Intoxication

This study aimed to determine the epidemiological differences between children and adult oral exposures in patients admitted to the busiest emergency department (ED) in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.
METHODS:
The characteristics of 1950 patients were investigated retrospectively and in a cross-sectional manner in a two-year period.
RESULTS:
The ratio of poisoning exposures among all emergency admissions was 0.6%. Of these, 44.5% were children, and 54.4% were unintentional. The mortality rate was 0.1% and the rate of hospitalization was 14.9%. Among the children and adults, 50.3% and 29.5% were male, respectively. While the first two causes of exposures in both children and adults were licit drugs and foods, there were differences in other causes. Among causes, licit drugs and corrosive materials constituted the forefront in the 0-1 and 1-5-year age groups. In parasuicidal causes, the most common exposure was found to be licit drugs, followed by organophosphates. The most common cause of hospitalization was plants (60.5%). The hospitalization rate was found to be significantly high in males and unintentional exposures. The rate of admissions to the psychiatry polyclinic following exposure was 15%.
CONCLUSION:
This study hereby presents the original findings as to predict the problems in exposures. The distribution of etiological agents and suicidal intent rate may differ among pediatric and adult population (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 50).

Introduction The volume in which this essay sits explores the long and social relationship between humans and alcohol, but, of course, no one really orders a pint of alcohol to drink. As Michael Dietler (this volume, Chapter 8), Lewis Daly (this volume, Chapter 9), and Asher Rosinger (this volume, Chapter 10) make clear, people have created a huge range of fermented beverages over time, with very different tastes, qualities, and uses. We also know that humans have not routinely drunk alcoholic beverages from their hands, nor (with the notable recent exception of the beer bottle and can) do they tend to drink from storage or serving vessels. Yet, by focusing on the manufacture of, trade in, and physical and psychological effects of alcoholic beverages, scholars can sometimes appear to imply that, in lived experience, alcohol drinking looked something like this: Moreover, intoxicating drinks are not, of themselves, inherently pleasurable. Learning to like wine, beer, tea and coffee, and how much and how best to drink them, has long been part of growing up, in Britain as elsewhere. The taste for, and effects of, alcoholic drinks is a continually evolving and contingent process-as much over the short lifespan of an individual life as it is for human societies over aeons of time. (Burnett, 1999; Courtwright, 2001; Herring et al., 2013; Withington & McShane, 2014) As we reach for a more nuanced and materialized social history of human drinking practices , physicist and gender theorist Karen Barad has usefully refocused our attention on the performativity of matter in social situations. She proposes a contestation of the excessive power granted to language to determine what is real [and of] the unexamined habits of mind that grant language and other forms of representation more power in determining our ontologies than they deserve. (Barad, 2003: 802)

Resumo
Este trabalho objetivou investigar o perfil dos pacientes atendidos e internados por intoxicações por agrotóxicos
em um Hospital geral de Dourados/MS no período de 2000-2010. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo,
de análise documental, retrospectivo, realizado mediante o levantamento de informações colhidas em prontuários
de pacientes que foram atendidos no referido hospital. Nesse período foram atendidos 70 casos dos quais 50%
eram do sexo feminino e 50% do sexo masculino, as faixas etária de prevalência foram as de 21 a 30 anos
(38,6%) e 10 a 20 anos (22,9%), a área de ocorrência predominante foi a urbana (70%), sendo 30% a área rural.
A via de maior prevalência foi a oral (85,7%), seguida da via respiratória (8,6%). A tentativa de suicídio destacase
como principal motivo para as intoxicações com 77,15% dos casos e os acidentes compreendem 17,15%. Os
agrotóxicos mais utilizados pertencem à classe dos inseticidas (47,15%) e raticidas (15,7%). Em 84,3% dos
casos os indivíduos foram curados e 15,7% evoluíram a óbito. Confirma-se que intoxicações por agrotóxicos são
consideradas graves e podem levar à morte. Foi possível perceber a necessidade da organização da atenção à
saúde do trabalhador rural no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde, educação dos trabalhadores rurais sobre os
riscos da utilização dos agrotóxicos; capacitação dos profissionais de saúde da área rural e de emergência sobre
prevenção, tratamento e intervenções nos problemas de saúde relacionados ao uso de agrotóxicos e fiscalização
mais rigorosa da venda de agrotóxicos no comércio.

