Kosice

Choir and tower of Dominican church in Košice (Kaschau, Kassa) in Slovakia preserved a rare collection of medieval stonemasonry elements. Capitals, consoles, baldachins and a boss with figural, zoomorphic, floral and architectural motives come from two style epochs: from the end of 13th century and the end of 14th century. Building unity of church, proved by recent sounding research, and predominance of younger elements (14 of all 19 preserved) forces us to regard the minority older elements as spolia. Dating of church to 13th century by previous scholarship is disproved in addition by recent finds of younger architectural components in situ, not known earlier (south portal, choir rose-window), and iconographic analyses of stonemasonry fill, never carried out before.
A headstone of analyses is a capital describing motif of "Domini canes". First art depiction of this self-reflection of Dominicans as stalwart "dogs of Lord" originated in Florence in the years 1366-8, what is terminus a quo for its appearance in Košice. Church choir and tower-base arcade, serving as a portico for friars entering the choir, generate an ideological unit whereby special position of its every element. Spolia, incorporated within the most sacramental east part of interior, remained not only passive antiquities, but were adapted and arranged to depict the sanctification of the church and whole monastery – Blessing of Virgin Mary.
Paper analyzes all preserved elements of decorative program, explained as a stone display of Dominican order dogma, produced by artistic resources of late 14th century Košice.

Marián Čurný: Tehla a stavebná keramika v architektúre stredovekých a včasnonovovekých Košíc. Ziegel und Baukeramik in der Architektur des mittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Košice (Kaschau). In: FORUM URBES MEDII AEVI IX./1–2. Cihla a stavební keramika ve středověku a novověku v městské architektuře střední Evropy. Bricks and building ceramics in medieval and modern urban architecture of central Europe. Archaia Brno o.p.s. Brno 2015, 174-185. ISBN: 978‑80‑905546‑4-1

This publication is the first complete obituary of the Košice Archdiocese. The book contains the names of almost 1,700 diocesan priests, bishops, deacons, and seminarians who have died since the founding of the diocese to this day (1804 - 2022). The book is intended primarily for prayer for these deceased. All data have been verified by several years of historical-archival research, so this obituary is a reliable and authentic source for the cultivation of historical memory and Košice's identity.

Ez a kiadvány a Kassai Főegyházmegye első teljes nekrológiumja. A könyv közel 1700 egyházmegyei pap, püspök, diakónus és kispap nevét tartalmazza, akik az egyházmegye megalapítása óta máig hunytak el (1804-2022). A könyv elsősorban ezekért a halottakért való imádkozáshoz szolgál. Minden adat többéves történeti-levéltári kutatás eredménye, ezért a nekrológium egyben a történelmi emlékezet és a kassai identitás ápolásának autentikus és hiteles forrása.

Diese Publikation ist das erste vollständige Nekrologium der Erzdiözese Košice (Kaschau). Das Buch enthält die Namen von fast 1.700 Diözesanpriestern, Bischöfen, Diakonen und Seminaristen, die seit Gründung der Diözese bis heute (1804 - 2022) verstorben sind. Das Buch ist vor allem zum Gebet für diese Verstorbenen bestimmt. Alle Daten wurden durch mehrjährige historisch-archivische Forschung verifiziert, daher ist dieses Nekrologium eine zuverlässige und authentische Quelle für die Pflege des historischen Gedächtnisses und der Identität von Košice.

The Kosice diocese and the chapter were founded in 1804 as a result of the Enlightenment that was already weakening at that time. The Kosice Chapter was administered according to its own statutes and it had a strict hierarchy. The head was a grand provost; a lecturer, a cantor and a custodian – they were dignitaries; a cathedral archdeacon and a master were ordinary canons. The activity of the canons was supported from the own possessions of villages Tiszaors and Tiszaorveny, from the tens of towns Bardejov and Sabinov, the finances from grants and rentals. But resources were never sufficient. This article presents the Kosice Chapter in time of accomplishment of canonical visitation in 1808.

