Medical Terminology

Language Planning and Terminology Management:  Case Study Medical Terminology in Jordan

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/book/B-978-1-940366-09-8











Dr Hussein Abdo M. Rababah
Al- Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University- KSA
Languages and Translation College








Abstract

Language Planning and Terminology Management: Case Study, Medical Terminology in Jordan

Language planning and medical terminology management in Jordan is investigated as a case study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the perspective of general language planning and terminology management theories and principles. English is the communicative and professional medical language in Jordan. Medical staff often switch from English to Arabic and vice versa. Arabic medical terminology, which is important for patient and medical staff communication, is not properly standardized. There is more than one Arabic medical equivalent for the same medical concept, which causes ambiguity and confusion to language users. The assumption of this study is that Arabic medical terms are available, but they are not well disseminated. Code switching, translation, bilingualism, euphemism, dysphemism, synonymy, term formation, as linguistic notions, are discussed in their relation to language planning and terminology management.
The methodology of this research includes attitudinal questionnaires for investigating medical language users’ opinions and attitudes towards terminology management, a translation form for evaluating the mechanisms for spreading Arabic medical terminology, a survey of medical dictionaries for the availability of Arabic medical terminology, and interviews with the people responsible for language planning and terminology management. The expected benefits of having a standardized and disseminated Arabic medical terminology include the enhancement of communication between health care providers and users, the facilitation of the translation process, the transfer of medical knowledge to Jordan, an increase in the health awareness of people, and improving the education of medical related careers. The research concludes that there is no organized strategy for innovating and disseminating medical terminology in Jordan. The subjects are generally in favour of keeping English as the medical language as well as having a standardised and disseminated Arabic medical terminology.  A practical strategy is proposed, and the terminology committee is recommended to appoint a Medical Terminology Monitor and a Liaison Person.

This article deals with the comparison of the lexical features of two texts from a diachronic point of view. Interest in lexical comparison arises from the fact that the two texts belong to a specialised field within medicine-ophthalmology-and both can be considered of the same genre. The linguistic analysis focuses on morphological and etymological aspects, based on previous studies with a historical perspective in the field of medicine (Norri, 1992). As a result of the study, different implications concerning the use of words from the Germanic native stock or from other sources, together with the different social and scientific changes, are shown in this article. Resumen La terminología médica a través de los siglos: rasgos distintivos de un estudio cronológico en el campo de la oftalmología Este artículo trata de comparar las características léxicas de dos textos desde una perspectiva diacrónica. Este interés en la comparación léxica surge del hecho de que los dos textos pertenecen a un campo de especialidad dentro de la medicina-oftalmología-y ambos se pueden considerar del mismo género. El análisis lingüístico se centra en aspectos morfológicos y etimológicos, criterios basados en estudios anteriores sobre el inglés médico desde una perspectiva histórica (Norri, 1992). Como resultado de este estudio, destacan las diferentes implicaciones sobre el uso del vocabulario de origen germánico o de otras fuentes, junto con los diferentes cambios científicos y sociales que se muestran en este artículo. Palabras clave: inglés medico, lingüística histórica, lexicología, lingüística de corpus Medical terminology across the centuries: distinctive features of a chronological study in the field of ophthalmology

В настоящей работе рассматривается роль диминутивов в русских анатомических терминах главы Ossa международной анатомической номенклатуры При наименованиии анатомическая терминология часто прибегает к метафоризации. Среди 85 метафор около 40% являются димиутивами. В большинстве случаев они возникли с помощью калькирования с латинских анатомических терминов, но некоторые из них являются словообразовательными метафорами с суффиксом -к-.

Izidor zo Sevilly v štvrtej a jedenástej knihe svojho diela Etymológie zachytáva
aktuálny stav latinskej a gréckej lekárskej terminológie svojej doby. Tento článok je založený na
excerpcii terminologického materiálu a na lingvistickej analýze termínov patriacich do oblasti
patológie. Zo synchrónneho pohľadu podáva článok prehľad a zaradenie termínov používaných
Izidorom Sevillským a z diachrónneho pohľadu skúma ich pôvod a významové posuny.
Kľúčové slová: Izidor zo Sevilly, chronické choroby, akútne choroby, lekárska patologická
terminológia, názvy ochorení, onomaziologická motivácia, dejiny lekárskej spisby

Editor and author: Samar Nour-El-Deen.
Authors: Eyad Qunaibi & Iman Basheti.
First Edition, 2020.
Pages: 223
Print ISBN: 978-9-957-67432-8 (paperback)

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About the book
PharmMedTerm: A Simple Illustrated Terminology Guide for Pharmacy Students is a short treatise introducing pharmacy students to principles pharmaceutical/biomedical terms in a concise form.

