LSP

W artykule omówiono zasady konstruowania terminograficznego na różnych etapach pracy słownikarskiej. Na podstawie ogólnej i szczegółowej analizy terminograficznej oraz zasad pracy terminograficznej zaproponowano konstrukty idealnego, optymalnego i maksymalnego słownika terminologicznego. Są one podstawą opracowania parametrów konkretnych slowników, zmiennych z punktu widzenia potrzeb odbiorców, wymogów teoretycznych, typu wiedzy specjalistycznej reprezentowanej przez terminy, dostępność tekstów terminonośnych itd.

In measuring the quality of written text, especially academic writing, lexical features are as important as grammatical features and should not be ignored. The highly computable nature of lexicons can make them a good criterion for determining and measuring the quality of text. In this article three lexical features: lexical density, complexity, and formality are reviewed and justified as measurement tools of academic texts. Furthermore, a measurement method is offered to evaluate lexical complexity level of an academic text.

Seit der 48. Fortsetzung (2009) erscheint die „Kleine Bibliographie fachsprachlicher Untersuchungen“ (In: Fachsprache. International Journal of Specialized Communication, facultas Vienna) auch online unter www.fachsprache.net (Link Bibliography) und trägt den Titel “Bibliography of Recent Publications on Specialized Communication”.
From the 48th installment (2009) on, the “Kleine Bibliographie fachsprachlicher Untersuchungen” (In: Fachsprache. International Journal of Specialized Communication, facultas Vienna) has appeared under the title “Bibliography of Recent Publications on Specialized Communication” and can be accessed online at www.fachsprache.net (Link Bibliography).

This research is aimed mainly at positing an analysis and inventory of the classifiers in Peruvian Sign Language (Lengua de Señas Peruana, LSP) from a set of narratives and the consultation of LSP users. The study has been guided by Zwitserlood (2003)’s analysis proposal, which posits that it is necessary to restrict the set of elements that can be considered classifiers, analyzes classificatory hand configurations from the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework, and argues that they have a double function: a grammatical one, as agreement markers, when they appear in verbs of motion, existence and location (VELM), in which case they can properly be called classifiers; and a lexical one, as roots, in all the other contexts in which they can be found. The inventory posited in this study is centered in the first of these functions.

The present book is a part of the research project in legilinguistic translatology, entitled: ‘Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure’. Financial support was provided by the National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis Programme — research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, which enabled us to finance the research into the Polish-Greek language pair.
The basic assumptions for the parametric approach to the comparison of legal terminology in legal translation are presented in Chapter I. Legilinguistics, understood here as legal linguistics, is the discipline devoted to the nature, development and usage of legal language, while legilinguistic translatology, as a subdiscipline of translatology, concerns itself with the theory and practice of the translation of legal texts. As legilinguistic translatology is subdivided into theoretical and practical translatology, the present study is categorised as an investigation in the practical field. However there are some references to theoretical legilinguistic translatology also. The point of departure is the paradigm of legal communication, where the source text (here also called the ‘translandive text’) are Polish statutes in the area of civil law, the source-text author is the Polish lawmaker, the translation is a legal text (here also called the ‘translantive text’), the recipient is a Greek legal professional or judicial authority. The author and the recipient of the potential translation are both members of the professional legal communicative community, and simultaneously the author of the text is a member of the communicative community of the Polish language, while the recipient of the potential translation is a member of the Greek-language communicative community.
The research methodology is presented in Chapter II. The parametric comparative analysis takes as a point of departure terms excerpted from Polish civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Kodeks Cywilny) and the Code of Civil Procedure (Kodeks Postępowania Cywilnego), here also called ‘translandive units’.  They are compared with Greek terms, which, first of all, come from Greek civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Αστικός Κώδικας [Astikos Kodikas]) and the Code of Civil Procedure Κώδικας Πολιτικής Δικονομίας [Kodikas Astikis Dikonomias]). If they are not present in statutes, they are excerpted from other legal genres, and, ultimately, if they are not present in other legal genres, either, then, they are excerpted from other lects (e.g. LSPs, vernacular lect) or potentially coined by the translator. The very first step of comparative analysis focuses on the meaning of the terms in a legal context. This is followed by analysis of the source-text unit compared with the translantive text (target text) in the context of the relevant dimensions of the terms. The dimensions are understood as a set of homogeneous properties that are used to calculate the distance between the compared terms. The set of minimal dimensions, which allow us to calculate the similarities and differences between the compared terms, comprises: genre, lect, branch of law, sub-branch of law and optional dimensions. The presumed objective of the comparative analysis is to determine: 1) lack of distance, where the compared terms can be recognised as synonyms; 2) short distance; where the compared terms can be recognised as translational equivalents; 3) significant distance, where compared terms cannot be recognised as translational equivalents, and there is a need to compensate for the lack of common dimensions; 4) lack of possible calculation because there is no term that could be compared on the basis of the aforementioned dimensions and their properties. Research material comprises the basic normative acts of Polish and Greek substantive and procedural civil law.
Firstly, the relevant dimensions are presented in hierarchical order (Chapter III); then, they are applied to calculate the distance between Polish and Greek civil law terms. They are investigated from the perspective of the relations of convergence (Chapter IV), polysemy (Chapter V), complementarity (Chapter VI), cognate words and potential false friends (Chapter VII), imprecise or flexible meaning (Chapter VIII), euphemisms and metaphors (Chapter IX). Semantic-lexical relations are investigated from the intralingual and interlingual points of view, within the framework of the language of Polish and Greek civil law.
Since comparative analysis of Polish and Greek terms is accompanied by certain directives of particularistic Polish-Greek legilinguistic translatology, under the relevant postulates of general legilinguistics, they are used within the translation algorithm. It should be stressed that the algorithm is presumed to be a set of actions executed in a certain order in order to achieve a certain result. Then, the translational algorithm based on parametric calculation of distance between compared legal terms is applied, and the explanation scheme is given (Chapter X).
In conclusion the results of the research are presented analytically and subsequently discussed in Chapter XI, with concluding notes are provided from the perspective of: 1) translation practice, and 2) lexicography and terminography in reference to LSP lexicography.

