Habsburg Monarchy 1867-1918

“Gazeta Narodowa” and the uprising in the Bay of Kotor in 1869

The aim of this article is to describe the uprising in the Bay of Kotor in 1869 as seen from the perspective of the Lviv daily newspaper “Gazeta Narodowa” (“National Newspaper”) and to present the views of the editorial staff and the manner in which they relayed the events.
Out of all Galician newspapers, “Gazeta Narodowa” devoted the most space to the uprising. From October 1869 to February 1870, it published almost daily extensive reports on the progress of the upheaval, frequently adding a political commentary. The newspaper’s editor-in-chief, Platon Kostecki, even ended up in court because of his text on the uprising, in which he criticised the Austrian authorities. “Gazeta Narodowa” mainly tried, on the basis of press accounts from
other corners of the monarchy and correspondents’ reports, to recreate the military activities and to show repressions carried out by Austrian soldiers. Searching for the reasons behind the uprising, journalists frequently pointed out Austrian bureaucracy and German domination of the Slavic population in Cisleithania. They raised objections especially about supporters of centralism in the Austrian parliament (National Council). Moreover, they attempted to show the international context of the uprising, and presented hypotheses about a possible Serbian or
Russian inspiration. There were also texts describing the history of the region, its social structure and the natural features of the Bay of Kotor, where fighting the insurgents was proving to be a considerable challenge for the Austrian army. The army’s failure to control the situation in the Bay of Kotor was to “Gazeta Narodowa” another reason to criticise the state which could not suppress a local rebellion for months on end. This gave rise to an important question about the monarchy’s defensibility in the face of a possible external threat.

»Bratje Čehi« v ljubljanskem bogoslovju (1885-1897) »Czech Brothers« at the Ljubljana Seminary (1885-1897)

Povzetek: V letih od 1885 do 1897 so v ljubljansko bogoslovje prihajali duhovniški kandidati s Češke in Moravske. Na Kranjskem je namreč duhovnikov primanjkovalo, na Češkem in Moravskem pa je v tem obdobju zanimanje za duhovne poklice cvetelo. Temu primerno so bila češka in moravska bogoslovna semenišča zapolnjena in mladi kandidati so si morali iskati mesta po drugih semeniščih v monarhiji. Tržaško-koprski škof Ivan Glavina (škof v letih 1882-1895) je tako dal pobudo ter povabil češke in moravske kandidate v Centralno goriško semenišče; odziv je bil velik in mnogi so pozneje uspešno delovali kot dušni pastirji v njegovi škofiji. Prošnje mladih čeških kandidatov pa so se znašle tudi v Ljubljani. Prispe-vek želi na podlagi arhivskega gradiva, časopisnih notic, pa tudi spominov na kratko orisati in osvetliti omenjeno obdobje prisotnosti »bratov Čehov«, ki so bili pozneje vpeti v življenje in skrb za dušni blagor ljudi, v ljubljanskem bogoslovju.

Ključne besede: Čehi, ljubljansko bogoslovje, duhovniški kandidati, študij, duhovniki, pastorala

Abstract: From 1885 to 1897, priesthood candidates from the Czech lands and Moravia enrolled at the Ljubljana seminary. There was a shortage of priests in Carniola, while in the Bohemia and Moravia the interest in the spiritual care was gradually increasing during that period. The Czech and Moravian seminaries were full, and the young candidates had to study at other seminaries in the Monarchy. The Bishop of the Diocese of Trieste-Koper (Capodistria) Ivan Glavina (1882-1895) presented the initiative and invited Czech and Moravian priesthood candidates to enrol at the central seminary in Gorizia. The response was overwhelming and many candidates to the priesthood successfully continued to work as priests in the diocese. The applications of young Czech and Moravian priesthood candidates were also sent to the Ljubljana seminary. On the basis of archival records and materials, newspaper notes and memoirs, the following paper briefly outlines and highlights the aforementioned period of the presence of the Czech and Moravian students at the Ljubljana seminary, who were later involved in the life and concern for the spiritual well-being of people.