Drugs are, and have always been, an important component of all human societies, though their role and function is far from fixed. In this class we look at the multiple and profound roles of drugs in human life. One of the aims of the course is to broaden our ways of thinking (or open up our doors of perception) about drugs beyond the simplistic idea that drugs are substances that make feel better or stuff to which we should “just say no.” Drugs are much more than either a cure or an bad habit. To see how this is the case, we will read a heavy dose of philosophers, anthropologists, sociologists, theologians, historians, and more. Our investigation into the nature of drugs and society from multiple perspectives will have us spanning different periods of history, including the present. We will also look at the place of drugs in our own “culture” and “cultures” very different from our own.

2 Mestre em Ciências Aplicadas a Saúde, Docente, Faculdade Morgana Potrich (FAMP), Mineiros-GO, Brasil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Intoxicação é definida como a exposição do organismo a agentes tóxicos, entre esses, os medicamentos que quando utilizados em doses além daquelas que possuem efeito terapêutico, provocam manifestações com sinais e sintomas decorrentes das alterações bioquímicas e funcionais no corpo. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura do tipo sistemática objetivando definir qual o perfil das intoxicações e óbitos por medicamento e suas principais causas de ocorrência no Brasil. Foram encontrados 10 artigos sobre intoxicação medicamentosa no Brasil que atendiam aos objetivos da pesquisa. Em relação ao gênero, não houve variação da prevalência nos artigos pesquisados apresentando sexo masculino e feminino mesma prevalência, a faixa etária de 0-8 anos e a causa acidental predominaram, assim como a classe de antiepilépticos, sedativos, hipnóticos e antiparkinsonianos. Os óbitos por este tipo de intoxicação tiveram prevalência do gênero feminino, faixa etária de 20-49 anos, principal causa o suicídio e classe de medicamento os psicotrópicos. Estes resultados expõem o perfil da intoxicação medicamentosa no Brasil e seus principais motivos de ocorrência, demonstrando que os eventos toxicológicos relacionados a medicamentos constituem um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, que possui enorme impacto na sociedade sobre os sistemas de saúde.

PL: O czym jest ta książka? Gdy używamy dwóch słów: „narkotyki” i „wojna”, niemal nieświadomie myślimy o „wojnie z narkotykami”, a więc o skoordynowanych działaniach mających na celu zwalczanie produkcji, handlu i spożycia narkotyków zarówno w kraju, jak i zagranicą. Przedmiotem moich dociekań nie jest jednak „wojna z narkotykami”, lecz „narkotyki na wojnie”. Jest to książka o intencjonalnym wykorzystaniu substancji psychoaktywnych przez rządy, siły i ugrupowania zbrojne oraz przez wojowników i żołnierzy. Jest to społeczna, kulturowa i polityczna historia narkotyków na polu bitwy.
Problem badawczy obejmuje trzy aspekty historii środków odurzających na wojnie:
1) narkotyków oficjalnie przydzielanych żołnierzom przez siły zbrojne,
2) narkotyków branych przez żołnierzy na własną rękę, często nielegalnie, oraz
3) narkotyków jako potencjalnych nieśmiercionośnych broni psychochemicznych.
Te trzy aspekty nie wyczerpują całego tematu, pojawia się bowiem jeszcze jeden: polityczne i ekonomiczne wykorzystanie produkcji, przemytu i handlu narkotyków w celu finansowania wojny lub szerszych działań politycznych przez państwa lub pozapaństwowe ugrupowania zbrojne. Ponieważ nierzadko albo rzuca on dodatkowe światło na pozostałe aspekty, albo je warunkuje, trudno byłoby go pominąć lub przemilczeć. Zatem także to zagadnienie pojawia się w moich rozważaniach, chociaż raczej jako tło.

