Iron and Steel Making Industry

This Handbook / Guidance Note has been prepared to identify and flag issues a prudent underwriter ought to consider and evaluate relating to the steel industry risk selection, determination and calculation of loss estimates when deciding whether to accept a risk and, if so, on what terms.

Development of  continuous casting process (for billets, blooms, slabs, thin slabs and thin strips) and newer products need  stringent quality control during steel making to ensure smoother casting operation as well as to allow casting at higher speeds.
Calcium treatment of steel in secondary refining, thus, has become necessary with the increase in continuous casting ratio and nowadays is a well established method to transform oxide and sulphide inclusions in steel to less harmful inclusions which can have even beneficial effects to steel properties. Nozzle blockage problems in continuous casting can be minimized by transformation of solid alumina inclusions in to liquid calcium aluminates for aluminum killed steels. Also, introduction of calcium in low aluminium (<0.005% Al) - Si killed steel results in reduced porosity in cast products by reducing the dissolved oxygen content as it is a very strong deoxidizer as well
Introduction of calcium in liquid steel is difficult due to it’s low density, low melting and boiling temperature  and higher vapour pressure These problems have led to the development of special addition technique like cored wire injection which comprises of a continuous steel tube filled with calcium bearing materials
MINEX Metallurgical Company Limited is pioneer in production of cored wire technology and manufactures whole range of cored wires including that of Ca based cored wire for application in steel making. In normal practice recovery of Ca is in the range of 12-15% with cored wires of Ca-Fe, Ca-Fe-Al and Ca-Si. Introduction of newly developed high performance pure calcium ( Ca>98%) cored wires have resulted in enhanced average calcium recovery of more than 24% during treatment in ladle furnace. Theoretical aspects of calcium treatment of steel along with salient results of plant scale trials of two variants of pure calcium cored wire has been presented in this paper

The iron and steel industry was the emblem of the industrial revolution in the 19th and early 20th century United States, playing an important role in shaping the nation’s transportation infrastructure, the industrial specialization of its cities, and its rise as an economic and military power. Iron is an abundant but generally non-renewable natural resource that must be extracted, concentrated, and processed to create a useable and merchantable product such as pig iron, wrought iron, or steel. All steps in iron and steel production – from mining to smelting - may incur some impact to the environment. The scope and scale of environmental impact of the iron and steel industry in the 19th century mirrored changes in mining technology – from quarry to open-pit mining - shifts in fuels used in ore smelting – from charcoal to coal and coke – and developments in transportation – from wagon roads to canals and railroads. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, government and industry response to air and water pollution by the iron and steel industries spurred the development of agencies and legislation to control industrial pollution.

L a siderurgia latinoamericana presenta algunas particularidades con respecto a las rutas que utiliza para la producción de acero. Hay diferencias importantes en la distribución del hierro primario y del acero crudo. América Latina tiene una proporción más alta del hierro esponja en la producción del hierro primario, y la participación de las acerías eléctricas es también más importante que en la media mundial (FIGURA 1). Rutas de proceso en la siderurgia latinoamericana Se analizan los diversos caminos utilizados en América Latina para la producción masiva de acero. Debido a las particularidades en la obtención de materias primas, energía y reductores, en América Latina se observa una distribución de rutas de proceso que diverge ampliamente de la media mundial. Las particularidades y complejidades de la producción de hierro primario y acero en la siderurgia regional se revisan en detalle en el siguiente informe, con énfasis en los desafíos que presentan.

This presentation outlines an overview of the Iron and Steel Industries of India. It talks and discusses with figures of Indian Iron and Steel History, Production, Exports, Imports, Government policies, Mini and Major Steel Plants and 3 individual Steel Companies - IISCO, DSP & Bhilai.

Inert gas shrouding in a tundish can result in the formation of a tundish open eye due to the presence of reversed flows on the upper surface of the tundish. Prolonged presence of open eyes promotes reoxidation of liquid steel and creates harmful inclusions, which can ultimately result in clogging of SENs. In the present study, the impact of open eye size and duration on harmful inclusion formation in the tundish of ArcelorMittal Dofasco’s No. 1CC has been analyzed using a comprehensive quantitative approach encompassing mathematical modeling, thermodynamic calculations, and observations at No. 1CC tundish. Validation work carried out using ASPEX inclusion analysis shows that the major inclusions formed include Al2O3 and Ti-Aluminates.