Key Features
1- An introductory chapter presenting the basic principles of biomedical terminology
2- Over 300 key terms listed alphabetically
3- Normative Arabic translations and photographs
4- Mini glossary listing common biomedical terms with their English and Arabic synonyms
5- Suitable for tutor-guided teaching and independent self-learning

The paper aims to seek evidence for foreign models on term-formation in anatomical names. We are experiencing a “paradigm shift” in scientific communication. English is used as the international language of science, replacing Latin, the lingua franca in the Middle Ages, which has survived in scientific terminology. Could English dethrone Latin in such a conservative science as anatomy? We supply a few examples of Hungarian anatomical names applied in clinical practice originating from English models, particularly the acronym LAD in cardiac anatomy and lexical innovations in metaphors for socket of hip bone. We emphasize the importance of calques as the most effective method in term-formation.

In this paper we present a method for term extraction that can be used in classroom with translation students. The terms are extracted from a multilingual parallel corpus with the aid of a parallel concordancer, AntPConc. Our work is focused on English-Greek medical terminology translation, but the method can be transferred to other language pairs and other fields of terminology.

Wioleta Karwacka
Przekład tekstów medycznych

ISBN: 978-83-7865-466-7
Rok wydania: 2016
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Książka stanowi próbę identyfikacji norm związanych z  przekładem medycznym, określenia przyjętych sposobów realizacji tych norm oraz problemów dotyczących działania niezgodnego z przyjętymi konwencjami. Obejmuje zagadnienia istotne dla przekładu medycznego, m.in.: język specjalistyczny, terminologię, cechy gatunkowe tekstów medycznych, jakość przekładu.

http://kiw.ug.edu.pl/pl/jezykoznastwo-i-przekladoznawstwo/1042-przekladajac-nieprzekladalne-vi-przeklad-tekstow-medycznych.html

After completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Explain the purpose of medical terminology. 2. Name the languages from which most medical word parts are derived. 3. Distinguish between different types of medical terms 4. List all component parts of a medical term. 5. Define the terms root, suffix, prefix, and interfix. 6. Distinguish between a combining vowel and a combining form 7. Define medical terms by analyzing their component parts.

The full chapter available at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339830389_ABC_of_Medical_Terminology

Teaching English medium students the course “Clinical terminology” has several crucial differences comparing with Ukrainian students. From one hand, many terms are already familiar to students, as exist without changes in English medical terminology. From other hand, teacher is dealing with students who have completely different level in language of studying and metalinguistical literacy which allows word-structure analysis of the terms. All this pecularities must be taken for consideration while building Latin terminology course and for preparation of young Latin teachers.
Преподавание раздела «Клиническая терминология» англоязычным студентам имеет ряд принципиальных отличий от преподавания украинским студентам. С одной стороны, многие термины уже знакомы учащимся, так как без изменений функционируют в английской профессиональной терминологии. С другой стороны, преподаватель сталкивается с различным уровнем владения студентами языком преподавания и металингвистической грамотности, позволяющей осуществлять словообразовательный анализ терминов. Все эти особенности необходимо учитывать при построении курса и при подготовке молодых преподавателей латинского языка.

As students desire an active role in their own care, as well-informed lifestyle
choices and caution are stimulated to improve personal health, and as public health
concerns require increased epidemiological surveillance, including public literacy and
attention, communication of medical terms over the lay-professional boundary increases in volume and importance. Students develop general knowledge regarding the pandemic, for most students’ collected most of the “Medical Terms” from Television, Newspapers, or Social Media. Besides, students are also health consumers. They need reliable medical information and get it from reliable resources. They just don’t obtain it from physicians because they also obtain that type of information through searching on the web, direct-to-consumer advertising, and patient education. Celebrities and News outlets have a big responsibility on their shoulders, for their influence could affect what type of information is being spread.