ENG: When one thinks about the two words: ‘drugs’ and ‘war’, one almost unconsciously links them into ‘war on drugs’. The subject of this book, however, is not ‘war on drugs’ but ‘drugs on war’. This is a social and cultural history of intoxication and warfare. It is about the armed services and governments making the most of intoxicants. My interest is principally in the two general purposes for which armed forces have prescribed drugs.
First, as applied prior to battle or during combat, stimulants (e.g. alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines) have been used to enhance troops’ performance and create better soldiers. Uppers that improve stamina, empower the body, overcome sleeplessness, eliminate fatigue, and increase fighting spirit could be seen as significant force multipliers.
Second, military establishments have also been issuing drugs after the actual fighting to cure or prevent the effects of war on the human psyche since combat trauma, which accompanies all wars, might make soldiers useless for continued fighting. Downers (e.g. alcohol, opiates, morphine, heroin, marijuana, barbiturates) have been useful in dealing with the soldier’s greatest enemy – his shattered nerves.
Although my general research problem is the application of drugs ‘prescribed’ by military authorities, it is impossible to underplay unauthorized consumption by soldiers themselves. Combatants have always ‘self-prescribed’ various intoxicants – both stimulants and depressants, mainly for recreational use and as a reward. Although not officially approved, such ‘self-medication’ has often been quietly tolerated by commanders as far as it did not affect combat effectiveness.
Still, the picture would not be complete without investigating military efforts, during the Cold War in particular, to design psychochemical offensive weapons that could be used against enemies to incapacitate rather than kill them. The story of non-lethal weapons – a very popular concept in contemporary security studies – goes back to the early experiments with weapons and ‘magic plants’ of tribal warriors. Simultaneously, military research and development focused on finding effective defensive means to protect against a potential hostile psychochemical strike.
Since there is no single volume addressing the history of drugs and combat, this book’s main originality lies in exploring the unknown in both war studies and history. Its novelty is its comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the topic.

This paper consider the experience of intoxication as one of immersion in immanence, rather than transcendent escape from reality. It critically traces the attempt to achieve experiential immanence in Deleuze and Guattari, Nick Land, and Beatriz Preciado. My claim is such attempts involve the fantasy of the dissolution of fantasy in immersion in 'real' production.

In R v Taj [2018] EWCA Crim 1743, the Court of Appeal (CA) attempts to clarify the rule applicable to mistaken self-defence, where D’s mistake was attributable to psychosis (not amounting to insanity), which in turn was caused by voluntary intoxication. It falls short, but there is a relatively simple clarification that will make the law internally coherent, and generate appropriate liability outcomes.

Lavishly illustrated exhibition catalogue developed and written for the Dutch Africa Museum, which depicts and discusses the material culture of diseases and traditional medicine in sub-Saharan Africa.
It is best consulted in conjunction with a thorough scientific review about these topics that appeared in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1998;63(1-2):1-175 (also accessible on Academia.edu)

I have often been asked whether the Egyptians used drugs to induce dreams. This paper aims to address that question primarily as it relates to dream reports recorded prior to Egypt’s Late Period. As I have noted elsewhere, the nature of references to dream reports changed substantially after that time, and deserve to be investigated separately. The current enquiry will explore the mystical nature of drunkenness, the relationship of the goddess Hathor to ecstatic dreams, and the known dream experiences. The first step in this inquiry is to consider what drugs could have been known and used during that time for other than medicinal purposes.

I provide a brief history of the common law governing the criminal liability of intoxicated offenders, and the codification and application of the intoxication rules in Canada. I argue that the common law and its statutory application in Canada violate a number of principles of criminal justice. I then argue that the rules cannot be saved by attempts to subsume them under principles of prior fault. I end with a modest proposal for law reform.

Drawing from the general description that ethnopharmacology studies the human use of crude drugs and poisons in a traditional context, ethnopharmacological themes in native art can be defined as themes visualizing different features of traditional medicines and poisons, such as natural sources, methods of preparation, containers, usage and implements, target diseases and effects. This review documents that native African art objects and utensils are a goldmine of such ethnopharmacological themes by focusing on the following subjects: (a) objects related to the use of medicines (sources as well as tools for their collection, preparation and keeping); (b) objects related to the use of poisons (e.g. for ordeals, hunting and fishing); (c) objects related to the use of psychotropic agents (e.g. alcoholic beverages, kola nuts, smoking and snuffing materials); (d) pathological representations (e.g. treponematoses, leprosy, smallpox, swollen abdomen, scrotal enlargement, goiter and distorted faces); and (e) portrayals of certain types of treatment (e.g. topical instillations, perinatal care, and surgery). To avoid the impression that ethnopharmacology has little else to offer than armchair amusement, an epilogue outlines the medical relevance of this interdisciplinary science for Western and African societies.

The diversity of toxicity syndromes caused by mushroom ingestion entails, on one hand, a many-sided and flexible approach to diagnosis that can benefit from any information obtained from the patients or company, and on the other hand, a need to identify, in collaboration with mycologists, the causative species. The known syndromes are systematised and a proposal is made for the implementation of detailed enquiries that standardise the information. A model form to serve as starting point for the design of such enquiries is included.