Keywords: Czehs, Moravians, Ljubljana seminary, theological studies, priests, pastoral care

The following piece, which is based on archival materials and newspaper notices supplemented by relevant literature, presents the activity and the throbbing life of the parish. The time frame spans from a peaceful period in 1913, when the bishop Anton Bonaventura Jeglič visited the parish, up
until the end of World War I, which was interwoven with the lives of Preddvor parishioners in different ways.

Key words: Preddvor, parish, World War I, Austro-Hungarian army,
army victims

La nobleza austriaca (Österreichischer Adel) presenta en su formación similitudes con la nobleza germánica del Sacro Romano Imperio, al que Austria perteneció durante largos siglos (1273/1806). Sin embargo, se diferencia esencialmente de ella en que en Austria solo hubo un ente soberano, el Duque y después Archiduque, en el que durante siglos recayó también la corona imperial. El Archiduque era la máxima autoridad y a él debía lealtad toda la nobleza austriaca, ya que no existieron nunca dentro de sus tierras entes dotados de soberanía propia, como era frecuente en otras partes del Imperio.La antigua nobleza de cuño feudal dependía de él por un pacto de vasallaje, mientras que él tenía la exclusividad de crear nuevos nobles mediante una Adelsbrief (Carta de Nobleza). Así se sucedieron los ennoblecimientos desde 1453 a 1918

In the accounts of life in Austria-Hungary at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, one reads about a world dominated by nations and nationalism. Both contemporaries and historians describe a nationality conflict in which politics, economy, literature, music, journalism, sports, and science were all placed in the “service of the nation.” According to Helmut Rumpler, it was a time when even the once-powerful state and its bureaucracy were forced to withdraw in the face of different nationalisms. Primary sources often paint a similar picture: A German from Celje/Cilli, Fritz Zangger, claims that in his home town even “the God of Germans and of Slovenes had nothing in common.” Contemporary newspapers described incessant nationalist conflicts between Czechs and Germans, Germans and Slovenes, Slovenes and Italians, or Croats and Hungarians. Minutes of parliamentary sessions tell us about obstructionism carried out by nationalist parties, and in the War Ministry the “Disciplinary Measures to Prevent National Endeavours from Invading” [the Military] (Massregeln zur Verhütung des Eindringens nationaler Bestrebungen) grew longer every year. Therefore, it is no surprise that descriptions of a different reality in which nationalism had hardly played a role, like those of the novelist Joseph Roth, were often dismissed as figments of a nostalgic imagination or depictions of a vanishing world.

The establishment and development of the Municipal Theatre in Pressburg in the period 1886–1920 was closely linked with the cultural and social development of the city in the period following the Austrian-Hungarian Compromise in 1867. The theatre was built by Pressburg townsmen, at that time the rising stratum of the population. It offered them the space for the demonstration of their social status, and, most of all, entertainment and relaxation. The edifice of the theatre was owned by the city, which used to rent it to German and Hungarian theatre directors and their companies. The theatre was run this way until 1920, when the political situation resulted in a change, and regular performances of Czech, and later also Slovak artists started to take place in the theatre. The repertoire of the Municipal Theatre was that of a provincial theatre of the period. Its wide scope had to address the biggest part of population, as it had to secure the income for the director as well as the whole theatre ensemble. Helped by the closeness of Vienna and due to local patriotism of the city residents, the Pressburg Municipal Theatre evolved into the leading scene among the provincial theatres in Hungary.

Das liberale Gedankengut förderte - nicht zuletzt in bewußter Abgrenzung gegenüber einem "katholischen" Österreich - den Protestantismus. Sowohl der intellektuelle, als auch der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung v.a. in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts kamen dem Protestantismus entgegen, zumindest dem städtischen. Ohne Liberalismus hätten Protestanten ihre doch bemerkenswerte gesellschaftliche Rolle nicht einnehmen können.
Umgekehrt jedoch hatten nicht alle Protestanten eine Nahebeziehung zum Liberalismus, der seinerseits sich inhaltlich dem Protestantismus ebenso nur bedingt annäherte. Damit stand der österreichische Protestantismus stand im 19. Jahrhundert in einem ambivalent-positiven Verhältnis zum Liberalismus.