The present book, entitled "The Basics of Terminographic Modelling", is devoted to the theory and practice of constructing models of terminological dictionaries. Creating such type of dictionaries is known to be a complex activity that demands professionalism, constructing terminographic models being one of the obligatory stages of this procedure. There is therefore a need to formulate the basics of terminographic modelling, and the present work is an attempt made to achieve this goal.
A modern terminological dictionary has to meet two main requirements. First of all, it has to be a macrosign of knowledge, which means that it has to have a specific structure which should correspond as closely as possible with the conceptual structure of a terminological system that is being described, i.e. above all, it should reflect its onomasiological proportion, as well as various types of semantic relations that occur between its components. As the macrosign of knowledge, the terminological dictionary becomes an element of the system in which it functions together with other macrosigns.
Secondly, the terminological dictionary inevitably, so to say, becomes an educational text. It is addressed to homo scientiae, i.e. an educated man who constantly develops their skills and learns new things [Tatarinov 2006, Zmarzer 2007]. They need terminographic products that in an adequate and objective way present the current state of various fields of specialised knowledge. Being the educational text, the dictionary should constitute a semantic continuum, the coherence of which is provided by a system of internal references. Just as any other text, it should have a modular structure that consists elements that correspond to the beginning, the main part and the end.
Therefore, the present work introduces the author’s model of an ideal branch terminology dictionary, i.e. a model that can serve as a basis for constructing terminological dictionaries of various fields of specialised knowledge. The issue that is also raised in the work concerns modifications that this model should be subject to, depending on the type of knowledge. In other words, it is about the rules of constructing models of dictionaries of various fields of knowledge that are exemplified by three disciplines: chemistry, physics and geography.
The first chapter raises the question of the language for special purposes (LSP) as a tool used by people in their intellectual work. It presents characteristics of technolects at all levels of the linguistic analysis as well as relations between them and the language for general purposes (LGP).
The second chapter is devoted to the terminological lexicon, understood as a medium of professional knowledge. Subchapter 2.1. describes the structure of the terminological lexicon and its place in the terminological macrosystem. The structure of the lexicon is modular and consists of three types of components: terminological fields, terminological microfields and terminological series.
Subchapter 2.2. contains an analysis of terminological lexicons of three fields of specialised knowledge: chemistry, physics and geography. The aim of the analysis was to determine the structure of the lexicons, as well as to indicate the differences and similarities between them. Terminological lexicons were examined according to the following criteria:
1) onomasiological structure,
2) type of semantic grid,
3) type of terminological system.
This served as a basis to develop the author’s model of an ideal branch terminology dictionary, which is presented in the third chapter. Subchapter 3.1. is devoted to a universal model, i.e. a model on the basis of which terminological dictionaries of various fields of specialised knowledge can be constructed. In the first part of the subchapter, the macrostructure of an ideal dictionary is introduced. The second part of the subchapter presents the microstructure of the ideal dictionary. The structure of the main part of the dictionary and the structure of its supplementary parts are demonstrated here. The third part shows the structure and functions of an electronic version of the dictionary that is adapted to individual needs of its users whose level of specialised knowledge and familiarity with relevant LSPs is diversified.
Subchapter 3.2. presents three models of branch terminology dictionaries that describe lexicons of the fields of specialised knowledge that were analysed according to the description in subchapter 2.2. It is a kind of instruction on how to construct models of branch terminology dictionaries.