Hence, cross-boundary communications, semantics and understanding of medical
ideas are serious barriers. Students often do not understand technical terms and
explanations or interpret them inaccurately, contingent on their personal and cultural
experiences or background, education levels, and cognitive and affective states of mind. Again, medical professionals may have a hard time properly interpreting lay health expressions and associated conceptualizations, but they could provide or spread accurate information. Thus, research on students expresses medical ideas provides insights that help bridge the semantics and terminology gap in bi-directional health-related communication between laypersons and professionals.

Although the “consumer vocabulary problem” has long been acknowledged,
“personal health vocabularies have only recently been meeting the expense significance in the literature. While terminologies for medical professionals continue to evolve, few consumer-level vocabularies have been inspected As Lewis et al. viewed, “The development of a consumer vocabulary should be based on research that includes consumer information needs and consumers’ ways of talking about and expressing those needs”. This suggestion parallels the power of semantics towards students’ (as health consumers) involvement in their pandemic awareness.

Обучението по анатомия в съвременния академичен курикулум е органично свързано с греко-римски понятия, претопявали се векове наред в този огромен запас от медицинска терминология, с който разполагаме днес. Можем да твърдим, че зародишът на съвременната медицина до голяма степен се крие в една съществена трансформация на подхода към човешкото тяло, а именно картографирането му, обозначаването му до най-миниатюрния детайл, и не на последно място изковаването на термин за всяка една от тези миниатюри. Все по-често анатомичната терминология се свежда до сбор от изкуствени и отживели понятия, а наред с това спада и респектът към изучаването на латинска специализирана терминология в някои страни. Подобни промени биха  навредили първо, защото това са термини все още в употреба, и второ, тъй като това са думи, които някога са били съвсем „живи”, „значещи” и  „истински” за огромна група хора, носители на тези езици. Етимологичното разяснение на всяка една от изучаваните думи изисква време, проучване и ентусиазъм, но би могло да събуди сериозен интерес у аудиторията, както и да потопи студентите в огромната еволюция на идеи, понятия и език, скрита във всеки един детайл от анатомията. Моята задача тук ще бъде подобна и в настоящата работа ще се опитам да очертая един предполагаем подход за постигане на това, боравейки с конкретни анатомични термини, някой базови, а други по-периферни. За целта са подбрани фундаментални за анатомичната терминология текстове на Целз, Гален и Везалий, както и други римски автори, които случайно или не употребяват специализирана анатомична лексика.

(summary of my PhD thesis - in Polish)
The dissertation analyses the usage of linguistic borrowings from English in Polish and Russian medical texts on immunology.
A collection of immunology-related terms in the three languages was analysed. Polish and Russian terms were excerpted from original texts (no translations) written by specialists for specialists. Borrowings that were not terms were also identified in the texts. The English-language elements were then analysed in comparison with all terms in thematic groups.
The theoretical chapters are concerned with theory of language interference and the scope of contemporary influence of English on Russian and Polish as well as the theory of terminology and LSP texts, with particular regard to the role of borrowings., including the concept of term naturalness.
The practical part examines the occurrence of borrowings in some basic thematic groups of immunology-related terminology. An analysis of anatomical terms revealed a predominance of calques and indigenous terms in the Polish terminology and a dominance of Latinate terms in Russian. It is against this background that the proportions of calques, indigenous terms and borrowings in medical terminology are to be analysed.
A structural analysis of the borrowings is also undertaken together with an analysis of non-terminological lexis and adaptation of the borrowings. Attention is also given to the influence of English on word formation and syntax. The presence of borrowings among non-terminological lexis and similarities in the collocability of terms with non-terminological collocates (e.g. verbs) between the three languages indicate that the interlingual transfer of terminology is a process of lesser importance. The mechanism of language transfer postulated in the dissertation can be described as syntagmatic transfer.

Medical language is the language used by medical experts in their professional communication and incorporates more than 2,500 years of a development influenced mostly by Greek and Latin medical traditions. Its specific features and characteristics are studied from various aspects. It is closely connected with the immense development of technology and science that brings new concepts to the language; medical vocabulary is an open and continually changing phenomenon and its units often acquire new meanings. Learning English medical language that has become a lingua franca during the last few decades creates certain obstacles for learners in the form of collocations, irregular forms, existence of synonyms, doublets, abbreviations, false friends, etc. To manage medical language at an appropriate level requires looking for the most convenient teaching and learning strategies. Good proficiency of English medical language opens new horizons to medical professionals and offers various options of its application in practice. As an international means of communication it slowly penetrates into national medical vocabularies worldwide.