This article takes a fresh look on the status of Galicia within the Habsburg Monarchy between the late 18 th and the early 20 th century, presenting the obstacles and opportunities of economic growth faced by imperial policy-makers. At the same time, an analysis is presented of the impact of the imperial experience on the process of forging national identities. The emphasis has been placed on how the increasing national fragmentation in a multi-cultural region affected economic prosperity.

History of the Tomanek family from Ropica (Ropice) in Cieszyn Silesia from 1671, when they purchased a mill in the village, to the beginning of the 20th century. It includes 407 biographical notes and is the most extensive study devoted to the history of the peasant family from the former Duchy of Cieszyn.

"Se queremos que tudo fique como está
é preciso que tudo mude."


O leitmotif da obra de Tomasi de Lampedusa, imortalizada no grande ecrã pela objectiva de Visconti, sintetiza a sua ideia central, acerca do declínio das antigas elites, em particular da aristocracia, a favor da ascensão das classes médias, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX e a forma como uma facção daquela procurou, sem sucesso, manter a sua posição.
O tema da presente dissertação é precisamente o da evolução da Aristocracia em Portugal, em concreto da Casa Palmela, no contexto do Liberalismo, com maior precisão, no período que medeia entre 1810 e 1887, datas que, como veremos, reflectem a cronologia ditada pela própria evolução da Casa e também pelos rumos da nacionalidade.


"If we want everything to stay as it is
everything must change."


The leitmotif of Tomasi de Lampedusa's work, immortalized on the big screen by Visconti's lens, sums up his central idea of the decline of the old elites, particularly of the aristocracy, in favor of the rise of the middle classes from the second half of the century, and the way a faction of it sought, unsuccessfully, to maintain its position.
The theme of this dissertation is precisely that of the evolution of the Aristocracy in Portugal, specifically of Casa Palmela, in the context of Liberalism, with greater precision, in the period between 1810 and 1887, dates that, as we shall see, reflect the chronology dictated by own evolution of the House and also by the paths of nationality.

Among the most interesting episodes in art history of the late 19th
century Osijek is undoubtedly the sculpture of mythological Hindu
queen Sakuntala (Shakuntala), placed in 1892 in Le Maitre park in
Osijek, which at the time was situated in an undeveloped area of
the city between the Capuchin street to the west, the Fortress to the
east, the Jäger street to the south and the Drava River to the north,
but which soon became one of the most important urban parks /
squares in the city. The legend of Queen Sakuntala was dramatized
in 4th or 5th century AD, by one of the greatest Indian writers, Kalidasa. The legend has since become one of the common places of Indian cultural history. The English translation introduced the story
into European art in the late 18th and 19th century and Sakuntala
became the character of numerous literary works, operas, paintings
and sculpture.
The reasons for selecting Sakuntala as the topic for public
sculpture in Osijek undoubtedly lie in the complex circumstances of
ethno-religious settings and fluttering political arena of the city. In
the late 19th century Osijek was, in fact, a highly multinational, multiconfessional city with a high proportion of German, Hungarian
and Jewish population. The city never accomplished the ambition to
become the capital of Slavonia (Landeshauptstadt), and not only the
capital of one of Croatian counties. The city government of that period regularly sided with the Khuen regime in Zagreb, trying to take
advantage of the economic power to strengthen Osijek’s political position, which suited Khuen’s policy because conflicts within Croatian
political scene helped him control the land. Under such circumstances, memorials and parks dedicated to prominent individuals
from any of the ethno-religious groups would provoke the opposition
from other groups and so the choice fell on the Indian queen who
represented a sufficiently universal theme from the Far East mythology that nobody could object to. Finally, a copy was purchased of
the work of the Berlin sculptor Gottwald Kuhse (originally created
in 1881), made in terracotta by the factory Ernst March'Söhne,
Thonwaarenfabrik from Charlottenburg / Berlin in 1892.
It is not easy to establish the immediate cause for placing the
statue in one of the city’s parks, or why it was exactly Sakuntala
that was selected. The key role in ordering the sculpture was played
by teacher Bogdan Penjić the Older and City Captain Peter (Peter)
von Modesti, in charge of communal parks. It is hard to tell what
inspired them, but it could be one of the performances of Kalidas’
play or one of the operas. Peter Modesti, who had an important role
in the cultural life of his city at the time as head of the Society for
the Embellishment of Osijek, probably played a more prominent role
in the initiative. In Croatian art history he is better known as the
uncle of Bela Csikos Sessija, who played an important role in guiding
his nephew to painting.