The aim of the present paper is to propose a specially designed ESP course book evaluation sheet as well as discuss the need for and usefulness of ESP course book evaluation. The specifically devised checklist for Business English materials will take into consideration various aspects of course design, content and methodology as well as general attributes referred to by such renowned materials " evaluators as Cunningsworth, Ellis and Johnson, McDonough et al. to name only a few. Throughout the paper the author will also assert the specificity of ESP courses as more demanding and more focused on the expectations and requirements of the learners. Hence, appropriate evaluation of any new course book proves necessary because the needs of the students and how they are prioritized will affect their eventual success.

(summary of my PhD thesis - in Polish)
The dissertation analyses the usage of linguistic borrowings from English in Polish and Russian medical texts on immunology.
A collection of immunology-related terms in the three languages was analysed. Polish and Russian terms were excerpted from original texts (no translations) written by specialists for specialists. Borrowings that were not terms were also identified in the texts. The English-language elements were then analysed in comparison with all terms in thematic groups.
The theoretical chapters are concerned with theory of language interference and the scope of contemporary influence of English on Russian and Polish as well as the theory of terminology and LSP texts, with particular regard to the role of borrowings., including the concept of term naturalness.
The practical part examines the occurrence of borrowings in some basic thematic groups of immunology-related terminology. An analysis of anatomical terms revealed a predominance of calques and indigenous terms in the Polish terminology and a dominance of Latinate terms in Russian. It is against this background that the proportions of calques, indigenous terms and borrowings in medical terminology are to be analysed.
A structural analysis of the borrowings is also undertaken together with an analysis of non-terminological lexis and adaptation of the borrowings. Attention is also given to the influence of English on word formation and syntax. The presence of borrowings among non-terminological lexis and similarities in the collocability of terms with non-terminological collocates (e.g. verbs) between the three languages indicate that the interlingual transfer of terminology is a process of lesser importance. The mechanism of language transfer postulated in the dissertation can be described as syntagmatic transfer.

This paper aims to propose a methodological approach to studying lexico-grammatical variation within special languages. Drawing on evidence from football language, the author argues that a special language has a two-level structure, i.e. it is composed of several subdomains (areas of communicative activity), within which it is possible to distinguish registers (varieties linked with particular situations of use ), which are marked by distinctive features of grammar and vocabulary. The register perspective is viewed as a useful tool for accounting for patterns of variation.

"Abstract:  "This paper reports on the imp lementation of a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) approach to teach a science subject topic to young learners.    The participants of the study were 10-11 year-old  elementary  school children who lived in Tahiti, French Polynesia. The study comprised four identical lessons: a) two CLIL lessons (English/L2); and b) two science subject lessons (French/L1). The approach used in the lessons drew on the principles of CLIL and sociocultural theories. The study was designed to investigate if CLIL could be applied effectively with beginner level young learners with 25- to  30-minute  English as a Foreign  Language (EFL) showers. The study also sought to explore if there were any observable differences between a CLIL lesson (L2) and a subject lesson (L1) regard ing: a) the teaching/learn ing of content knowledge; b) the learners’ willingness to participate in classroom activ ities; and c) the types of classroom interactions used. The study employed video recordings to gather data. The videotaped data were transcribed and the transcribed data were analyzed qualitatively  by focusing on classroom exchanges, and non-verbal contextual elements. The data were also analyzed quantitatively by using descriptive statistics, and the results obtained were presented through histograms. The results indicated that successful  CLIL  practice  is  possible  with  Breakthrough  level  young  learners.  This  study  also showed  that dialogic exchanges can be used both as a means for scaffolding content and language learning. ""

Artykuł poświęcony przeglądowi podstawowych funkcji oprogramowania korpusowego, przydatnych podczas pracy specjalistów z zakresu terminologii, terminografii oraz tłumaczy.  W części pierwszej: ujednoznaczenia terminologiczne, funkcje korpusów tekstowych, podstawowe funkcje oprogramowania korpusowego, przykładowe możliwości wykorzystania korpusów.