FEDORČÁK, Peter - FOGELOVÁ, Patrícia (Eds.). Cassovia Docta: Osobnosti vedy a školstva. Košice : Vydavateľstvo ŠafárikPress, 2018, 210 p. ISBN 978-80-8152-673-2.
ABSTRACT: This peer-reviewed volume of scientific articles with the title Cassovia Docta: The Personalities of Science and Education is devoted to selected important personalities who lived and worked in Košice (today Slovakia), the impact of whose activities were of local and global importance. The articles are published in chronological order, and figures from the twentieth century predominate. Only the first three articles are about earlier figures, from the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The earliest figure discussed is the humanist Leonard Cox, who taught in Košice in the 1520s; the next article is about the place of Joannes Plath (nineteenth century) in the historical memory of Košice city; the third is on the pioneers of archaeology in Košice from the nineteenth up to the mid-twentieth century. The next article presents Slovak and Czech teachers in the interwar period, and the following one explores the influence of the pedagogue and scientist Juraj Dubinský on the development of the science and education in Košice before and especially after World War II. The lives of teachers and scientists in post-war Košice are illustrated through the examples of Oliver Rácz and Michal Markuš. With the establishment of the universities and departments of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Košice, a new institutional platform for scientific research and education was created. In this period, the most important personalities of the scientific life of Košice included Vladimír Hajko, Ján Jakubík and Jozef Liška. Their pedagogical and scientific profile is presented in the last published article of this volume.
KEYWORDS: History – Slovakia – Hungary – Czechoslovakia – Košice – Biography – Personalities – History of Education – History of Science and Technology – Sixteenth Century – Nineteenth Century – Twentieth Century
ABSTRAKT: Recenzovaný zborník vedeckých štúdií s názvom Cassovia Docta: Osobnosti vedy a školstva, je venovaný vybraným osobnostiam, ktoré pôsobili v Košiciach a svojou vedeckou a pedagogickou činnosťou ovplyvnili vedecký výskum a dejiny školstva v lokálnom, respektíve globálnom význame. Štúdie sú publikované v chronologickom poradí a prevažujú témy z 20. storočia. Starším dejinám sú venované prvé tri štúdie, ktoré sa týkajú pôsobenia humanistu Leonarda Coxa v Košiciach na začiatku 16. storočia, miesta Joannesa Platha v dejinách Košíc 19. storočia a priekopníkom archeológie v Košiciach od 19. storočia do polovice 20. storočia. V ďalších dvoch štúdiách sú predstavené témy z medzivojnového obdobia dejín Košíc – slovenskí a českí pedagógovia na stredných školách v Košiciach, a osobnosť Juraja Dubinského, ktorý prispel k rozvoju prírodných vied v Košiciach pred, no hlavne po druhej svetovej vojne. Osudy pedagógov a vedcov v Košiciach v povojnovom období sú ilustrované na príklade života a aktivít Oliverova Rácza a Michala Markuša. Vznikom univerzít a akademických ústavov v Košiciach sa od 50. rokov 20. storočia vytvárala nová inštitucionálna platforma pre vedecký výskum a vzdelávanie. Medzi významné osobnosti tohto moderného obdobia dejín školstva a vedy patrili aj Vladimír Hajko, Ján Jakubík a Jozef Liška, ktorých vedecký a pedagogický profil prezentuje posledný publikovaný príspevok zborníka.
KĽÚČOVÉ SLOVÁ: Dejiny – Slovensko – Uhorsko – Československo – Košice – Biografia – Osobnosti – Dejiny školstva – Dejiny vedy a techniky – 16. storočie – 19. storočie – 20. storočie

Die ungarische Sprachenfrage und Spracherneuerung kamen im 18. Jahrhundert in Folge der Umbruchprozesse in der Gelehrtenwelt einerseits und den politischen Konflikten andererseits auf. Zu nennen sind hier insbesondere die Kritik am Nutzen der lateinischen Sprache im Schulunterricht, die mangelnde Kenntnis dieser Sprache im Kontrast mit dem aufgeklärten Ideal der allgemeinen Bildung von allen Gesellschaftsschichten und die Germanisierungspolitik von Kaiser Joseph II. Gelehrte wie Ferenc Kazinczy (Königreich Ungarn) oder György Aranka (Siebenbürgen) versuchten durch die Gründung von inoffiziellen Gesellschaften und ungarisch-sprachigen Gelehrtenzeitschriften die ungarische Sprache zu befördern, wobei all diese nur sehr kurzlebig waren aufgrund persönlicher, organisatorischer sowie politischer Hindernisse. Eine tiefe Zäsur erfuhr die ungarische Gelehrsamkeit durch die Jakobinerbewegung, in der einige bedeutende ungarische Gelehrte den Tod fanden. Wenn auch kurzfristig diese Versuche nur geringfügig erfolgreich waren, ebneten sie langfristig den Weg für die „Magyarisierung“ in den 1830er- und 1840er-Jahren, insbesondere die Einführung von Ungarisch als Staatssprache im Jahre 1844.