Translation is a crucial factor in disseminating knowledge and new discoveries in the medical field. It can also be a critical factor in providing healthcare services to foreigners or minorities. The translators of medical texts face a number of challenges, some of which are the subject of research. Theyincludemedicalterminology, lexi-calequivalence of medicaltexts, readability, qualityissues. This chapter offers a general overview of the major issues in medical translation. It briefly presents the history of medical translation and the development of medical language. It also discusses certain characteristic features of medical language: terminology, including eponyms and multi-word terms, acronyms and abbreviations, affixation, word compounding, the doublet phenomenon, polysemy and synonymy. Translating for lay-readers and professional audiences is the next issue presented in this chapter. Considerable attention is devoted to problems in translating medical texts, and other issues, such as qualifications of medical translators, verification and review.

This book is a research into the metaphorical nature of anatomical terms based on a cognitive linguistcs framework. It also investigates shell words in anatomy, especially in connection with the so-called termini generales. Those terms are studied great detail as heads of compound terms and their indexical character is firmly established. The study also rejects the commonly held view of the pervasiveness of metaphor in anatomical science by aplying semantic analysis based on Evans’s TLCCM and the Career of Metaphor Theory of Bowdle and Gentners’. The research utilises a large trilingual corpus to make a distinction between metaphor in term nomination and its perception in language use.
The study holds the view that metaphors in anatomy can not be explicitly referred to as "dead",  and according to the language manifestations, a relative degree of "revival" of the metaphoricity for the individual terms can be established. An important methodological consideration in the metaphorical analysis is that a search for the so-called linguistic metaphors has been performed, i.e. for us the most important factor is the linguistic side of metaphoricity. Perhaps, that is why,  it cannot be claimed that metaphor (especially conceptual metaphor) is totally  manifested in anatomy.

Запропонована розвідка викриває приховані механізми уподібнення української медичної термінології до російських зразків на матеріалі «медичного термінологічного бюлетеня» 1934 р. та сучасних німецько-українських перекладів у галузі медицини. встановлено, що значна частка уподібнених термінів сьогодні залучена до фахової літератури та чинної анатомічної номенклатури. аби реконструювати питомі українські відповідники та посприяти укладанню фахового медичного словника, у статті зіставляється медична термінологія німецької та української мов.
Ключові слова: медична термінологія, медичний термінологічний бюлетень, анатомічна номенклатура, переклад, нормативність відповідників.

The fght for each term: creating a GermanUkrainian medical dictionary

The proposed article deals with exposing of the hidden assimilation mechanisms of Ukrainian medical terminology to Russian samples on the material of the “Bulletin of medical terminology” (1934) and the modern German Ukrainian translations in the feld of medicine. It is established that a signifcant part of the assimilated terms is nowadays involved in professional literature and the current anatomical nomenclature. In order to reconstruct specifc Ukrainian equivalents and assist in the creation of a professional medical dictionary, the article compares medical terminology of the German and Ukrainian languages.
Key words: medical terminology, Bulletin of medical terminology, anatomical nomenclature, translation, normative equivalents.