Le dossier présenté en vue de l’habilitation à diriger des recherches, intitulé Pour une approche linguistique intégrative des discours spécialisés, a fait la synthèse entre les trois thématiques autour desquelles s’articulent mes activités de recherche depuis ma thèse de doctorat soutenue en janvier 2002 à l’Université Marc Bloch de Strasbourg : l’analyse des discours spécialisés, les phénomènes de figement et la linguistique cognitive. Ces recherches ont été développées tout d’abord au sein du laboratoire « Lexique Dictionnaire Informatique » (UMR 7187 CNRS Paris 13 Cergy Pontoise), puis au « Centre Interlangues Texte Image Langage » (EA 4182) de l’Université de Bourgogne, avec un rattachement secondaire à l’équipe « Contextes Variation Usages » de l’Université Paris-Sorbonne (UMS 3323).
L’essentiel de mes travaux portent sur des discours pouvant être qualifiés de spécialisés dans la mesure où ils mettent en œuvre les deux systèmes linguistiques que j’étudie – l’allemand et, dans une moindre mesure, le français – au service de la transmission de connaissances spécialisées dans un cadre professionnel. Les trois domaines de spécialité interrogés sont ainsi le droit constitutionnel –domaine qui figurait déjà au centre de la thèse – l’économie et la finance et, plus récemment, les sciences du goût – en particulier le discours œnologique dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche européen Leonardo. Je qualifie mon approche de ces discours d’intégrative à un double point de vue. Dans une perspective externe tout d’abord puisque j’aborde la définition de ceux-ci non pas par la langue, mais par la spécialité : ce qui permet le regroupement et le traitement unifié de ces textes n’est en aucune façon un mode particulier de mise en œuvre de l’allemand ou du français en tant que systèmes, mais leur rôle dans la constitution d’une discipline elle-même définie par un ensemble de savoirs partagés par les experts et qui font l’objet de négociations conceptuelles – dont témoignent principalement les définitions terminologiques – le plus souvent basées sur le discours. Il s’agit ensuite d’une approche intégrative aussi dans une perspective interne au sens où, suivant en cela l’évolution de la recherche internationale sur les « langues dites de spécialité », le traitement proposé renonce à une représentation modulaire (morphologie lexicale – terminologie – syntaxe – stylistique – texte – situation) pour partir du discours en tant que praxis et en envisager les réalisations concrètes dans des situations propres aux domaines de spécialité considérés. C’est ainsi la notion de moule textuel qui, à cet égard, s’est imposée comme étant la plus fédératrice : non seulement elle permet de combiner dans une saisie holistique les différents modules traditionnellement étudiés séparément, mais elle constitue aussi une passerelle particulièrement utile vers la dimension cognitive (cf. infra).
Si le point de départ de mes recherches a été la phraséologie telle que celle-ci s’est développée dans l’aire germanophone depuis le début des années 1980, les travaux présentés ici en vue de l’habilitation à diriger des recherches intègrent également la tradition française des travaux sur le figement et, dans une certaine mesure, la tradition anglo-saxonne du formulaic language. Ce positionnement épistémologique est en lien direct avec l’approche des discours spécialisés qui vient d’être décrite : le dépassement postulé des différents modules de description, en particulier des modules terminologiques et syntaxiques, qui trouve son expression traditionnelle dans la notion de collocation, ne peut passer que par une conception relativement large de la notion de figement, ce dernier étant envisagé comme l’un des traits définitoires fondamentaux de tout corpus spécialisé et ce d’autant plus qu’il se retrouve aux différents niveaux constitutifs du moule textuel spécialisé :
- niveau pragmatico-situationnel : figement entre une situation professionnelle donnée et un moule textuel spécifique ;
- niveau thématique/propositionnel : figement entre la situation de départ et les contenus, ces derniers pouvant eux-mêmes être décrits en termes de figement entre certains types de prédicats et certains types d’arguments ;
- niveau de la mise en texte : figement entre certains modes de développement thématique, de linéarisation de l’énoncé et les contenus verbalisés ;
- niveau stylistique : figement entre certains contenus à verbaliser et certaines formes de verbalisation privilégiées comme l’expression analytique des modalités, le passif, etc.
De ceci, il appert donc que cette conception du figement se veut elle aussi intégrative et dépasse le seul niveau lexico-grammatical. C’est ainsi que la notion au cœur du travail inédit est celle de collocation conceptuelle qui m’a semblé cristalliser les différents niveaux listés ci-dessus.
A travers cette notion de collocation conceptuelle apparaît le troisième élément au centre du dossier, la dimension cognitive. Par delà le ‘tournant’ qu’ont connu les sciences du langage dans les années 1980-1990 avec le développement de plusieurs paradigmes s’inscrivant directement dans les sciences cognitives, les travaux présentés ici ont trouvé dans ce champ de recherche divers appuis théoriques et méthodologiques permettant de mieux saisir le lien entre praxis professionnelle, spécialité et discours spécialisés. Ces derniers étant envisagés, à un niveau supérieur, comme permettant la construction et la négociation des savoirs propres à la discipline, c’est le lien entre langue/discours et savoir qui se trouve interrogé à plusieurs reprises :
- au niveau du moule textuel qui envisage le texte non comme un produit fini, mais dans son processus de construction par un locuteur partant d’un modèle intériorisé qui oscille entre contraintes génériques et marges de manœuvre inviduelles ;
- au niveau d’une description des actions, procès et états constitutifs d’une spécialité en termes de scénarios trouvant leur expression langagière la plus directe dans les phénomènes de figement décrits précédemment ;
- au niveau des modes de verbalisation eux-mêmes et plus précisément à travers les métaphores conceptuelles qui, tout comme les scénarios, structurent le domaine.
Ces préoccupations ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives liées au développement récent, à l’échelle internationale, de recherches interdisciplinaires entre linguistes et spécialistes de diverses disciplines, en particulier dans les sciences humaines et sociales, portant sur la dimension discursive de la constitution des savoirs.