Between about 1580 and 1690, early modern England experienced three interrelated developments: first, the growth of a successful commercial popular music industry, centred on London, which served
a socially broad national market; secondly, the development of political parties, emerging from the political and religious turmoil of the period, which impinged significantly upon the newly burgeoning popular music industry and its markets; thirdly, a substantial increase in the per capita consumption of alcoholic drinks across all social classes, for reasons of sociability rather than health or nutrition. This article explores the unexpected effects of these changes on cultures of politics, drink and song
across the whole period. In particular, it explores the way in which the Cavaliers of the 1650s and the new ‘Tory’ party of the 1680s used the medium of song to encourage excessive drinking and the political and social denigration of sobriety in order to promote loyal obedience

Developing an understanding of intoxicated bodily states is important for comprehending why people consume alcohol. This article sets out to investigate the intoxicated subjectivities of women who are in a relationship with another woman. Within the alcohol and other drug (AOD) field, gender, sexuality, and bodily perspectives have become more central objects of attention. While AOD studies have ascribed agency to both alcohol and the human body, how the body and alcohol together produce intoxicated subjective states has not been considered thoroughly. Through an examination of three women’s subjective accounts of intoxication, this study found that conceptualizing phenomena such as alcohol, gender, sexuality, and a predefined body as discrete, independent entities limits our understanding of the complexities of embodied intoxication. To overcome this limitation, the article draws on Karen Barad’s new materialism theory, which proves more sensitive to a range of different agents. This provides a new way of conceiving the onto-epistemological relations between these agents and challenges both common ideas about intoxication among same-sex experienced women and more general understandings of embodied subjectivity

Alcohol intoxication is known to affect pitch variability in non-tonal languages. In this study, intoxication's effects on pitch were examined in tonal and non-tonal language speakers, in both their native language (L1; German, Korean, Mandarin) and nonnative language (L2; English). Intoxication significantly increased pitch variability in the German group (in L1 and L2), but not in the Korean or Mandarin groups (in L1 or L2), although there were individual differences. These results support the view that pitch control is related to the functional load of pitch and is an aspect of speech production that can be advantageously transferred across languages, overriding the expected effects of alcohol.

The archaeology, anthropology, botany, chemistry and pharmacology of South American intoxicating snuffs is extensively documented. This profuse attention to snuff powders is understandable and defendable, but it has an unintentional downside: it pushes the South American use of intoxicating nasal liquids into the background. The present review was written to remedy this: it first brings the available data about modern practices together and then reviews the evidence that such practices go back to pre-Columbian times.

Doug Husak has argued, persuasively I think, that there is no literal 'act requirement' in Anglo-American law. I begin by reviewing Husak's reasons for rejecting the act requirement, and provide additional reasons to think he is right to do so. But Husak's alternative, the 'control condition', I argue, is inadequate. The control requirement is falsified by the widespread practice of holding extremely intoxicated offenders liable for criminal conduct they engage in even if they lack control over their conduct at the time of the offense, and even if they are acting involuntarily. I provide examples from Canadian, US and German law to flesh out our legal practices with respect to intoxicated offenders. I then argue that, at least with respect to one class of intoxicated offenders–those known as 'grand schemers', who plan their criminal offending prior to rendering themselves incapable of voluntary control over their conduct–we are morally justified in imposing liability. I then propose an alternative to both the act and control requirements: what I call the 'agency requirement'. I argue that our law does and should impose liability for conduct that is expressive of or constitutive of the defendant's practically rational agency. Adopting an agency view allows us to expand our focus from just the moment of the offense to temporally extended instances of agency, such as is involved in planned offending by grand schemers.

The Symposium addresses the relation between desire, beauty and the good life, while indicating the fascination that strong teaching arouses in followers. For Plato, unlike for moderns, power, desire and ethics are interrelated. This article takes Socrates as a case study for the Platonic understanding of this interrelation and it will put into play the grounds involved in their modern separation. It focuses on the three speakers in the dialogue who were followers of Socrates as a way of addressing the role of desire in the teacher–student relation. The article demonstrates how the radical interpretive method brings to life the challenges a strong engagement with Eros risks, especially those related to Socrates’ strong and influential teaching, while addressing and exemplifying theorizing’s need for ironic intoxication.