En las últimas décadas los problemas de la terminología han llamado la atención de muchos
investigadores y científicos lo cual se explica por la creciente importancia que adquiere la ciencia
en la vida de las personas. La terminología médica empezó su formación hace siglos y sigue
desarrollándose hasta el momento. Siendo una de las ciencias más antiguas, se divide en varias
ramas de terminología médico-biológica, entre las cuales se puede distinguir varios subsistemas de
términos como, por ejemplo: los términos anatómicos, histológicos, clínicos (que incluyen
terminologías de especializaciones como terapia general, cirugía, oftalmología, oncología,
neurología, ginecología, psiquiatría y otras), además de la terminología farmacéutica.
La traducción en general, y sobre todo la traducción de textos médicos, requiere no
solamente el dominio perfecto de los dos idiomas de trabajo, sino la habilidad de su combinación y
coordinación continua de dos sistemas de lenguas. De ahí podemos deducir que el dominio de la
terminología se hace uno de los elementos claves para la elaboración de una traducción exitosa.
Para poder ofrecer un glosario de la terminología del sistema cardiovascular basada el la
Nómina Anatómica del año 2001 y un análisis exhaustivo de la traducción de términos realizada,
nos parece imprescindible empezar con la investigación de la historia de terminología como
disciplina aparte y su vertiente médica, analizar los principales problemas que surgen a la hora de
trabajar con un texto especializado y destacar las posibles soluciones de los retos descubiertos. El
objetivo principal del presente trabajo consiste en la elaboración de un glosario bilingüe españolruso
sobre el tema “Sistema cardiovascular” y también en la creación de un análisis de datos
recogidos y comentarios que pueden prevenir errores y confusiones entre los traductores y
recipientes de la información traducida, además de la formación de los archivos electrónicos con el
glosario elaborado que se ofrecen al uso para los programas de la traducción automatizada y
apoyada.
Para conseguir los objetivos propuestos hemos optado principalmente por el método de
análisis de textos paralelos acerca del tema elegido en el español y en ruso, lo que nos ha permitido
traducir los términos de la lista representada garantizando el máximo nivel de fidelidad, objetividad,
precisión, equivalencia y adecuación. Además, hemos recurrido a la metodología de visualización
(debido al hecho de que se trata de diferentes elementos del sistema cardiovascular humano para
determinar los cuales muchas veces se hace imprescindible localizar su topografía exacta en el
dicho sistema).
La hipótesis principal del presente trabajo consiste en que, a pesar del origen griego y latín
de la mayoría de los términos seleccionados en castellano y una gran parte de los términos en ruso,
la traducción literal de éstos representa el error más grave y más frecuente de los traductores de los
textos médicos ya que debido a las peculiaridades del desarrollo de los sistemas de lenguajes
médicos en español y en ruso, la terminología de cada idioma ha seguido sus propias pautas de
evolución cuyo sondeo detallado se encuentra en el apartado “Análisis de los resultados obtenidos”.

MEDICAL TRANSLATION AND DIFFICULTIES IN MEDICAL TRANSLATION
Medical science, one of the earliest scientific fields, is a science
discipline that is closely followed throughout the world and that always
keeps abreast of change and evolves constantly. Due to the fact that it is
related to human health, most information in this field such as a new
inventions, technological developments, and treatment methods are
shared among scientist around the world. This sharing occurs through
translation. Translations made in the field of medicine are defined by a
number of different terms, namely medical translation, translation for
medicine, medical text translation, translation of medical documents.
Translators who make translations in this area have zero tolerance to
errors. This is because even the slightest misunderstanding about health
can lead to fatal outcomes. In addition, many factors such as the unique
terminology used in medical language, Greek and Latin based terms, the
types of usage of these terms in the target language, and target language
equivalents make the task of translators - who are under such a heavy
burden - even more difficult. For this reason, medical translations cannot
be made by any translator. Not only that it is not enough to master both
languages (the translated and the target) but at the same time the
translator must have a certain knowledge and experience in the field.
In this study, the medical language and terminology and theoretical
information on the method of medical translation has been included in
the beginning. Then, the medical language and terminology in medical
texts, how international medical terminology adapts countries to their
own languages, and their equivalents in the daily language (intralingual
translation) have been examined. Finally, wrong translation approaches
and translation problems, which raise difficulties for translators and lead
to misconceptions and error, are highlighted and a number of possible
solutions are offered.

The use of Latin and Greek terms in medical sciences has a long tradition – as long as the Western medicine itself. For practical reasons, particularly because of its accuracy and internationality, the use of Latin-Greek medical terminology has survived to this day, but the current state of medical terminology and its status in ancient times differ significantly – despite their apparent continuity. Until now, medical terminology has been based on two roots: Latin, which most anatomical terms originate in, and Greek, which is mostly used in the clinical pathological field. In the work of Caelius Aurelianus De morbis acutis et chro-nicis libri VIII, we can find both roots of modern medical terminology. This text is namely a translation of the now lost Greek " medical textbook " on diseases by Soran: Περὶ ὀξέων καὶ χρονίων παθῶν (On Acute and Chronic Diseases). The terms from the field of pathology occupy the central position in the work of Caelius Aurelianus and appear almost always along with their Greek synonyms, and thus the index of pathological terms in this work provides a very good basis for the research of medical terminology development. The contemporary Latin medical terminology, as well as the modern western medicine itself is built on the foundations of the medical arts in Antiquity. The Greek and Latin terms are currently used in medical research by scientists as well as in hospitals by medical practitioners, not only out of respect for the cultural roots of medicine, but especially because of their internationality and exactness. They are the key-stones of communication among professionals in the medical field for whom it is essential to know exactly what each of the terms represents in today's medical reality. Medical terminology as a system is a tool used by doctors as a means of communicating vital information and making the communication clear and precise. The main task of a classical philologist in the service of medi