The major aim of the present chapter is to focus on the application of the intercultural approach in the development of communicative skills in Business English. It seems that intercultural language education has redefined the agenda of modern teaching all over the world and it has touched upon various types of English. The author intends to discuss the skills relevant in the process of communication in Business English, which prove enormously different from those worked on in everyday communication. The intercultural component is particularly essential in Business English as learners should not only have a chance to become familiar with the cultural information related to the language they are studying, but also possess and develop a certain degree of intercultural awareness and sensitivity since they are demanded from any business persons communicating at the criss-cross of cultures. 22.1. The Intercultural Approach in Foreign Language Teaching In recent years a growing body of research has been observed in the area of the intercultural approach in language teaching. In line with the findings, it has been implied that language learners must be developed into intercultural speakers who are able to engage with complex and multiple identities. In addition, it is imperative to avoid the stereotyping which accompanies perceiving someone through a single identity (Byram et al., 2004). The intercultural dimension in language teaching is concerned with: (1) helping learners to understand how intercultural interactions take place, (2) how social identities become part of all interaction, (3) how their perceptions of other people and other people's perceptions of them influence the success of communication,

English for Islamic Studies or EIS is rather a new branch in English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Currently there is no specific tailor-made syllabus and materials designed specifically in this field. It is important to take note of students’ opinion in designing any new program. The focus of this paper is on the perspectives of Islamic Studies students on the importance of learning the English Language. 30 Islamic Studies students from an Islamic Higher Institution were given the needs analysis questionnaire. The data was analysed quantitatively. The result of this study shows that students have a positive perception to learn English Language. The result will be discussed in detail later in the paper.

The present paper discusses the importance of needs analysis in ESP. By delving into different theories, the author's overall objective is to scrutinize a wide spectrum of existing frameworks that would lead to a single, comprehensive model for needs assessment. The impact of the said approaches on course design is underlined with the particular example of Business English. Ultimately, the author unveils a framework which could serve as a basis for syllabus design in all types of ESP courses.

<Objectifs et problématique> La communication posera la question des conséquences théoriques, mais surtout méthodologiques, du postulat aujourd’hui largement admis selon lequel les langues de spécialité (selon la dénomination traditionnelle) ne sont nullement isolables en système (par exemple au travers d’une terminologie), mais seulement en discours, à travers des usages, des acteurs, des communautés discursives et des textes où c’est un système linguistique dans toute sa complexité qui est mis en oeuvre.

