.
We have explored the relation of the Anau seal to the Indus Valley Civilisation.
We have gone into the relationship of the Egyptian and Harappan deities.
We have looked into a beautiful story from the New Testament
invoving  the vedic soma sacrifice in A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice In The New Testament.
We have studied  the indications of some of the Indus script symbols with particular reference to their use on ancient coins of India .
We have looked into symbolism of the overflowing vase on the Sumerian statue of Gudea and through it we identified the indications of several Indus symbols including the Harischandra vaajapeya sacrifice.
We have seen how the Harappan glyphs served as goodluck symbols .
The identification of the right vedic soma has two important
aspects:First, it ends the long quest for the mysterious soma. Second,it confirms the Indus valley civilisation as vedic ,beyond any doubt.
We have studied the vedic Daksha Yaaga  and its relation to the soma yaaga.Also we have located  Dāśarājñá and  Dasaratha in the Indus seals.
We have explored the application of the palm seals as further rosetta stones of the Indus script .
We have looked into the claim of mlecca as the language of the Indus valley civilation and concluded that Bharata,not mlecca, was the language of the Indus valley civilisation.
We have studied the shift of the vedic Yadava clans from the Ghaggar-Hakra to the Sarasvati(Sindhu) basin.
In this article we are studying a 6,000 year old copper "wheel" amulet from Mehrgarh in Balochistan, the oldest known example of the "lost wax" casting technique.

The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which have not been properly understood so far.Through my works especially- Indus script decipherment breakthrough, PaNameTa-the troy tower weight  and measure system of Harappa, The Harappan Symbol Of 
Man+ Trident And Its Relation To Kausika Visvamitra  And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan Unicorn And The Kalinga Malla MeTas(Tower Weights) , The Harappan Symbol Of  Intersecting Circles And Its Relation  To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), The Harappan Contest Motif Of Nude Man With Six Locks Of Hair Fighting  Two Tigers And Its Relation To The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower Weights), The Harappan symbols of Roots, Nuts And Cocks And Their  Relation    To Kausika Visvamitra And The Kalinga Malla MeTas( Tower  weights), Identification Of KaNva In The Indus Script, Identification Of Troy In The Indus script,Identification Of Barley And Mustard In The Indus Script, Krishna’s Mathura And Dvaraka In The Indus Script, The Pinna In The Indus Script, The Identity Of Vedic Sarasvati And The Location Of Krishna’s Dvaraka, Identification Of Vedic Bharadvaja In The Indus  Script, Krishna’s Dvaraka  In The Indus Script, One Symbol  Of Indus Script Can Tell  A Lot About The Indus Valley Civilisation, The Identity Of Kasyapa In The Indus Valley And Sumeria, Kusa -The Son Of Rama-In Mesopotamia(Sumer),Indus -Sumer Trade, A Few “Copper” Names In The Indus Script, Janaka-King Of Mithila-In The Indus Script,The Vedic Asvins, Yama And Kartikeya In The Indus Script, The Goddess Sarasvati And The Origin Of Brahmi And Kharoshthi, The Origin Of The Roman Aes Grave From The Indus Valley Money, A Solution To The Mystery Of  The Gundestrup  Cauldron, The Eternal Soma Of The Vedas,              Vedic Roots Of Ancient Egyptian Religion, A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice  In The New Testament , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-1:The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-2,
The Punny Plough,The Bearded Kings Of The Ancient,
Bharata -The Language Of The Indus Valley Civilisation,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation -3,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-4,Harappan Vedic Sacrificial Feasts In Mesopotamian Art And In The Bible,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-6 :A Vrishni Silver Coin And Its Harappan Source,The Script of Indus valley Civilisation-7: The Conversion Of Makha(Sacrifice) To Tanka(Mint) In The Indus Script,Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-8:Vedic Root Of Gudea’s Akshayapatra,Three Men In A Boat Seal Evidence Of Indus –Dilmun Trade,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-9: The Goodluck Symbols Of The Indus Script, The script of Indus valley civilisation-10:Identification Of The True Vedic Soma From Harappan Seals  Confirms The Indus Valley Civilisation As Vedic, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-11:
Daksha (Soma) Yaaga-The Vedic Eucharist -In The Indus Script , The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-12:
Dāśarājñá And Dasaratha In The Indus Script, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-13:The Silver Palm Seals Are Rosetta Stones Of The Indus Script , Vedic And Sumerian Linguistic Evidences For The Language Of Harappa, The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-14:The Difference Of Meluhha And Mlecca,
The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-15:The Shift Of The Capital Of The Vrishnis From Mathura( Kalibangan) To Dvaraka( Mohenjodaro), 6000 Year Old Mehrgarh Wheel
Amulet Employs Vedic Script, The Script Of Indus Valley
Civilisation-16:Vedic Sarasvati-Ganga Civilisation, The Identity Of  The RigVedic Rivers, Mohenjo-daro-The City Of Krishna , Gods fighting Dragons,The Script Of Indus Valley Civilisation-17:A Harappan Seal With A Majestic Bull,The Sindhu Is The Vedic Sarasvati ,Suvarna Is Not The Vedic Soma,Govinda Garudadhvaja Vishtarasrava-The Supreme God Of The Harappans -