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AND TRANSLATION OF PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLETS
Medical information and new discoveries in the medical field are developing rapidly in parallel with the medical terminology. And this terminology requires constant updating. These new developments in the medical world are shared among countries and this can be done through translation. Cross-country circulation of medicines for the treatment of diseases is quite common. Therefore, the translation of patient information leaflets which contain information on the content of medicines, usage areas, usage and dosage etc. is important.
In this study, related information on medical language and terminology, definitions, types of medical texts and translations, patient information leaflets in medical texts has been given. And then the German, English and Turkish patient information leaflets of a drug product of the German pharmaceutical company have been compared.
The similarities and differences of the medical terms in the primary sources and translation texts have been revealed afterwards.

Türkiye’de farklı uzmanlık alanlarında yapılan çevirilerde terimler konusunda karşılaşılan hatalarla ilgili çevirmenler ve çeviribilim öğrencileri ya da dil ile uğraşan her kesimde farkındalık yaratmak, bu hataların nasıl önlenebileceğine dair öneriler sunmak ve yöntem geliştirmek amacıyla böyle bir kitabın oluşturulmasına karar verdik. Terminoloji ve Çeviri adlı kitabımız disiplinler arası bir çalışma olup farklı alanlarda uzman akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla oluşturulmuş kolektif bir kitaptır. Çalışmamızda ayrıca terminoloji ile ilgili çeviri hatalarının tespit edilerek örneklendirilmesi, terim üretme süreçleri hakkında bilgi ve yöntemlerin betimlenmesi, yanlış çevrilen uzmanlık terimlerinin alanlarında ne tür sıkıntılara yol açtığının ortaya konulması vb. noktalar ele alınmaktadır. Kitabımızın gerek terminoloji çalışan akademisyenlere gerek çeviribilim camiasına katkı sağlayacağını umuyorum.

Dr. Fadime Çoban (Editör)

This study is not a traditional review, but it is, on the one hand, research and analysis that aims at introducing Arabic terminological questions, as an attempt to understand the diversity of treatment of terms: methods, translation, neologism, and borrowing. It is, on the other hand, a review of the definition's means, in terms of form and usability, through their model studied here in the "DICTIONARY OF COVID-19 TERMS (English -French - Arabic)". The study concludes with some general terminological remarks and suggestions that may contribute to developing and improving the possibility to produce a reliable glossary that meets the need for standardization, comprehensiveness, and practical use.

هذه الدراسة ليست عرضا بالمفهوم التقليدي، وإنما هي، من ناحية، بحث وتحليل هدفه التعريف بالقصية الاصطلاحية
ومحاولة لفهم تنوع طرق المعالجة، ترجمةً وتوليداً واقتراضاً. ومن ناحية أخرى، إطلالة على وسائل التعريف صياغةً وإفادةً من خلال نموذجها المدروس هنا " معجم مصطلحات كوفيد-19". وختام الدراسة ملاحظات عامة ومقترحات تسهم في تطوير وتجويد إمكانية إخراج عمل معجمي يلبي الاحتياج إلى التوحيد والإفادة والشمول.

Types of borrowings in Ukrainian and Polish medical terminology
(on the basis of female reproductive system nomenclature)
The article outlines the phenomenon of borrowings in Ukrainian and Polish terminology of gynecology and obstetrics and represents such types of borrowings as importation, analogical innovation, independent innovation, hybrid creation in aforementioned terminologies. The pilot study was conducted on the basis of female reproductive system nomenclature. Three fifths of the Ukrainian terms are borrowed, thus whereas in Polish it amounts to less than a half. Analogical innovation has been exposed as the most productive strategy in Ukrainian and Polish terms of female reproductive system based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of borrowed and native items.