FEDORČÁK, Peter. Košice During the Reign of Maria Theresa: The Main Reasons for Changes in the City. In: ANDREOZZI, Daniele - MOCARELLI, Luca (Eds.). The Empress Cities: Urban Centres, Societies and Economies in the Age of Maria Theresia von Habsburg. Trieste : Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2017, pp. 33-49.
ABSTRACT: While the period of Middle Ages is the period of heyday for Košice while the town represents a closed and fully autonomous community, 16th and 17th century is the period of economic and political decline which is typical for the struggle to preserve the original form of urban society. Maria Theresa’s reign represents repeated flourish of the town. The objective of this paper is to ask also about the reasons for this positive development and also to look for an answer to the question whether this was a credit of Maria Theresa or of her court’s policy. Košice paid an involuntary price for this positive transformation in the form of loss of its original identity. The development of the city was positive in many aspects and was changing the town to a modern (in the Early Modern Times context) metropolis of a given part of the country – Northeast Hungary.
KEYWORDS: Maria Theresa; Košice; Kingdom of Hungary; Slovakia; 18th century; Urban history;

A Károlyi-kormány nemzetiségi minisztereként Jászi Oszkár pontosan látta, hogy az
északkelet-magyarországi keleti szlovák mozgalom, a szepesi köztársasági elképzeléshez
hasonlóan kezdettől fogva súlytalan megmozdulásnak számított. Kormányzati támogatásuk
csak tovább mélyítette volna a bel- és külpolitikai feszültségeket. Társadalmi bázisuk eleve
nagyon gyenge volt. Sáros, Szepes megyékben egyaránt a pozícióikat féltő vármegyei magyar
elitek mozgalmáról volt szó, akik az adott történelmi pillanatot a magyar állam sorsa iránti
őszinte aggodalmuk mellett, jórészt arra kívánták felhasználni, hogy életformájuk, vagyonuk,
befolyásuk maradékát megmentsék. Ugyanakkor Kassa szerepét, fontosságát és Molnár
Miklós kormánybiztos tevékenységét Budapesten is elismerték, de kénytelenek voltak
szembesülni a felbomlás előtt álló történeti magyar állam katonai gyengeségével, diplomáciai
elszigeteltségével és a nagyhatalmi támogatás teljes hiányával.
A keleti szlovákokat a Károlyi-kormány nemzetiségi minisztere a Keleti Szlovák
Népköztársaság kikiáltását elhibázott lépésnek tartotta. Azzal, hogy a keleti szlovákok
nevében Dvorčákék kikiáltották a senki által nem regisztrált és helyben is jórészt
visszhangtalan maradt „népköztársaságukat”, valójában még inkább felgyorsították a térség
csehszlovák katonai megszállását. Átmeneti népszerűségét, feltételese támogatását a magyar
állam összeomlása nyomán terjedő káosznak és félelemnek köszönhette.
Kassa esetében pedig azt a következtetést lehet levonni, hogy a város 1918. novemberi-
decemberi vezetőségének nehéz helyzetben kellett megoldásokat találnia az egyre súlyosabb
problémákra. Molnár Miklós kormánybiztosként többször kérte a budapesti kormányt,
küldjön csapatokat a város megvédésére csehszlovák légiókkal szemben és segítse elő a város
magyar kézen maradását. Érzékelve a megváltozott politikai helyzetet, a megoldatlan
rendbiztonságot, a város vezetése azzal bízta meg Molnár Miklóst, tárgyaljon a csehszlovák
állam és hadsereg vezetőivel a város ideiglenes, a békekonferencia döntéséig terjedő
csehszlovák megszállásáról.
A sárosi államkezdemény – akárcsak a Szepesi Köztársaság – már létrehozásuk
pillanatában életképtelennek bizonyultak, területük pontos határait sem lehetett meghatározni,
és amilyen gyorsan létrejöttek, ugyanolyan gyorsan megszűntek.

The East Slovak Lowland is a predominantly rural region featuring marginalized historical development and low concern of ethnologists. The essay presents photo- -documentation of vernacular buildings from this region, which is open to the public in eight museum archives, heritage offices and academic institutes in five Slovak and Czech cities – Michalovce, Košice, Prešov, Martin and Prague. Even though most photo-documents come from the second half of the 20th century, they could capture many ancient building phenomena even in that younger period. The presented collections are a valuable basis to study vernacular architecture and habitation in the East Slovak Lowlands as well as in lowlands generally.