From Anthropology to Sociology, many of the historically minded Social Sciences and Cultural Studies have been interested in the subjects of ecstasy, trance and intoxication for a quite a long time. This article seeks to assemble ideas and outline perspectives for researching the history of ecstatic and/or intoxicated bodies. It draws on approaches from the history of drugs in modern societies and proposes combining them with genealogical and praxeological accounts. The authors argue that these research tools can be fruitful for an integrative approach that can analyze the body history of various forms of ‘Rausch’, such as drug experiences, religious trances, sexual ecstasies, or similar feelings during sports or violence under a common denominator. They want to encourage body historians to focus on the practical production of ecstasies and intoxications and out them even more into the foreground of their research interest. From this angle, the discourses and practices of ‘Rausch’, their embeddedness in socio-technical contexts, and the collectives and self-relations they formed and transformed in the 19th and 20th centuries can be analyzed as techniques of modern body politics.

Alkohol, zdaniem francuskiego historyka Gilberta Garriera, wraz z utratą w perspektywie historycznej swych właściwości odżywczych, orzeźwiających, medycznych i częściowo socjalizujących, stał się dziś tematem medycznie i społecznie podejrzanym. Tym samym badając dziś historię napoi alkoholowych i ich konsumpcji trudno uniknąć pułapki historii anegdotycznej, w której barwne opisy toastów, wielkich pijatyk i ekscesów wiodą prym. Wraz z rozwojem badań nad kulturową historią wyżywienia, historia alkoholu i jego spożycia również zyskała nowy wymiar.
Prezentowany artykuł przedstawia założenia metodologiczne i koncepcję badań nad kulturą picia w Polsce w czasach nowożytnych. Śledząc rozwój badań nad produkcją, handlem i konsumpcją trunków nie tylko w Polsce, możemy dojść do wniosku, że jeśli chcemy badać takie zjawiska jak trzeźwość, pijaństwo, kultura picia czy chociażby prześledzić w jaki sposób alkohol z pożywienia staje się używką, to nieunikniony staje się mariaż między historią i antropologią.
Pytanie o granice, zarówno między stanem trzeźwości i upojenia alkoholowego, a także między pożywieniem a używką, pozwala nam w dużym stopniu zrozumieć dawną kulturę picia. W artykule analizie poddana zostaje sama definicja używki i stopniowe przechodzenie poszczególnych alkoholi: wina, piwa i wódki, z kategorii produktów posilających i zdrowych, do kategorii używek, które krytykowane były przez lekarzy i naukowców, jako niezawierające żadnych substancji odżywczych.
Do odebrania napojom alkoholowym ich funkcji odżywczych czy leczniczych przyczyniły się również, począwszy od XVII wieku, nowe napoje bezalkoholowe: kawa, herbata i czekolada. Z czasem przejęły one również rolę socjalizującą trunków, które wraz z  opisaniem po raz pierwszy symptomów choroby alkoholowej w połowie XIX wieku, jednoznacznie przeszły do kategorii używek.

Forthcoming in Linacre Quarterly.

Several empirical studies suggest that recreational marijuana is popularly perceived as an essentially harmless rite of passage that ends as young people settle into their careers and their adult intimate relationships. Is this commonplace perception accurate? To answer this question, we evaluate the morality of recreational marijuana use from a virtue perspective guided by the theological synthesis of St. Thomas Aquinas. We examine:

1) Frequency and extent of marijuana use in different populations

2) Distinctions between medicinal use and recreational use -- a line which is often blurred in practice

3) Three criteria for virtuous recreation

4) Short-term and long-term effects of marijuana use

5) How getting "high" is analogous to "intoxication"

6) A virtue analysis of various motives for using marijuana:
  a) Enhancement of experience
  b) Social reasons
  c) Coping
  d) Conformity
  e) Expansion of knowledge
  f) Boredom
  g) Habit and/or addiction

Our conclusion: empirical evidence demonstrates that recreational marijuana use is detrimental to the wellbeing of the user. Hence, it is a vicious activity, and as such would be morally illicit.

Cardinal Ratzinger summarized the issue well: “Drugs are the pseudo-mysticism of a world that does not believe yet cannot rid the soul’s yearning for paradise” (Ratzinger/Pope Benedict XVI 2010, 26). The user entertains a fantasy of tasting divinity, and the final result is subversion of reality. The French poet Baudelaire came to a similar conclusion. After describing the moral erosion of the regular user of cannabis, he noted that the hashish high created a delusion of grandeur but resulted only in hot air: “I will not describe the heavy fantasies of one high on hashish: who would read them with pleasure? Who would agree to read them?” (Baudelaire 1921, 234).