I have shown that several seals contain vedic metrological terms,names of vedic ornaments,names of people, places and gods etc. My perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedic literature, temple legends ,vedic rites and rituals, along with vedic  metrology alone can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily.A brief attempt in this direction is made here .A significant find herein is the existence of the Kalinga malla mana system during Harappan times challenging  the common perception of its origin from the later  Kalinga kingdom(Orissa).The unicorn is identified as the pala/nishka/soma/agni.Signs of intersecting circles, fish , crab,bud,tower etc. also indicate pala.The six locks of hair indicate  the paNameTa weight of six barley grains.Roots  and nuts indicate viira bhadra/ Drupada/ varaha/pala.We have located Lord Krishna’s Mathura and Dvaraka in the Indus valley scripts.
We have confirmed Mohenjodaro as the first Dvaraka
on the basis of the inscription on the copperplate B7C2 from there and textual evidences from the Rgveda, Mahabharata etc.We have located PadmakuuTa,one of the palaces of Krishna there.Also we have identified the Sindhu(Indus) as the Vedic Sarasvati river.We have gone through the symbols  identifying the Bharadvajas,the clan of composers of the earliest vedic texts.In Krishna’s Dvaraka we gathered more details from the script on Lord Krishna’s Dvaraka and Sindhu/Sarasvati. We have looked into the indications of the Harappan jar symbol with three forks on each edge.We have located  the Kasyapas in Hastinapura trading with Sumeria.We have decoded the Mari Standard,went deeper into the meanings of several Sumerian images and confirmed Meluhha as Vedic Harappa/Indus valley. We have located Janaka,the king of Mithila,father-in-law of Rama, in the Indus script.We have identified the names of copper in the Indus script and located  the Asvins,Yama and Skanda  in the Indus script.In A Model For Indus Script Decipherment we have identified the deity in the seal M-1181 and built a model for complete decipherment of the Indus script.
We have seen how  Brahmi and Kharoshthi evolved from the Indus Script and how the Indus script was in use along with Brahmi/Kharoshthi even into the  first centuries CE.We have seen how the coins of the ancient world,including the Roman coins evolved from the Indus valley money.
We have looked for  and located a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script, in the varaha/gadyanaka coin form.
We have gone into the relation of the Druids to the Indus valley civilisation and the role of their  Gundestrup cauldron
in the evolution of Christianity.
We have explored the relation of the Anau seal to the Indus Valley Civilisation.
We have gone into the relationship of the Egyptian and Harappan deities.
We have looked into a beautiful story from the New Testament
invoving  the vedic soma sacrifice in A Veiled Visvamitra Soma Sacrifice In The New Testament.
We have studied  the indications of some of the Indus script symbols with particular reference to their use on ancient coins of India .
We have looked into symbolism of the overflowing vase on the Sumerian statue of Gudea and through it we identified the indications of several Indus symbols including the Harischandra vaajapeya sacrifice.
We have seen how the Harappan glyphs served as goodluck symbols .
The identification of the right vedic soma has two important
aspects:First, it ends the long quest for the mysterious soma. Second,it confirms the Indus valley civilisation as vedic ,beyond any doubt.
We have studied the vedic Daksha Yaaga  and its relation to the soma yaaga.Also we have located  Dāśarājñá and  Dasaratha in the Indus seals.
We have explored the application of the palm soma seals as further rosetta stones of the Indus script .
We have looked into the claim of mlecca as the language of the Indus valley civilation and concluded that Bharata,not mlecca, was the language of the Indus valley civilisation.
We have gone into the shift of the vedic Yadava clans from the Ghaggar-Hakra to the Sarasvati(Sindhu) basin.
We have confirmed the river Sindhu as the Rig vedic river Sarasvati and the Ghaggar/Hakra  as the Yamuna.
In this article we are establishing that the unicorn standard
of Harappan civilisation is  Govinda/Vishnu the supreme
god of the Harappans .We are also identifying vedic
genealogies in some of the Bharata varsha seals.