« En mouvement depuis 75 ans ». Le début de notre XXIe siècle représente un tournant majeur pour les CFL, qu'il s'agisse de la croissance du nombre de passagers et de l'internationalisation du fret, de la libéralisation du secteur ferroviaire, de l'évolution des métiers ou encore des défis posés par la mobilité durable.
En nouant les fils qui relient hier à aujourd'hui et demain, cet ouvrage met en perspective l'histoire de l'entreprise nationale avec l'histoire du rail, largement européenne, ainsi qu'avec les évolutions économiques, politiques et culturelles de la société luxembourgeoise, depuis la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
L'ouvrage a bénéficié du concours de dizaines de cheminots qui ont partagé leurs témoignages et des centaines de documents personnels objets, photos, cartes postales permettant d'entrer dans cette histoire à hauteur d'hommes et de femmes.
Ce récit incarné prend ainsi la mesure de la réinvention permanente des cheminots et de leur entreprise pour servir une collectivité et un territoire, eux-mêmes en évolution constante. Illustré de nombreuses photographies, documents d'archives et infographies, il intéressera à la fois le connaisseur du sujet et le lecteur non-spécialiste qui peuvent y accéder par de multiples points d'entrée.

The iron-steel and cement sectors are essential elements of the global economy and also significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters. The most important GHG emission sources of the industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector in Turkey are CO2 emissions from these two sectors, nearly three quarters of total emissions by IPPU. Emissions by IPPU have become critical especially after the European Green Deal (EGD) and the concomitant carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM).
Although the impact of carbon pricing on national economies are widely researched, there are very few studies that focus on carbon pricing in Turkey. In this thesis, I first construct an up-to-date social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Turkish economy for 2019. Next, I investigate the carbon cost and potential impacts of CBAM by using SAM multiplier analysis. The results show that carbon cost of CBAM on the Turkish exporters, under three different carbon price scenarios (€45-7€1-€100/tCO2e), ranges between €1.8-€2.8-€4 billion annually. The results of SAM multiplier analysis indicate that decrease in iron-steel exports by €0.22-€0.36-€0.50 billion leads to €0.17-€0.27-€0.38 billion decrease in economywide GDP and €0.42-€0.67-€0.94 billion decrease in total output, under the three price scenarios and without considering free allocation. Decrease in cement exports by €0.05-€0.08-€0.12 billion leads to €0.06-€0.10-€0.14 billion decrease in GDP and €0.14-€0.22-€0.37 billion decrease in total output under the same price levels and allocation policy. This thesis also provides an evaluation of free allocation under CBAM for iron-steel and cement sectors and discusses the results from the perspective of free allocation.

Between 1760 and 1800, improving landowners inspired by the Scottish Enlightenment transformed the landscape of southern Scotland. An industrial revolution led to a further transformation north of the Southern Uplands Fault. To the south, Dumfries and Galloway remained a rural region with agriculture as its main industry. The perception of the region as ‘quintessentially rural’  has led to the neglect of the region’s significant role in the development of the industrial revolution in north-west England.  In the late eighteenth century, a group of young men from Dumfries and Galloway moved south in search of employment.  Some arrived in Liverpool where they became wealthy merchants, others became innovative and successful cotton manufacturers in Manchester. Through business partnerships and marriage links, some of the profits of the Manchester cotton factories were then re-invested in the Scottish iron industry.

The aim of this paper is to examine the attainments and challenges of the iron and steel industry in Viet Nam. The demand for steel in Viet Nam is increasing, with a focus on construction steel. While low-level industrialization is a restraining factor for the industry, the high steel intensity of the economic structure is a promotional factor. Steel production is increasing in line with domestic demand. Private and foreign-affiliated enterprises are the main players in the expansion of steel production. Market selection based on survival of the fittest is working well. In general, the transition to a market economy is showing considerable results in Viet Nam. However, the industry still faces some challenges. While the low operating ratio due to excess capacity is a by-product of market-oriented reform rather than governmental intervention, the poor performance and governmental support of state-owned enterprises show an insufficiency of reform.