The significance of Košice in the history of the Hungarian Kingdom is probably best symbolised in the architecture of St. Elisabeth's Cathedral. The Dome represents the political and social-cultural status of the town. It is also the place filled with written-pictorial symbolism. In the past, mainly older Hungarian researchers studied the cathedral's epigraphic monuments. Their work is of an indisputable significance, especially when it comes to sepulchral relics. Many of the other remnants, however, have either escaped their attention ot they knewvery little about them, as they were not recognized during the research. One of them is the cathedral's oldest artefact - the medieval bronze baptistery from around the first third of the 14th century. From the epigrafic view, the baptistery remained a mystery until now and the inscription was either non-deciphered, or incorrectly interpreted. The author of this article decoded the following: + IN . OLE . QVISQUE . LOTVS . FIT . MVND(I) . CRIMINE . LOTVS . VITE ABOLES NOS. This can by freely translated as: Each who washes in this vessel cleanses the sin of the world. You clear us of sin.
Different in context and size is the painted inscription in the Chapel of St. Stephen. It was barely visible, so they restored it and had an attempt at deciphering it. It is a collection of memorable records of significant events that happened in Hungary at the end of 14th  and first half of the 15th century. The inscriptions were not made in the time of aforementioned events, but post 1439, or the beginning of the second half of the 15th century.
The fragment of the wall painting in the Sigismund tower of the Dome also remained unnoticed until now. The key for identifying the fragment was the barely readable writing on the pages of the featured book, which is about the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The following would aim to approximately date the whole monument.
Another category involves the graffiti inscriptions in the so-called Matthew or Southern tower. Though they mainly come from the middle of the 17thh century, one of the best-preserved is from 1571. The people who created them were often significant personalities, such as the Levoča organist Samuel Marckfelner (1621-1674), or bell-ringer of Košice Christianus Folbarth.

The two most important changes in the urban spaces of the walled cities of Hungary in the period between the end of the eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth were the growth of the outer cities and the demolition of the city walls. This essay examines the consequences of these changes from the perspective of the social and political consequences of the shifts that took place in the concept of the city and the borders of the urban space, considering a specifi c case on the one hand, the city of Kassa (or Košice), and national tendencies on the other. The physical growth of the city and the gradual urbanization of the outer cities not only led to changes in the prevailing understanding of the " city " (which earlier had been identifi ed as the area within the city walls), but made increasingly inevitable the creation, in a space that had been fragmented by the various privileges enjoyed by some of its inhabitants, of a legally unifi ed city, as well as the incorporation of the outer cities, which had varying statuses, into the jurisdiction of the municipality. This, however, confl icted with the prevailing system of noble privileges, and the situation went unresolved until 1848, when the revolution made possible the transformation of the political structure of the entire country. This essay examines the problems that arose with the transformation of urban spaces inherited from earlier centuries, urban spaces which were once clearly demarcated by city walls, but which with the passage of time became increasingly amorphous and fl uid. The focus of analysis is Kassa (in Slovakian: Košice, its German name is Kaschau), a city lying on the banks of the Hernád River, where the northeastern range of the Carpathian mountains meets the lowlands, the region known in Hungarian as the Alföld. Today Kassa is the second largest city of the Slovak Republic. Throughout the period under discussion, it was a real multiethnic city, mostly with German, Hungarian and Slovakian speaking inhabitants. The growth of the city, which was founded in the second half of the thirteenth century by settlers (for the most part German speakers – hospes), was infl uenced in part by its advantageous geographical location, but also to a signifi cant extent by the fact that it fell on an important trade route that crossed the Carpathians, linking the Kingdom of Hungary with Poland, Silesia, and

The paper brings new knowledge about the life and artistic production of the Klimkovič (Klimkovics) family based on, up until now unprocessed documents and research. The family comes from Silesian village Klimkovice (now on the periphery of Ostrava), was active in Smolnik, Staré Hory, Košice and Budapest. The oldest documented members of the family were the brothers Florián, František and Andrej. Florián, his son lgnác and the sons of Ignác František, Florián Jr. and Vojtech were active as artists. It was possible to uncover some sources of inspiration of their work and show some historical and iconographical contexts of chosen works. Florián Sr. is mentioned as an author of Marian paintings, however unknown. Ignác, husband of Maria Szarvas and father to five children, is the author of newly discovered drawings (Self-portrait, St. Anna). He created an aquarelle Bride, till nowadays considered to be his original work, after a drawing by French artist L. L. Boilly. In addition, his painting Rosary Virgin Mary verifies the appearance of the Living Rosary in Spiš. František studied shortly in Pest, Vienna and Paris. He started to focus on historical and religious paintings, and worked for the Bishop of Košice lgnác Fábry on the reconstruction of the St. Elisabeth Cathedral (he painted for example St. Anthony of Padua). He moved to Budapest where he painted portraits. His problems with vision forced him to give up painting. He taught drawing at a grammar school and gave up on his artistic ambitions. He did not have good relationship with his wife Amália Hegedüs. His last will sheds light on several interesting details. Florián Jr. worked in the family workshop. He engaged in woodcarving and restorations of the church movables. The Iist of his works from the years 1860 to 1885 is preserved. Vojtech studied shortly in Vienna. He focused on religious and genre paintings. Together with František, he taught at their private school; later he was a teacher at the Realschule in Košice. He was the first custodian and director of the Upper-Hungarian (East Slovakian) museum. Shortly before his death, he married Mária Lakatos. The last part of the paper contains graphological analysis of his handwriting and mention of a photography, in which he represents one of the three Fates.