The origin of the verb zammurāi- (MH+) is unknown. Based on an examination of all attestations of the verb and its derivatives, this paper concludes that while the verb is often used to refer to verbal offense and slander, the traditional translation ‘to offend’ does not seem to adequately convey the meaning of zammurāi- used of acts of religious irreverence and desecration, nor does it fully render the sense of the verb used of actions that dishonor the emperor. It appears that defamation and disgrace are two important connotations of the verb zammurāi-. The paper posits athematic *zammur / *zammuwar as the derivational basis of the verb, based on the analysis of 3.sg.pret.act. zammurinut as a causative stem made from (unattested) verbal stem *zammuri(ya)- (intr.). The purported etymological connection with Lyc. zumme / zummã and Luw. zamman- is discussed and discarded, and the verb is instead compared to English shame, PIE *sk̑em- ( > Luw. *zamm- with Čop’s Law). If correct, this etymology makes zammurāi- relevant for the continued debate about reflexes of Indo-European dorsal stops in Luwic languages.

My article  "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language" was published in the Journal of Indo-European Studies (volume 41) as a discussion paper, i.e., it was followed by other specialists' comments, and by my reply to such criticisms. To provide a more complete picture of my research on this topic, I just uploaded an excerpt of my reply to criticisms.

This paper argues that the original structure of the PIE verbal root ‘become’ was *bhu̯eh2, as per LIV2 98–101. After a critical survey of reconstructions that have been put forward, it is pointed out that there has been, until recently, no satisfactory analysis of nouns which may contain or have been suspected of containing this root. Following Pinault 2016, Greek φώς ‘man, hero’ reflects a concretized acrostatic t-stem noun *bhu̯óH-t- ‘becoming’. Albanian botë ‘world, humanity, earth’, possibly cognate with φώς, continues a PIE collective formation, *bhu̯eh1/2te-h2, with *-h2 added to the possessive adjective *bhu̯eh1/2tó- ‘having existence’ or to the possessive adjective *bhu̯eh1/2tó- ‘having living being’, or *bhu̯ēh1/2te-h2, with *-h2 added to the genitival, vṛddhi-derived adjective *bhu̯ēh1/2tó- ‘(consisting) of living being’. Attempts to derive Albanian botë from the PIE verbal root *bheh2 ‘shine’ remain unconvincing; it is unlikely that botë follows the pattern observed in several Balkan languages, namely that words meaning ‘light’ and ‘world’ are cognates. The formations *bhu̯eh1/2tó- and *bhu̯éh1/2to- are discussed, one of which is continued in Albanian bot ‘someone; stranger’. Probable evidence for the root-laryngeal as *h2, not *h1, comes from Cuneiform Luwian <pu-u-na> ‘all’ < *bhuH-no-, whose spelling points to conditioned lowering of inherited /u/ to /o/ by *h2 of the root.

Abstract
This work deals with relative clauses in an areal perspective, focusing on languages of Caucasus – Eastern Anatolia – Western Iran area. This area is known to display an important linguistic diversity (genetic as well as typological) with about fifty languages belonging to six distinct families: North-East Caucasian, North-West Caucasian, South-Caucasian, Turkic, Indo-European and Semitic. Most of these languages are in contact and may influence each other. Besides, relative clauses constitute an interesting field to investigate in an areal perspective, given that the constructions used as relative clauses may vary according to numerous parameters, cross-linguistically or within the same language (e.g., position of the relative clause, finiteness of the verbal form, etc.); each value for a given parameter is a feature that may possibly diffuse across languages.
The first part of this work is a fine-grained description of the relativization strategies available in the area. Various strategies are identified. The area displays all strategies commonly mentioned in the literature, as well as some typologically less common strategies.
The second part of the work is an analysis of the data. After identifying all variation parameters and their different values in the strategies available in the area (i.e., about 40 main variation parameters, 80 sub-parameters and more than 200 potential values), several geographical areas are highlighted where the same strategy or the same value for a given parameter is shared by languages that are not necessarily genetically related. For some of these areas, it seems that a convergence phenomena is involved given that languages may diverge with this respect from their respective genealogical families and/or the shared feature or strategy is typologically uncommon. Finally, some factors that could be involved in the occurrence or not of a language-contact induced change are suggested.