Founded early in the 19th century, the ironworks at Clintonville in the Adirondack region of upstate New York rapidly rose to prominence as the world's largest bloomery forge and provided the bloom-iron industry with the earliest known application of hot blast to forge operation. The works included mining, smelting, and manufacturing, with an approach that emphasized direct control of the resources necessary for production. This research looks at Clintonville in relation to other bloomery forge sites of the region and explores the importance of ore, charcoal, and power sources as variables in determining forge location. With respect to scale, comparative historical research demonstrates a variety of modes of operation, with Clintonville eventually becoming eclipsed by companies that consolidated multiple enterprises. Findings provide insight into the layout and operation of Clintonville's large bloomery facility, combining rich historical documentation with four seasons of excavations at the forge site. The archaeological discoveries include features of charcoal storage, trip hammer and waterwheel setup, tailraces, a blacksmith forge, and remains of several of the 16 bloomery forges that once stood within the main forge building. Consideration is also given to individuals who contributed to the success of Clintonville's industrial endeavors and who represent a component that was fundamental to the progression of the 19th-century bloom-iron industry overall.

This bi-lingual interpretation board was erected at Dolgun Blast Furnace in celebration of its 300th Anniversary in 2019. This revised version has a new persepctive reconstruction drawing of the site using the latest evidence recovered during the 2019 excavations. The cut-away over the furnace pillar shows the evidence for the furnace lining, with the tuyere hole and the remarkable timp opening in the tapping arch, below which is a representation of the moisture chamber with a vent into the arch.
The drawing attempts to show all the key aspects of the charging, loading, blowing and operation of the furnace.
The board is at A1 size, but can be read easily in a 75% enlarged view.

Whilst the North West of England was one of the cradles of the Industrial Revolution, and was at the forefront of the development of the new academic discipline of Industrial Archaeology, there is no overview of the region's industrial archaeology which deals with the landscape and social archaeology approach to the subject. This volume, the second in an occasional series on models and methodology in North West archaeology, brings together many of the leading researchers in the region to present for the first time detailed studies of the
landscape and social archaeology of the period. The volume is divided into two sections. The first deals with models and methodologies for approaching the period in North West England. The second part presents a series of five case studies from around the region which show how landscape and social archaeology models and methodologies have been applied from Cumbria and Lancashire through to Greater Manchester, Cheshire,
and north-western Derbyshire. These innovative approaches allow us to look at the archaeological monuments, landscapes, and buildings of the Industrial Period from the farm to the factory.

Los equipos de vacío que se han impuesto en las últimas décadas en la siderurgia mundial son los RH-OB en sus diversas variantes, cuando la principal tarea es descarburar el baño, y los desgasificadores en tanque, procurando obtener aceros extremadamente limpios, con bajo tenor de hidrógeno y de azufre. Sin embargo, hay ejemplos de aplicaciones cruzadas.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated iron and steel companies in East Asia based on a generation model of production systems. Japanese companies are the leaders in the field of evolution of steel production systems. However, POSCO has established a generation 2.5 system; it is rapidly catching up to its Japanese rivals. Baosteel also has a generation 2.5 system with imported
technology; it has also begun to develop its own R&D activity so that it will then have the capability to evolve. All of the Chinese integrated companies (other than Bao), and the Taiwanese company CSC are trying to improve their production systems from the second generation. CSC has adopted a unique approach to
upgrading by alliances with non-automobile industries. The major finding of this research is that investment for construction and upgrading of production systems is a driving force that improves the competitiveness of integrated companies in East Asia. Additionally, we can draw some suggestions about the challenges that integrated companies in East Asia face from the perspective of international competition and system evolution.