This work aims to provide an objective portrait of Emperor Karl I and an analysis of his early reign in order to help determine his responsibility in the collapse of AustriaHungary and to fill the gap in a historiography distorted by both hagiography and underestimation. This thesis examines Karl’s character, education, ability, outlook and ambitions prior to his enthronement in November 1916, and his attempts in the following six months to revive political life, implement administrative and constitutional reform and bring about national reconciliation in Cisleithania. The Bohemian lands, and in particular the Czech-German conflict, constitute the main focus of this study, although developments among Poles, Ukrainians and South Slavs are also considered. Since Karl’s chief concern was nevertheless the conclusion of peace, foreign policy – in any case inextricably bound to domestic issues in the Habsburg Monarchy – is also given due attention. The examination of Karl’s pre-war years reveals a not unpromising young man. His short heirship, however, involved only a perfunctory introduction to statecraft, leaving him lacking in preparation and experience. Yet, contrary to popular belief, Karl was not a blank slate; nor was he without his prejudices. Upon his accession to the throne, although he enjoyed a remarkably free hand, he threw in his lot with the German nationalists. After four months, however, he – or rather his foreign minister – retreated under the influence of the Russian Revolution and of the
American entry into the war. Karl then recalled parliament but did not have the resolve, courage, skill or support to build on this initiative. Offered no prospects, the political representatives of the Slav nationalities radicalized behind the scenes. With the reopening of the House, the irreversible extent of their disenchantment and estrangement burst to the fore. Although Karl finally sought to embark on a new course, his resolve again faltered and his half-hearted efforts bore no fruit. Largely as a result of his earlier mistakes and vacillation, the chance had, in any case, already passed.

L'assimilazione del Tirolo a una fortezza venne teorizzata sin dall'epoca delle campagne napoleoniche e trovava fondamento sia nella barriera naturale delle Alpi, sia nel mito del "pugnace popolo tirolese" quale presidio del territorio, sia nella costruzione di un formidabile sistema di fortificazioni permanenti e di infrastrutture militari predisposta nel corso del XIX secolo fino allo scoppio del primo conflitto mondiale. Il volume ricostruisce le fasi della pianificazione, della progettazione e della costruzione delle fortezze del Tirolo meridionale tra Ottocento e Novecento, esamina i rapporti tra la costruzione dei forti e le risorse umane e materiali, l'impatto dei cantieri militari sul territorio, le relazioni tra presidi militari e popolazione, infine il ruolo delle fortezze nel processo di militarizzazione della fascia di confine con il Regno d'Italia.

Based on the example of a Hutsul song, presented by a Ukrainian
scholar as representative for Ukrainian-Ruthenian culture
in Galicia, this paper investigates two trails: 1) How Ukrainians
were able to participate in imperial projects, despite their political
and cultural marginalization in Eastern Galicia; 2) How
Hutsuls were instrumentalized by scholars to represent the
Ukrainian language group. The paper analyzes the common interest
of Ukrainian scholars and Austrian institutions in Hutsul
ethnography. The author picks up on the hypothesis that images
of the Hutsul lands (Hutsul’shchyna), however different, facilitated
scholarly cooperation between Austrian and Ukrainian
individuals and institutions by shared ethnographic curiosity
and the compatibility of patriotic enterprises.
The paper draws primarily on the cooperation of the Ukrainian
Shevchenko Scientific Society and related scholars with
“Austrian” projects or associations, namely the Galician Land Exhibition
of 1894, the volume on Galicia from the “Kronprinzenwerk”
series 1898, Austrian Ethnographic Society’s cooperation
with Ivan Franko (1902–1906), and the musicological-ethnographic
project “Das Volkslied in Österreich”, 1904–1918. As
the author argues, for Ukrainian scholars, who had to work
with particularly limited funding and a comparatively small institutional
basis, these projects supported their research and
its reception, as well as pushed their scholarly biography. Furthermore,
the author introduces the consequences of idealizing
Hutsul art and folklore in Ukrainian scholarly discourse, as
it was closely linked to the comparative deprecation of the certainly
less popular “Ruthenian highlanders” Boiky and Lemky.