У статті висвітлюється симуляційна природа словотвірних моделей в українській медичній термінології. Доведено, що спотворення лінгвістичного коду, ілюзія його нормативної еквівалентности та його серійне залучення до лексикографічних джерел спричинилися до панівного становища термінів зі складниками -видний і -подібний у сучасній медичній терміносистемі. Окрім лексикографічних джерел, до розвідки залучена німецько-українська перекладна література, вивчення якої засвідчує ненормативність накинутих словотвірних засобів, що патетично поглинули всі нормативні перекладові моделі та започаткували їхнє безупинне репродукування. Стрижневою  у цьому дослідженні є діяхронна метода (метода історичної реконструкції), позаяк саме вона уможливлює вивчення історії залучення не лише окремих термінів до дискурсу медицини, але і словотвірних моделей, які слугують підґрунтям для стандартизації медичної термінології.

У запропонованому дослідженні переклад розглядається як симулякр вперше в українському перекладознавстві. Доведено, що переклад є гіперреальністю, себто симулякром третього порядку, для якого підробка (перший порядок) та серійність (другий порядок) є лише початковими формами. Розвідка провадиться на площині спеціяльних текстів (зокрема медичних), що уможливлює вивчення термінів-відповідників крізь призму симулякрів. Встановлено, що в контексті державних процесів термінотворення та стандартизації термінології фахові словники можуть
виступати рушійною силою влади задля очолення «шахівниці перекладу», території суцільного маніпулювання знаками та кодами.

In the proposed research translation is viewed as a simulacrum in the Ukrainian translation studies for the first time. It is proved that translation refers to hyperreality, meaning it is the simulacrum of the third order for which the falsification
(the first order) and mass production (the second order) are only initial forms. The research has been carried out on the basis of special texts (specifically medical ones). This makes it possible to study equivalent terms through the prism of simulacra. It has been established that in the context of state processes of term formation and standardization professional dictionaries can act as a driving force for the authority leadership on the «translation chessboard», the territory of continuous manipulation of signs and codes.

The aim of this study is to investigate the origins, the history and evolution of the words describing one of the splanchnic viscera, the liver, as they appear in English and Romanian languages. The better to explore this topic, I will compare the etymology of the analysed terms; in addition, I will explore the cultural history, literature, traditions and beliefs which have shaped the evolution of these terms. The comparative study of the words, as they appear in English and Romanian, could offer valuable insights if we consider these languages as instances of the two subgroups of the Indo-European family, the Germanic and the Romance languages, spoken in the modern Western countries.

Σε τούτο το τεύχος περιλαμβάνονται οι τίτλοι όλων των ανακοινώσεων που παρουσιάστηκαν στα συνέδρια Ορολογίας τα οποία διοργανώθηκαν κατά την περίοδο 1992-2021 και, για καθεμιά ανακοίνωση, ο σύνδεσμος παραπομπής στο κείμενό της, που έχει αναρτηθεί στην ιστοσελίδα http://www.eleto.gr/gr/papers.htm του ιστοτόπου της ΕΛΕΤΟ.