Partendo dalla situazione post-bellica italiana nel campo industriale, più specificatamente nel settore siderurgico, il saggio si pone il compito di analizzare, attraverso le diverse politiche economico-industriali e le vicissitudini accumulatesi nel corso del tempo, come questo settore industriale sia diventato uno dei perni dell’economia di stato, che diventa direttamente produttore di acciaio e, di come la società detentrice della gestione della produzione, la Finsider, riesca prima a portare l’Italia in una situazione quasi alla pari con il resto del mercato globale fino a sprofondare negli anni ’70 in una spirale disastrosa che ha portato sino alla messa in vendita delle partecipazioni statali.
I primi due punti che si vogliono approfondire riguardano il dibattito sul rilancio del ciclo integrale e il passaggio ad una nuova impostazione tecnico-scientifica del lavoro. Questi temi saranno descritti attraverso un’ analisi degli sforzi del governo e dei suoi tecnocrati di svincolarsi dalle oscillazioni del mercato, cercando di ridurre le importazioni di scarti  di semi-lavorati e di concentrare la maggior parte della filiera produttiva in pochi centri siderurgici scelti in modo strategico e attraverso il mutamento dell’ impostazione del lavoro di tipo scientifico che porta all’abbandono della classica “organizzazione spontanea”.
Si vogliono inoltre affrontare le tematiche attorno allo scontro tra le posizioni pre-fordiste della famiglia Falk e quelle fordiste del gruppo Finsider, che andranno a formare le basi del famoso “Piano Sinigallia”. Accanto a questo dibattito si vuole prendere in analisi il ruolo svolto dagli Stati Uniti nell’indirizzare le politiche siderurgiche italiane secondo uno schema “americano” attraverso un approfondimento sull’introduzione,  prima solo nel centro di Cornigliano,  poi a tutti i centri Ilva-Italsider, delle politiche di Job Analysis e Job Evalutation.
Il saggio vuole poi esaminare la situazione siderurgica europea, soprattutto il quadro franco-tedesco dal quale scaturirà il Piano Schuman che darà vita alla CECA; si cercherà poi di delineare la situazione italiana all’interno dello scacchiere europeo e le circostanze che l’hanno portata all’ingresso nella Comunità,  nonostante il suo ruolo ancora marginale nella siderurgia continentale.
L’analisi continua tornando a focalizzarsi sulle le vicissitudini della siderurgia in Italia, con particolare attenzione al Mezzogiorno, che diviene il nuovo centro ove si vuole far sviluppare l’industria dell’acciaio dato che era diventato ormai palese che per soddisfare i consumi futuri le capacità produttive realizzate col Piano Sinigallia non sarebbero bastate. Si analizzeranno quindi i temi dello Schema Vannoni, i suoi punti in comune e le sue divergenze con il Piano Sinigallia e si approfondirà il dibattito che vedrà protagonisti molti industriali e politici, riguardo al luogo e alle modalità di apertura e produzione del IV centro siderurgico del paese.
Infine il saggio si pone il compito di capire la nascita degli errori dell’ultimo periodo di gestione della produzione siderurgica dello Stato che ha portato alla scorporazione dell’Iri e alla vendita ai privati delle partecipazioni statali. Errori individuati per lo più nell’abbandono delle linee guida di Sinigallia e Marchesi e nell’appropriazione di un nuovo modello sia gestionale che produttivo degli impianti di marca giapponese e non più americana, modello che non è riuscito a mettere radici nel tessuto sociale e culturale dell’industria siderurgica italiana che riponeva, negli anni ’70, tutte le sue speranze quasi nel solo stabilimento tarantino.

The foundry trade developed as a separate branch of the iron industry in
the first half of the 18th century. It mostly used coke pig iron, which was produced at Coalbrookdale and in a small number of other furnaces. This was rendered possible by Sir Clement Clerke’s development of the air furnace for remelting pig iron and of Abraham Darby’s patented method of casting pots in green sand. This paper considers the spread of coke smelting and of foundries with air furnaces in the 18th century,
which are closely related to each other. It ends by looking briefly at unresolved issues in the origins of the later foundry cupola.

Massive material and energy are consumed in the integrated iron and steel industry, which results in substantial emissions. Many technologies and policies have been employed in the industry to achieve sustainable steelmaking. The potential of these technologies and policies is generally assessed at the facility/process level. The sitewide potential is usually overestimated or underestimated due to double-counting and missing items. To tackle this problem, a matrix model of the sitewide material-energy-emission nexus is developed in terms of the interconnection and interdependency of multiple flows. Based on the nexus model, the effects of operational actions on material, energy and emission intensities are investigated. In addition, the contribution of various operational parameters to the change in each flow is determined. Coke purchase, cast iron export, scrap steel utilization and metallic yield improvement are examined as a case study. The results showed that energy deficits or over-standard emissions may occur in certain cases influenced by the material-energy-emission nexus, and it is suggested to consider the whole-site energy balance and emission structure when making decisions. Finally, policy implications for reducing material consumption, energy consumption and emissions are provided.

The production of iron by the puddling process continued after Bessemer invented his process for making mild steel, reaching its zenith in the 1870s, then declined rapidly as mild steel was substituted for iron for rails and then shipbuilding. Data on furnace numbers in the Mineral Statistics are used to estimate output of puddled iron and of mild steel from four processes. The total output of all iron and steel processes rose from 5.44M tons in 1875 to 6.0M tons in 1899, but with significantly lower output in the intervening period. Acid Bessemer steel output was at its highest in 1889. Soon after, Open Hearth steel overtook Bessemer steel in importance. Between 1877 and 1899, the roles of puddled iron and mild steel were reversed, with the former falling from 80% of the total to only 20%.