<Discussion> Ce tournant de la recherche, dans l’espace francophone et au delà, peut être borné par la redéfinition de l’objet d’étude par Lerat (1995 : 20), qui envisage la ‘langue de spécialité’ comme « une langue naturelle considérée en tant que vecteur de connaissances spécialisées » - une définition qui met en avant l’unicité de la langue concernée et la diversité des situations. Il est également largement nourri par le travail de réflexion épistémologique des anglicistes de spécialité qui ont mis en avant la notion de champ, tel que le définit Petit (2010 : 9) :

Nous appellerons domaine spécialisé tout secteur de la société constitué autour et en vue de l’exercice d’une activité principale qui, par sa nature, sa finalité et ses modalités particulières ainsi que par les compétences particulières qu’elle met en jeu chez ses acteurs, définit la place reconnaissable de ce secteur au sein de la société et d’un ensemble de ses autres secteurs et détermine sa composition et son organisation spécifiques.

Le passage d’une approche termino- et systemo-centrée à une entrée par la spécialité fait en partie voler en éclat les classifications horizontales et verticales souvent convoquées dans les travaux de la période 1970-2000 et soustrait les problématiques à des catégorisations héritées des disciplines académiques. Enfin, sur le terreau fertile de l’Ecole française d’Analyse du Discours, les tendances actuelles cherchent à dépasser, par exemple avec les essais de mise en oeuvre en contexte spécialisé de la notion de formule élaborée par Krieg-Planque (2009) - voir sur ce point la thèse de Joyeux (2016) -, des approches strictement descriptives pour intégrer une dimension évaluative et critique.

<Etude de cas> Ces éléments de discussion seront illustrés à partir de plusieurs travaux en cours autour des discours spécialisés de la filière « vin » en France. Ne pouvant être réduit à une discipline académique, incluant un ensemble de procès parfois approchés aussi comme relevant de la langue des affaires (vente, importation/exportation de vins) ou du droit (cahiers des charges des AOC par exemple), ce domaine semble en effet particulièrement bien adapté pour ‘faire le tour’ des enjeux d’une approche discursive des productions spécialisées. Ce faisant, une attention particulière sera accordée à la question des sources et de leur accès dans la mesure où elles doivent constituer les observables du linguiste : ancrant le spécialisé dans l’usage discursif, de telles approches ne peuvent être développées qu’à partir de larges corpus représentatifs du champ.

La communication présente les grandes articulations du modèle développé dans :
Laurent Gautier. Le terme et son environnement. Etudes de terminologie et de phraséologie contrastives. (= Studien sur romanistischen Sprachwissenschaft und zur interkulturellen Kommunikation), Frankfurt/Main : à paraître au printemps 2013"

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has a long history in an English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom. It is an approach which focuses on developing learners’ communicative skills in a meaningful context. However, the application of communicative language teaching (CLT) in an English language classroom has recently been debated extensively. Teachers still find it difficult and challenging to adopt CLT effectively in the classroom. This paper aims to report the application of CLT in a Year 3 English language classroom during a 90-minute lesson. Specifically, the study intended to observe and describe whether or not the teacher focused on CLT in terms of lesson development and implementation. Data was collected using an observation checklist and field notes in accordance with the objective of the study. The collected data was analysed using content analysis and validated by interrater reliability. The findings have indicated strengths and weaknesses in the lesson conducted. This...

Human interaction involves a process of sharing experiences, telling stories, and retelling stories in a form of narration. While telling story, the narration is structured in a way to make sense to the audiences.This study examined the narrative structures in Kelantanese dialect used by young female native speakers. The participants were two (2) female Kelantanese students, aged 25 and 27 years old, who have completed their undergraduate studies in local universities. Audio recording and semi-structured interview were two types of instruments used for the data collection. Interview session of 1012 words was analyzed using a combination of the theory of Malay sentence classifications and the theory of narrative structure. The findings of this study reveal that the narration in Kelantanese dialect has a systematic structure which consists of title and elaboration. The title consists of the abstract and orientation, while elaboration includes the four stages of narrative structure whi...