Um die Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert erschütterte die Los von Rom-Bewegung in Österreich die konfessionelle Lage. Viele Tausende traten unter politischem Einfluß aus der Katholischen Kirche aus und in die Evangeliche ein. Die Los von Rom-Bewegung erfaßte auch das traditionell tief katholische Tirol, wenngleich in einer ganz spezifischen Weise.

The article is about the work of Joseph Hatzinger, son of builder Paul (Pál) Hatzinger from Székesfehérvár (Hungary), and Joseph’s sons Heinrich and Paul. Joseph worked in Osijek and in Slavonia in the second half of the 18th century. In the early 19th century, his older son Heinrich spent almost a decade as a professor at the Genie-Akademie (Military Academy of Engineering) in Vienna and designed two important Early Neoclassical churches at Terezin and Josefov fortresses in Bohemia. His younger son Paul, after a brief period as a lecturer at the Genie-Akademie, worked as an engineer in various parts of the Habsburg Monarchy during the first half of the 19th century, from Galicia, across Dalmatia, to Vienna and Lower Austria in the final phase of his career. Finally, his great-great-grandson Gusztáv Kasper, the grandson of Paul Hatzinger Jr, became a Hungarian railway engineer at the turn of the 20th century.

A Zsil-völgye fogalomnak számít a magyar bányászok körében, 1 de az elmúlt két évtized híradásait figyelmesen szemlélő laikus előtt is ismert a Zsil-völgyi bányász, mint az aktuális román kormány védelmére, vagy ellenében mozgósítható politikai erő, mely híres fafejűségéről és elszántságáról. Én most nem e XX. század végi sztereotípiával, hanem a Zsil-völgy magyar korszakának utolsó éveivel foglalkozom. Teszem ezt Bajkó Andor bányamérnök feljegyzései, 2 a korabeli szaksajtó 3 és a mai szakirodalom segítségével.

The Army belongs to the most important pillars of every state unit. The ruler, having at least seemingly a uniformed homogeneous armed mass behind them, could present their power not only in front of their own people, but also in the context of foreign policy. However, the question remains, whether such an idyllic statement can practically be reached. A similar problem was dealt with by the ruling dynasty of the Central European monarchy, the Habsburgs, who, after taking power in the country on the Danube and under the influence of modernisation and technological progress, professionalised the country's armed forces, which also included men from the territory of Upper Hungary who spoke the Slovak language and its dialect equivalents. Considering the scope of the issue in question, the study deals with the period from the introduction of supplementary districts at the end of the 18th century until the end of World War 1. with the basic methodological feat being the identification and theoretical definition of "Slovak" units (infantry, cavalry, artillery, and technical units), with an emphasis on the elite infantry units, commonly called "Field Jaeger Corps".

Selbst wenn der Begriff "Kulturkampf" in Österreich nur bedingt Verwendung gefunden hat, so sind mit dem reichsdeutschen Kulturkampf auch die Frontlinien für die österreichische Situation abgesteckt. Die Rahmenbedingungen unterschieden sich allerdings im Habsburgerreich vollkommen von denen des Königsreichs Preußen; schon allein dadurch, daß dieses klar katholisch, jenes evangelisch dominiert war.  Unter den österreichischen Bedingungen entwickelten sich facettenreiche Konfliktlinien mit großer Bandbreite, die schon vor dem Bismarck’schen Kulturkampf einsetzten und die sich je nach den politisch-weltanschaulichen Vorzeichen in ganz verschiedenen Formen äußerten. Nur eines von vielen Momenten dabei war der Protestantismus.