The article gives an overview of the existence of six selected grammar schools in three towns of eastern Slovakia 1948. It focused on problems of these grammar schools after World War II (not only material problems, but also problems of teacher qualification). Annual reports were used to provide the information about number of students, their nationalities, religions, etc. The author also discusses out-of-school activities of these schools.

Paper focuses on the research of one of the oldest artifacts in Košice. The inscription on the medieval baptismal font was until nowconsidered to be unreadable. By thorough analysis, the author managed to decipher the words and here his finding presents for the first time.

The Hungarian language issue and neoterism upraised as a consequence the transformation process within the European scholar world as of the political conflicts during the 18 century. Reasons for that were the criticism of using Latin as a language of education as of erudition, of the lack of knowledge of the broad mass of the population, the Enlighted ideal of general education of all parts of society, and the politics of Germanisation by emperor Joseph II, to name just a few. The bloody suppression of the Jacobin movement (1795), however, caused a deep caesura within the Hungarian erudition as some important Hungarian scholars were sentenced to death. Scholars like Ferenc Kazinczy in the Kingdom of Hungary and György Aranka in Transylvania tried to encourage the Hungarian language through the foundation of societies and of Hungarian-speaking scholarly journals. Though most of them were just ephemeral due to personal, political and financial reasons, they pathed the way for the mode...

Mi történik az állami közalkalmazottal, ha az állam vagy az önkormányzat, melynek szolgálatában áll, megszűnik létezni?[1] Elmenekül, vagy a helyén marad? S amennyiben a maradás mellett dönt, milyen kilátásokkal vág neki a határ- és államjogi változások teremtette új életének? Elbocsátják, nyugdíjazzák, vagy netán átveszik állami szolgálatba? Az alábbiakban arra keresem a választ, hogy miként változtatta meg az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia felbomlása, Csehszlovákia létrejötte, majd a trianoni békeszerződés aláírása azoknak a magyar postai alkalmazottaknak az életét, akik az új állam területén maradtak.

The two most important changes in the urban spaces of the walled cities of Hungary in the period between the end of the eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth were the growth of the outer cities and the demolition of the city walls. This essay examines the consequences of these changes from the perspective of the social and political consequences of the shifts that took place in the concept of the city and the borders of the urban space, considering a specifi c case on the one hand, the city of Kassa (or Košice), and national tendencies on the other. The physical growth of the city and the gradual urbanization of the outer cities not only led to changes in the prevailing understanding of the “city” (which earlier had been identifi ed as the area within the city walls), but made increasingly inevitable the creation, in a space that had been fragmented by the various privileges enjoyed by some of its inhabitants, of a legally unifi ed city, as well as the incorporation of...

The article presents a heraldic analysis of the preserved coat-of-arms signs at the seven aristocratic city palaces in Kosice - Hadik-Barkóczy, Csáky-Dessewffy, Péchy-Zichy, on the Count Emanuel Csáky Palace, Forgách Palace, Venetian House and Andrássy palace. Almost all the palace buildings presented are located on Hlavna Street (houses no. 10, 40, 48, 64, 72 and 81), with the exception of the Péchy-Zichy Palace, situated on Alzbetina Street no. 14. Their construction took place in the years 1754-1899, while the oldest preserved palace building is considered to be the Hadik-Barkóczyho Palace, the youngest is Andrássy Palace. The chronological aspect is crucial for us in the succession of the described urban palaces. For each palace object, in addition to the above-mentioned heraldic analysis, we also bring a brief building-historical overview of a particular palace, supplemented with basic prosopographical data and genealogical context of its aristocratic owners. Heraldic analysis of preserved coat-of-arms signs is, in addition to the text conceived in accordance with valid heraldic terminology (according to L. Vrtel), suitably complemented by pictures, thus creating space for comparison between the official versions of the family coat of arms (according to Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch – Nagy címerkönyv from J. Siebmacher) its execution on a representative palace facade. The knowledge gathered in this paper can be helpful in documenting the heraldic monuments of the city of Kosice, but also as an impulse for a deeper research into the work and everyday life of personalities from the ranks of the Hungarian nobility in the region.