Transdiscursive communication between an expert and non-expert presupposes special knowledge transfer and acquisition. Asymmetry in communicants’ knowledge causes ambiguity and conceptual misrepresentation.
Precise knowledge transfer in the context of transdiscursive communication can be achieved by means of efficient knowledge adjustment in accordance with the level of communicants’ professional competence. We call this adjustment transdiscursive knowledge translation.
Since specialized discourse is terminologically-rich, and terms accumulate segments of special and background knowledge in a compressed way, the study of transdiscursive knowledge translation inevitably includes research into metaphoricity of terms.
Recent developments in metaphorical nature of terms (Alekseeva 2002, Isaeva 2014, Mishlanova 2008) have shown potential of employing the method of Three Dimensional Metaphorical Modelling that allows us to examine terminology from lexicological, cognitive and pragmatic perspectives. In this respect terms are considered as part of language, thought and communication.
Terms as a linguistic signification of a set of categorized concepts grounded in the neurological structure of human brain (Schank and Abelson, 1977) nominate socially shared and individual event representation. This nomination is realized in in discourse in the process of professional communication and is represented in specialized texts.
Thus we aim at researching linguistic tools for efficient transdiscursive knowledge translation. One of them is deliberate term usage. In the scope of transdiscursive knowledge transfer this linguistic tool has an observable effect known as reframing and results in optimized knowledge communication.

This book highlights corpora use in teaching foreign languages in university education. It will appeal to both academics and practitioners interested in the process of teaching foreign languages at more advanced levels while applying corpus analysis and building tools for corpus annotation. It provides a detailed case study of analyzing the terminology of constitutional law in both English and Lithuanian as an example to illustrate the possibility of integrating corpus analysis tools into the process of teaching foreign languages in university education. The book reveals that initial linguistic knowledge is essential when teaching and learning foreign languages at more advanced levels while applying corpus annotation. In addition, it shows that, even though the use of new corpus software is perceived as a positive, there are still certain issues to be solved in this regard, such as the constant renewal of public computers in universities and the technical and methodological support for teachers while using corpora tools.
Corpora use is penetrating into the university studies arena. Thus, the research of the phenomenon of the use of corpora analysis and building tools for corpus annotation in teaching and learning a foreign language at more advanced levels in university studies is a scientific research input into the vast field of the research on corpora educational use. The research creates a better understanding of the use of corpora analysis and building tools for corpus annotation in teaching and learning a foreign language at more advanced levels in university studies by revealing how university study participants: teachers and students make sense of the use of corpora analysis and building tools in teaching and learning a foreign language at more advanced levels in university studies through their own lived experience. The results of the research enable to provide recommendations for the use of corpora analysis and building tools in university studies and also envision areas for future research.

Pronunciation is a key component of speaking skill and providing students with sufficient knowledge on correct pronunciation will help to improve their overall speaking skills. However, pronunciation remains a contentious issue in English as a Second Language (ESL) teaching and learning process as teaching pronunciation has often been avoided by language teachers. There are many factors that make teaching pronunciation a challenge for teachers and can be divided into internal and external challenges. This study was conducted to examine challenges faced by teacher trainees in teaching pronunciation and ways in which these challenges were managed. This study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. A set of self-developed questionnaire with two main sections and a total of eight items was distributed to 34 teacher trainees, six of whom were interviewed to gather data for this study. Challenges in teaching pronunciation found in this study can be divided i...

The present work is a sociolinguistic study of English and Polish football language, investigated as a special language with broad public appeal, which consists of several situationally-motivated varieties, employed in a number of communicative settings. The book, which draws on the theory of register, as developed by Halliday, Biber, Conrad and other researchers, aims to demonstrate the range of cross-language and cross-register variation. Its major empirical findings come from corpus-based investigations of footballers' communication on the field of play, the lexico-grammatical and discourse features of football reporting in the media (match reports, television and online written commentary) as well as football metaphors, which are approached from a cognitive perspective.

Social media influencers, or SMIs are on the rise in this age of ubiquitous Internet. SMIs as independent third-party endorsers utilise platforms such as social media, blogs, etc. to influence the attitudes of their audiences. SMIs have a powerful role in promoting or demoting a brand and/or organization to their followers as they can influence perceptions and even the purchasing power of their audiences. This phenomenon is obvious from the resonance of social media users with SMIs reviewing products, services and social trends on their social media accounts.  SMIs document or visually narrate what they do in their daily life via photo and video-sharing applications in social networking sites (SNS) such as Instagram and YouTube. In order to become a ‘micro celebrity’, the influencers embed commercials and celebrity culture into their postings. This study aims to investigate the persuasive devices used by one Malaysian social media influencer through her social media postings using t...