Die politischen Parteien Österreichs als Entscheidungsträger des Staates : eine Vorstellung, die im cisleithanischen Staat innerhalb der Habsburgermonarchie sowohl verfassungstheoretisch als auch in der Verfassungspraxis unmöglich erschien. Saßen doch die Parteien im Reichsrat, der in der Gesetzgebung gegenüber dem Kaiser mit dessen absolutem Veto sowie dem § 14-Notverordnungsrecht eine weit untergeordnete Rolle spielte, während die Regierung dem Reichsrat nicht verantwortlich war, da diese nur vom Kaiser ernannt und damit abhängig war, während der Kaiser selbst ohnehin für all seine Handlungen niemandem verantwortlich war.
Mit der bevorstehenden militärischen Niederlage Österreich-Ungarns im Ersten Weltkrieg, dem letzten Versuch Kaiser Karls I. im Oktober 1918, die Monarchie zu retten sowie aufgrund des Zerfalls der Habsburgermonarchie infolge der Abspaltung einzelner Nationalstaaten wurden die Sozialdemokraten, die Christlichsozialen und die deutschnationalen/deutschliberalen Parteien zu Entscheidungsträgern in einem neuen kleinen Staat, über dessen Staatsform sie nun entscheiden mussten.
In diesem Beitrag soll der Entwicklungsprozess der Parteien bzgl. der Entscheidung für die Republik im außen- und innenpolitischen Kontext beleuchtet werden

Alexander Pinwinkler: Walter Kuhn (1903–1983) and the „Wandervogel e.V.“ of Bielitz. Historical-ethnographic research on „linguistic islands“ between nationalistic emotionalism and political exploitation

This study reconstructs the rise of a group of „local historians“ in Bielitz around the folklorist and historian Walter Kuhn. It reconstructs discursive and institutional conditions that facilitated the implementation of the nationalistic „linguistic island“-paradigm in the Weimar Republic and in the „Third Reich“. It is shown that the „distance“ and „objectivity“ that the „local historians“ of Bielitz claimed apologetically for their research in the „Third Reich“ could be closely intertwined with the the mythologizations of „Germanity“ and with socio-technological application practices. In the 1950s Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann was the first to formulate a critique of the „biological“ concept of „linguistic islands“ which Kuhn only slightly modified after 1945. But only the sociological and cultural anthropological conceptualizations of „ethnicity“, which have been developed since the 1970s in Anglo-American contexts, provided alternatives to the discourse on „linguistic islands“ that in Germany had been significantly shaped by Kuhn and his
circle.

Wenn für ein Mordopfer der bis dahin größte Waffengang vom Zaun gebrochen wird, der schließlich Millionen an Opfern fordert und die Staatswesen eines ganzen Kontinents nachhaltig verändert, dann sollte man annehmen, dass die betreffende Person etwas ganz Besonders war: ein Mensch, um den sein Land lagerübergreifend trauert, dessen Verlust bildlich gesprochen die Volksseele erschüttert. Der Mensch Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria von Österreich-Este und seine mit ihm ermordete Gemahlin die Herzogin Sophie Maria Josephine Albina von Hohenberg, geborene Gräfin Chotek von Chotkowa und Wognin, waren und sind, wie noch ausführlich gezeigt werden wird, der Bevölkerung jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. Außer, dass dieser Erzherzog mit seiner Frau in Sarajevo erschossen wurde, wusste und weiß man vom ermordeten Thronfolger nicht viel, bestenfalls noch, dass es da irgendeine außergewöhnliche Liebesgeschichte gab. Am besten könnte man das Verhältnis zwischen ihm und der Nachwelt mit einem verklausulierten Satz beschreiben: Jeder kennt ihn, aber niemand weiß, wer er war! Damit sind wir schon beim eigentlichen Phänomen, denn auf Grund des prominenten Todes ist Franz Ferdinand neben Franz Joseph oder Maria Theresia sicher einer der weltweit bekanntesten Habsburger. Dennoch wurde er auch von der Geschichtswissenschaft mitunter links liegen gelassen. Ausführliche biographische Studien sind eher dünn gesät. Daher ist es durchaus sinnvoll, sich die Frage zu stellen, wie dieser Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand sowohl von Zeitgenossen als auch von der Nachwelt zur Kenntnis genommen wurde. War er ein tragischer Held oder einfach ein Mann, der zur falschen Zeit am falschen Ort war, also ein Zufallsopfer? Oder war er sogar ein "Zufallstoter" und kein Opfer? Ist das Gedenken an seinen Tod angebracht, übertrieben oder vielleicht gar nicht vorhanden? Und vor allem was verbinden wir mit seinem Namen? Trotz der erwähnten weltweiten Präsenz ist ein Gedenken an seinen Tod eher die Privatangelegenheit seiner unmittelbaren Nachkommen.