Résumé
Ce travail porte sur les relatives dans les langues de l’aire Caucase – Anatolie de l’Est – Iran de l’Ouest dans une perspective aréale. Cette aire est connue pour concentrer une importante diversité génétique et typologique, avec une cinquantaine de langues appartenant à six familles distinctes : caucasique du Nord-Est, caucasique du Nord-Ouest, caucasique du Sud, turcique, indo-européenne et sémitique. Un grand nombre de ces langues sont en situation de contact et peuvent potentiellement s’influencer les unes les autres. Les relatives constituent une caractéristique intéressante à étudier dans une telle perspective car les constructions ayant fonction de relative peuvent varier selon nombreux paramètres d’une langue à l’autre ou au sein d’une même langue (position de la relative, finitude du verbe, etc.) ; chaque valeur possible pour un paramètre donné étant un trait pouvant potentiellement se diffuser.
La première partie de cette thèse consiste en une description détaillée des stratégies de relativisation des langues de l’aire. Diverses stratégies sont identifiées, dont certaines couramment mentionnées dans la littérature, mais d’autres également plus atypiques du point de vue typologique.
La deuxième partie consiste en une analyse des données décrites dans la première partie : après avoir identifié de manière précise les paramètres de variation et leurs différentes valeurs possibles parmi les stratégies disponibles de l’aire (environ 40 paramètres, 80 sous-paramètres et plus de 200 valeurs possibles), plusieurs zones géographiques sont mises en évidence où une même stratégie ou une même valeur pour un paramètre donné sont partagées par des langues non nécessairement apparentées génétiquement. Pour plusieurs de ces zones, il semble s’agir d’un phénomène de convergence, étant donné que  les langues concernées divergent de leurs familles génétiques respectives et/ou le trait ou la stratégie partagé(e) est atypique. Pour finir, plusieurs facteurs pouvant intervenir dans la diffusion ou non d’une stratégie ou d’un trait linguistique sont suggérés.

Özet
Bu tezde bölgesel bir açıdan Kafkas – Doğu Anadolu – Batı İran bölgesinde konuşulan dillerde sıfat işlevli yan tümceler inceleniyor. Hem genetik hem de tipolojik olarak dilsel zenginliği ile tanınan bu bölgede günümüzde altı farklı aileden (Kuzeydoğu Kafkas dilleri, Kuzeybatı Kafkas dilleri, Güney Kafkas dilleri, Türk dilleri, Hint-Avrupa dilleri, Sami dilleri) elliyi aşkın dil konuşulmaktadır. Bu dillerin çoğu birbirleri ile temas halindeler ve birbilerini etkileyebiliyorlar. Bu bakımdan, sıfat işlevli yan tümce olarak kullanılan yapıların diller arasında, hatta aynı dil içinde dahi birçok parametreye göre çeşitlilik gösterdiğini (örneğin yan tümcenin nitelediği ada göre konumu, yan tümcedeki fiil şekli (tam donanımlı ya da sıfat-fiil oluşu), vb.), ve bu parametrelerin alabileceği değerlerin bir dilden diğerine yayılabilen bir nitelikte olduğunu göz önüne alırsak, sıfat işlevli yan tümcelerin bölgesel ve karşılaştırmalı bir açıdan ele alınabilecek zengin bir çalışma konusu olduğu belirgin hale gelmektedir.
Tezin ilk kısmında, adı geçen bölgede konuşulan dillerdeki sıfat işlevli yan tümce yapıları ayrıntılı bir şekilde belgeleniyor. Bu belgeleme literatürde sıkça bahsi geçen alışılmış yapıların yanı sıra çok bilinmeyen, atipik  yapıları da  gün yüzüne çıkarıyor.
Tezin ikinci kısmında ise birinci kısımda belgelenen veriler çözümleniyor. Sıfat işlevli yan tümcelere ait tüm parametreleri ve bu parametrelerin alabileceği farklı değerleri (toplamda yaklaşık 40 ana parametre, 80 alt-parametre ve 200’den fazla olası değer) saptadıktan sonra, aynı yapıyı ya da belli bir parametreye ait aynı değeri kullanan fakat genetik açıdan birbiri ile ilişkisi olmayan dillerin oluşturduğu birtakım coğrafi alan tespit ediliyor. Bu alanların bazısında saptanan diller, kullandıkları sıfat işlevli yan tümce yapıları veya bu yapılardaki bazı parametrelerin aldığı değerler bakımından genetik olarak ilişkili oldukları dillerden farklılık gösterdiklerinden ve/veya kullandıkları yapıların tipolojik olarak alışılmış olmadıklarından dolayı, bu belirtilen alanlarda bir yöneşme (convergence) meydana gelme olasılığı yüksektir. Son olarak da bir yapının ya da belli bir parametre değerinin yayılıp yayılmamasına sebep olabilecek bir kaç etken öneriliyor.

The Harappan seals contain several linguistic symbols which have not been properly understood so far. Several seals contain vedic metrological terms,names of vedic ornaments,metal names,names of people, places and gods etc. My perception is that only a comprehensive study of ancient vedic literature, temple legends ,vedic rites and rituals, along with vedic metrology alone can decipher the script symbols satisfactorily.A brief attempt in this direction is made through my different articles. In the last article we have confirmed the Indus script readings based on the Narayanastra shot by Asvatthama,the Kaurava commander-in-chief in the Kurukshetra war. In this article we are confirming the vedic identity of the Indus civilisation from the name of one of the samvatsaras in the 60 year Jupiter cycle followed by the Harappans and found mentioned in the seal L051a.