In the present research we consider Italian football and its foreign and Olympic terminology. It is known that the impact of the Greeks on sports terminology is influential and considerable. Although sport and sports events such as the Olympic Games are considered mostly social phenomena, we are going to analyse the way in which the football events are described by the journalists, as the language of sport is a popular and a vast variety of modern language. The main motives of this article are the technical terms used by journalists in Italian football column. We will take a closer interest in the written football journalism variety. The paper presents the Italian football, its multiple aspects and its characteristics as a special language.

Cet article propose une synthèse critique de l’évolution de la recherche sur les discours spécialisés pour esquisser ce que pourraient en être, dans le contexte actuel, les développements à venir. Il commence par retracer les grandes lignes de l’évolution en insistant sur le dépassement du fait terminologique pour une saisie holistique des productions discursives considérées. Il insiste ensuite sur les conditions d’existence du nouveau paradigme défendu ici en prônant une entrée non par la langue, mais par la spécialité permettant d’accéder, à travers des collaborations interdisciplinaires, au mode d’organisation conceptuelle des domaines spécialisés. Les potentialités d’une telle approche sont finalement illustrées à partir de deux exemples concrets issus du domaine vitivinicole.

This paper reports on the findings of a national-based survey of perceptions and attitudes towards the use of English in the Spanish armed forces. Drawing on the theoretical assumption that knowledge of the social, textual and generic motives of professional communication is only available to expert members of a discourse community, the survey inquires into the discourse practices and procedures of the military community in Spain, their established ways of transmitting information in texts in English, the genre sets that they use and the communicative events they are involved in. Survey findings show that the growing internalization process undergone by the Spanish armed forces has been paired with the use of English as the lingua franca of international communication in this professional context. The important implications of the predominance of English as the workplace language for the personal and professional development of these professionals are discussed in the light of the r...

W części pierwszej trzeciego tomu "Debiutów Naukowych" przedstawione zostały prace poświęcone badaniom typologicznym, terminologicznym oraz stylistycznym konkretnych tekstów specjalistycznych (informatycznych, fotograficznych) oraz słowników terminologicznych. Wyniki pogłębionych studiów w powyższym zakresie pozwoliły autorom na określenie relewantnych cech poszczególnych typów tekstów oraz ewaluację ich przydatności dla poszczególnych grup odbiorców. Ostatnia część publikacji to "Studencki Słownik Kolokacji Angielskiego Języka Medycyny" - wyodrębniona publikacja będąca ukoronowaniem trzyletnich prac w ramach projektu Eksperymentalnej Bazy Danych Terminologicznych.

La communication interroge dans quelle mesure le paradigme cognitiviste peut être intégré à la recherche linguistique sur les discours spécialisés. D'orientation épistémologique et méthodologique, l'argumentation commence par proposer une définition de l'objet d'étude "discours spécialisés" compatible avec ce type d'approche avant de présenter ce que pourrait en être la mise en oeuvre autour de trois axes : les métaphores cognitives, la sémantique des scénarios et les grammaires de construction.

"Ce volume collectif offre une mise en perspective pluridisciplinaire et pluri-
lingue des discours de la bourse et de la finance. Une première partie thématise, à la lumière de la Finance islamique, les liens entre discours fi- nanciers et idéologie. Un second ensemble d’études interroge le discours de la crise dans une optique tant diachronique que synchronique avant que la troisième partie ne s’arrête sur les stratégies discursives, essentiellement argumentatives, développées dans le discours financier. L’ouvrage s’achève sur des études micro-linguistiques problématisant la mise en oeuvre de certains traits linguistiques dans le domaine de spécialité considéré. Il s’adresse tant aux linguistes de spécialité qu’aux économistes s’intéressant au(x) discours produit(s) par leur discipline."

Anna Szemberska, I composti Nome-Nome coordinati e subordinati nel lessico sportivo ita-liano come prova delle tendenze in atto nell'italiano contemporaneo [Noun-Noun Compounds in Italian Sports Column as a Proof of Tendencies in Modern Italian], Studia Romanica Posnaniensia, Adam Mi-ckiewicz University Press, Poznań, vol. The compounding is a fundamental process of word formation and its importance to our understanding of language is crucial. The study of compounds for the last few years has been at the centre of attention in such areas of linguistics as computational approaches, psycholinguistics and language acquisition. Linguists advanced hypotheses not only regarding the construction of compounds, but also where they fi t into the model of grammar. The paper attempts to answer some basic questions pertaining to lexical creativity in nominal compounding in Italian sports column. These include the defi nition of the concept, the types of noun-noun compounds in Modern Italian and a brief comparison of these types.