This paper deals with an expedition into the Eastern Carpathians, conducted in cooperation between Ukrainian and Austrian scholars in 1904. While shedding light on organizational dynamics and financial flows of the project, this papers answers why - despite many opposing expectations by researchers - only eight photographs of the rich photographic collection produced during the expedition can be found in Vienna. Concludingly, the paper lists and describes the preserved photographs in Ukrainian collections.

Il saggio si propone, seguendo il modello della "nuova storia militare" tedesca, di esaminare i rapporti tra popolazione civile e presidio militare a Trento tra il 1880 ed il 1914, quando la città era un importante caposaldo per la difesa dei confini sud-occidentali della monarchia. Ciò comportò un significativo incremen-to della presenza militare e quindi una maggiore domanda di strutture e di servi-zi. Ci si sofferma sui rapporti tra autorità militari e governo municipale e sulle relazioni tra corpo ufficiali e popolazione.

By following the model of the "new German military history", this essay intends to take into account the relations between civil society and the military garrison stationed in Trento between 1880 and 1914. During this period the town had been a fundamental stronghold for the defence of the southwest border of the monarchy. This situation led to an increase of the military presence on the town and a larger demand for facilities and services. This essay further focuses on the relationships between military authorities and local council and the exchanges between officers and population.

This paper deals with associations and memory culture in multiethnic and multilingual city of Kosice (hung. Kassa, ger. Kaschau) as a part of the Hungarian Kingdom between 1867 and 1918. It analyzes the strategies and impacts of national activists towards a "magyarization" of the city.

L'image romantique des Monténégrins dans la culture tchèque aux 19e et 20e siècles, In: Igor Tchoukarine (dir.): Entre mythe et réalité: les relations culturelles et politiques entre Tchèques et Slaves du Sud de l´Ex-Yougoslavie aux 19e et 20e siècles, Etudes du CEFRES, N° 11, Prague, Septembre 2008, pp. 9 – 22.


The article focuses on the long-term production of romantic representations of the Montenegrins, usually conceptualized as heroic Slavic warriors who managed to preserve their national identity, mentality and folk culture despite centuries of constant struggles with the mightier Turks, in Czech culture of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.