Osmanlı döneminde XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar Türkçe
kelimelerin madde baĢı olarak alındığı sözlüklere pek rastlanmamaktadır. Bu
dönemde hazırlanan sözlükler Arapça-Türkçe ve Farsça-Türkçe olup çoğu,
eğitim amacıyla yazılmıĢtır. Bu iki dilli sözlüklerin yanı sıra bu dönemde çok
dilli sözlüklerin de yazılmıĢ olduğunu görmekteyiz. Bu çok dilli sözlüklerden
biri olan Lügat-ı Müşkilât-ı Eczâ, 17. yüzyıldaki ilk çok dilli alan
sözlüklerinden sayılabilecek özelliklere sahip bir eserdir. Lârendevî Dervîş
Siyâhî tarafından yazılan çok dilli bir ecza/tıp terimleri sözlüğü olan eserde
Arapça, Farsça, Grekçe, Hintçe, Süryanice, Ermenice, Ġbranice ilaç
yapımında kullanılan bitkilerin, terkiplerin, çeĢitli aĢların, Ģifalı birçok
cevherin, hastalıkların ve birçok tıbbi terimin Türkçe karĢılıkları verilmiĢtir.
Lügat-ı Müşkilât-ı Eczâ, döneminde yazılan ilk kapsamlı alan sözlüğü
olmasının yanında yazıldığı dönemin dil özelliklerine örnek teĢkil etmesi
bakımından önemli bir eserdir. Dilimizdeki birçok sözcük ve ekin zaman
içinde söyleniĢi değiĢtiği hâlde imlada yazılıĢı aynı kalmıĢtır. Dildeki bu
değiĢimin söyleniĢe yansımasının aksine imlanın sabit kalması genel bir
kuraldır. Bu durum yazılıĢla söyleyiĢin farklılaĢmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu
bağlamda çalıĢmada Lügat-ı Müşkilât-ı Eczâ tanıtılarak eserde yer alan bazı
eklerin yazımındaki düzlük-yuvarlaklık uyumu ele alınacaktır.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Lügat-ı MüĢkilât-ı Eczâ, Lârendevî DervîĢ Siyâhî,
17. yüzyıl, ecza sözlüğü, düzlük-yuvarlaklık uyumu,
Osmanlı Türkçesi.
LABIAL HARMONY IN THE LÜGAT-I MÜŞKILÂT-I ECZÂ
Abstract
Until the second half of the 18th century in the Ottoman period, the
dictionary in which Turkish words are taken as head of matter is rarely seen.
Dictionaries prepared in this period are mainly Arabic-Turkish and PersianTurkic
and mostly written for educational purposes. In addition to bilingual
dictionaries, we also see multilingual dictionaries in this period. Lügat-I
Müşkilât-ı Eczâ, one of these multilingual dictionaries, is a work that has
features that can be counted among the first multilingual field dictionaries of
the 17th century.It is a dictionary of multilingual pharmacy-medical terms
written by Lârendevi Dervîş Siyahî. At this book has been given Turkish
equivalents of the Arabic, Persian, Greek, Hindi, Syriac, Armenian, Hebrew
plants, drugs, various foods, many medicinal mine and diseases and many
medical terms which used in medicine. Lügat-ı Müşkilât-ı Eczâ is also be an
important work in that it is an example of the language characteristics of the
in this period that it was written in addition to being the first comprehensive
dictionary written during the period.The spelling remained the same whenmany words and phrases in our tongue were changed in time.It is a general
rule to keep the writing constant, contrary to the reflection of this change on
the speaking. This leads to differentiation of speaking and writing.In this
context, at this work firstly Lügat-ı Müşkilât-ı Eczâ is to be introduced, then
will be mentioned ın this study labial harmony in some of the suffixes.
Keywords: Lügat-ı MüĢkilât-ı Eczâ, Lârendevî DervîĢ Siyâhî, 17th
century, dictionary of pharmacy-medical, Ottoman language,
labial harmony.

Summаry. Because of its long documented history, specialized medical language remains riddled with Greek and Latin terms, are superseded by modern languages. Knowing the meanings of the various components of medical terminology will help the translator enter into the medical field, which may be new to him. Therefore, this article brings to light the major derivation (word buildings) opportunities of the term of aesthetic plastic surgery as a one of the most popular to date branches of medicine.
Key words: medical terminology, word formation, aesthetic plastic surgery, compounding, derivation.

The present article presents an overview of how formal similarity is expressed in Russian anatomical names. As anatomy is a descriptive science, many terms provide information on the shape and position of a structure, or on resemblance or adherence of a structure to another. Semantic similarity is expressed by metaphors and derivatives, as adjectives with the suffix -ат- or composite adjectives with the suffixoids -видный and -образный. The corpus of our analysis is the chapter Ossa of Terminologia anatomica, the international anatomical nomenclature. Based on my findings, the great majority of Russian anatomical names are calqued and have their origin in ancient Greek or Latin.

Сайко М. А. Відтворювання і стандартизація медичної термінології в німецько-українських лексикографічних джерелах. – Кваліфікаційна наукова праця на правах рукопису.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора філософії за спеціяльністю 035 «Філологія» (03 – Гуманітарні науки). – Інститут філології Київського національного університету імени Тараса Шевченка, Київ, 2021.