Using the privatization of Pakistan Steel Mills as an empirical site and drawing on Laclau and Mouffe’s (1985) discourse theory, this paper traces how the hegemony of one discourse (pro-privatization) was superseded by another discourse (anti-privatization). Specific signifiers were articulated and re-articulated into different chains of equivalence to create an appeal for each discourses surrounding the valuation of the steel mill. The ‘success’ of the anti-privatization discourse derived from drawing on disparate signifiers from different discourses; ambiguous signifiers such as the steel mill being a ‘strategic asset’; and relatively simpler valuation signifiers such as ‘market value’. In contrast, the pro-privatization discourse by accounting ‘experts’ used more complex ‘professional’ valuation signifiers such as ‘going concern’, ‘sensitivity adjusted discounted cash flow value’ that had lesser appeal to the masses, the media, and the judiciary. Hence the Supreme Court reversed the privatization decision deeming it being sold too cheaply. This soured executive-judiciary relations, and led to the military government suspending the Chief Justice, and later much of the judiciary, media outlets and the Constitution which precipitated a successful social movement for an independent judiciary and the restoration of democracy. Events were shaped by the various interests of parties concerned and created new identities for them. The paper concludes by reflecting on how the findings contribute to, and add new issues, for accounting research using discourse analysis.

Abstract
In this paper author deals with history of Zenica steel factory from its foundation in 1892, to the beginning of World War II in Yugoslavia in 1941. During this period factory grew to become one of the biggest factories in Bosnia and Herzegovina which at the midst of World War 2 employed several thousands of workers. During this time, Zenica Steelwork factory influenced all aspects of life in Zenica; economy, demography, education, etc, which is also described in this paper. During last year of Kingdom of Yugoslavia, factory was greatly expanded, in efforts of Yugoslavia to strenghten its weak metal industr, so Zenica becomes on of centres of metal production. Foundation of first schools and efforts in education in Zenica are closely related to Mine and Steel Factory in Zenica, so author especially paid attention to this aspect.
Keywords; Steelwork, Industry, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Domenica 12 aprile, Pasqua 2020. Il dilemma posto dal Coronavirus blocca Taranto da anni: salviamo l’acciaieria o la popolazione? Da anni. Va be’ ma che fretta c’è? Pensiamoci.
Appendice del Martedì Grasso 16 febbraio 2021. Fine del Carnevale?

"This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated iron and steel companies in East Asia based on a generation model of production systems. Japanese companies are the leaders in the field of evolution of steel production systems. However, POSCO has established a generation 2.5 system; it is rapidly catching up to its Japanese rivals. Baosteel also has a generation 2.5 system with imported
technology; it has also begun to develop its own R&D activity so that it will then have the capability to evolve. All of the Chinese integrated companies (other than Bao), and the Taiwanese company CSC are trying to improve their production systems from the second generation. CSC has adopted a unique approach to
upgrading by alliances with non-automobile industries. The major finding of this research is that investment for construction and upgrading of production systems is a driving force that improves the competitiveness of integrated companies in East Asia. Additionally, we can draw some suggestions about the challenges that integrated companies in East Asia face from the perspective of international competition and system evolution."

ABSTRACT
The present study investigates the impact of the quality of lumps in iron ore mining systems and its implications for mineral reserve recovery rates. Improving the quality of lump ore, through simple yet innovative mineral processing, can maximize recovery of reserves, decrease waste generation, and increase the productivity and sustainability of mines by allowing transition to lower quality iron ores. Here, a case study is described in which both siliceous and dolomitic banded iron formation rocks (BIFs) were subjected to chemical, physical, and mineralogical characterization before undergoing beneficiation processes in pneumatic jigs and logwasher equipment. These processes were found to increase product quality and reduce the levels of contaminants, including SiO2, Al2O3, and fines. The gain in quality led to a reduction in the cut-off grade, from 60% to 58% Fe, while maintaining products specifications. Consequently, a 20% increase in the lump ore reserves was achieved, contributing to the sustainability of the mining system.

The present case study work is carried out on a typical steel industry in selection of optimum amount of chemicals dosage used in DAF unit to remove oil and grease. Neural models are developed between DAF unit variables i.e amount of chemical, pH and amount of oil in the effluent. The amount of alum and polyelectrolyte are considered as independent whereas pH and amount of oil present in outlet stream are accounted as dependent variables.

These input and output data are analyzed using ANN and GMDH method, which reduces cost of chemical/day-shift 10.5% and 21.85%, respectively.