Kapela Majke Božje Snježne na Tekijama kod Petrovaradina jedan je od povijesno najslojevitijih spomenika arhitekture Srijema. Istodobno radi se o ključnom spomeniku vezanom za prijelomni trenutak političke povijesti ne samo Habsburške Monarhije već i cijele Srednje i Jugoistočne Europe 18. stoljeća, bitke u kojoj je Eugen Savojski 1716. porazio osmanlijsku vojsku otvorivši time put prema austrijskom osvajanju cijeloga Srijema te Banata, a potom i sjeverne Srbije i Bosne.
U svoj se literaturi spominje da je u vrijeme osmanske vlasti (16.-17. stoljeće) na mjestu današnje kapele podignuta malena džamija, nedaleko prvotno dva (danas samo jednoga) izvora kvalitetne pitke vode. Nakon što je habsburška vojska osvojila 1687. Petrovaradin i obnovila katoličku hijerarhiju u mjestu župu preuzima isusovački red, koji nekadašnju džamiju, vjerojatno krajem 17. ili počekom 18. stoljeće, konvertira u katoličku kapelu. Nakon bitke 1716. kapela se pretvara, zahvaljujući ikoni Majke Božje Snježne, koju je svetištu poklonio Eugen Savojski, u najvažnije hodočasničko marijansko svetište ovoga dijela Habsburške Monarhije. U to je vrijeme građevina dograđena za dva hvata sredstvima obitelji u bici poginulog habsburškog časnika Siegmunda Breunera.
Kapeli na Tekijama izgled će ponovno biti promijenjen 1754. godine kada isusovci poduzimaju veliki građevinski zahvat s ciljem da osiguraju što više unutrašnjega prostora. Ispred džamije, koja je sada počela služiti kao sakristija, dograđeno je pravokutno svetište i dugi brod koji su u osi malo pomaknuti prema zapadu, u odnosu na prostor džamije, nesumnjivo zbog potrebe prilagođavanja zemljištu, odnosno padu terena prema močvarama uz Dunav. Novi dugi brod pokriven je masivnim baroknim svodovima sa susvodnicama, a zidovi su mu raščlanjeni parovima jonskih pilastara. Glavno pročelje bilo je skromno raščlanjeno pilastrima i nišama sa skulpturama. Ukinućem isusovačkog reda 1773. bitno se mijenja položaj kapele. Petrovaradin prelazi u ruke biskupijskog svećenstva, a potom 1776. godine ulazi u sastav Bosansko-srijemske i Đakovačke biskupije.
Kapela na Tekijama svoj današnji izgled dobila je 1880.-1881. godine obnovom provedenome za vrijeme agilnoga župnika Ilije Okrugića Srijemca (1827. – 1897.).  Dograđeno joj je dvotoranjsko pročelje, po uzoru na pročelje đakovačke katedrale, te sakristija, a na dijelu kapele koji je bio džamija dograđen je visoki tambur s kupolom koja je okrunjena simbolom pobjede kršćanstva nad islamom – križem postavljenim iznad polumjeseca. Prostor džamije povezan je s ranijim isusovačkim svetištem i pretvoren u novu apsidu crkve. Time je potpuno promijenjen izgled ovoga važnog povijesnog spomenika zbog čega je Odjel za bogoštovlje Zapovjedništva Vojne Krajine u Zagrebu (unutar koje se Petrovaradin u to vrijeme nalazio) ovaj zahvat nastojao zaustaviti. Iako se đakovački biskup Josip Juraj Strossmayer složio s mišljenjem Odjela, župnik Okrugić je ipak proveo restauraciju u cijelosti prema svojim nahođenjima, samo je, sukladno odredbama iz Zagreba, promijenio stil restauracije – umjesto neogotičkog odabran je naposljetku neoromanički stil.
Dio izvora projekte za restauraciju pripisuje najvažnijemu arhitektu historicizma u Hrvatskoj Hermanu Bolléu, a dio novosadskom graditelju Georgu Molnáru, no po svoj je prilici Bollé njihov autor.
Novo glavno pročelje znatno je šire od starijega dijela građevine, a i novi je glavni zabat nešto viši od krovišta broda što jasno upućuje na okolnost da je glavni razlog zahvata predstavljala težnja monumentalizaciji građevine te dobivanju reprezentativnijega pročelja koje istodobno estetski odgovara nazorima kraja 19. stoljeća.

Liberalising political and social transformation in the 60s of the 19th century caused the birth of structures and institutions, frameworking in many case still today the civil society. The social relations in the Habsburg Monarchy and thus also in the Czech lands were shaped both at the state and national level as well as within the local communities. We would like to focus in our paper on limiting or also motivational framework that created the social compound of cities, which were simultaneously military objects, ie. Fortress. ith the reference to the war year 1866 we show, that even such a disaster as a ravages of war just behind the town`s gateways may possibly become a blessing in a sort of way. In case of west-Bohemia town Hradec Kralove, the blessing stands on the beginning of a way towards abolishment of the town fortress. Modernization, industrial and urbanizational development can begin.

DE:
Spätestens ab der 1848er-Revolution bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg wurde Istrien immer wieder als kulturelles Laboratorium für die Vielfalt und Hybridität des Habsburgerreiches gesehen. Francesco Toncich analysiert die Rolle des Wissenschaftsbetriebes bei der Entwicklung neuer lokaler und überregionaler Identifikationsmuster.
https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/buch/istrien-1840-1914-9783161610134?no_cache=1&fbclid=IwAR0gvMOEC_b1J-fTNGIiYSAZ-Z344RW9b7icbWxPX6OKuqL-UcRbwrdedq0

EN:
Between 1840 and 1914, the Istrian peninsula was identified as a cultural laboratory in order to explain the cultural diversity and hybridity within the Habsburg Empire. Francesco Toncich analyses the activities of the local and imperial researchers in developing new kinds of identifications through scientific knowledge.
https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/en/book/istrien-1840-1914-9783161610134?no_cache=1&fbclid=IwAR0gvMOEC_b1J-fTNGIiYSAZ-Z344RW9b7icbWxPX6OKuqL-UcRbwrdedq0