Legal Terminology

İngilizce "separation of powers", Fransızca "séparation des pouvoirs" olarak bilinen anayasal ilke Türkçeye "kuvvetler ayrılığı" şeklinde tercüme edilmiş ve öylece yerleşmiştir. İlke, çokları tarafından anayasacılığın temeli olarak kabul edilmektedir. Sorun, ilkenin anahtar kelimesi olan power/pouvoir'ın mehaz hukuk geleneklerinde Türk hukukundaki "kuvvet" kelimesine karşılık gelmiyor olmasıdır. Saf hukuk sahasında kalınacak olursa doğru tercüme "yetki" olmalıdır. Zira hukuk İngilizcesindeki "power" ile hukuk Fransızcasındaki "pouvoir" güç, kuvvet ya da erk değil, doğrudan ve öncelikle yetki anlamına gelir. Benzer fakat daha önemsiz bir karmaşa "ayrılık" ve "ayrım" kelimeleriyle ilgili olarak gözlemlenmektedir. Kanaatimizce söz konusu ilkenin en isabetli tercümesi "yetkilerin ayrılması" şeklindedir. İlkenin siyaset bilimine ait güç ve kuvvet kavramlarıyla çevrilmesi problemlere yol açmaktadır. Anayasa hukukunun bizzat anayasa hukukçuları tarafından siyasileştirilmesi bu problemlerin başında gelmektedir. Her ne kadar hukukun doğası gereği siyasi bir alan olduğu söylenebilirse de günümüzde etkili olan saf hukuk doktrini açısından bu kabul ciddi bir çelişki demektir: Siyasete ait güç ve kuvvet kavramları kullanılarak saf hukuk tartışması yapılamaz. Hukukun sınırları muğlaklaşır, ortadan kalkar. Anayasa hukuku tutarsız ve kırılgan hale gelir. Tüm bu nedenlerle, algı karmaşasına ve verimsiz tartışmalara yol açan "kuvvetler ayrılığı" terimi hiçbir anayasamızda mevcut olmadığı gibi doktrinde de terk edilmelidir.

The article presents the major English and Polish terminology related to selected aspects of judicial and police cooperation between the EU Member States in criminal matters. The author discusses the following institutions: Eurojust, the European Judicial Network (EJN), European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), Europol and the following measures: European Arrest Warrant (EAW) and European Evidence Warrant (EEW). The terminology was extracted from EU regulations and their official Polish translations as well as official websites of relevant institutions.

The main topic touched upon is the structural and semantic peculiarities of water terminology in English and Romanian. We elaborate a theoretical and practical support of structural and semantic peculiarities of water terminology in English and Romanian based on wusteriene and neowusteriene terminology theories. Origins of semasiology and onomasiology are traced and current research areas, principles and techniques are discussed.We take as a standard the European Water Directive terminology, and try to raise the quality of Moldavian water terminology by analyzing the semantic and structural peculiarities of both.

The article discusses the basic terminology connected with formation and incorporation of companies limited by shares in the United Kingdom. The main focus is placed on the Memorandum of Association and changes in its prescribed content and status under the new Companies Act 2006, i.e. the so-called new-style Memorandum. The semantic field of the Memorandum is described with reference to the complementary document, Articles of Association, as well as two parallel Polish documents umowa sp. z o.o. and statut S.A. The remaining part of the article examines registration terminology and major terms of the old-style Memorandum, including company name, objects, registered office, subscriber, and promoter.

The present book is a part of the research project in legilinguistic translatology, entitled: ‘Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure’. Financial support was provided by the National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis Programme — research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, which enabled us to finance the research into the Polish-Greek language pair.
The basic assumptions for the parametric approach to the comparison of legal terminology in legal translation are presented in Chapter I. Legilinguistics, understood here as legal linguistics, is the discipline devoted to the nature, development and usage of legal language, while legilinguistic translatology, as a subdiscipline of translatology, concerns itself with the theory and practice of the translation of legal texts. As legilinguistic translatology is subdivided into theoretical and practical translatology, the present study is categorised as an investigation in the practical field. However there are some references to theoretical legilinguistic translatology also. The point of departure is the paradigm of legal communication, where the source text (here also called the ‘translandive text’) are Polish statutes in the area of civil law, the source-text author is the Polish lawmaker, the translation is a legal text (here also called the ‘translantive text’), the recipient is a Greek legal professional or judicial authority. The author and the recipient of the potential translation are both members of the professional legal communicative community, and simultaneously the author of the text is a member of the communicative community of the Polish language, while the recipient of the potential translation is a member of the Greek-language communicative community.
The research methodology is presented in Chapter II. The parametric comparative analysis takes as a point of departure terms excerpted from Polish civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Kodeks Cywilny) and the Code of Civil Procedure (Kodeks Postępowania Cywilnego), here also called ‘translandive units’.  They are compared with Greek terms, which, first of all, come from Greek civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Αστικός Κώδικας [Astikos Kodikas]) and the Code of Civil Procedure Κώδικας Πολιτικής Δικονομίας [Kodikas Astikis Dikonomias]). If they are not present in statutes, they are excerpted from other legal genres, and, ultimately, if they are not present in other legal genres, either, then, they are excerpted from other lects (e.g. LSPs, vernacular lect) or potentially coined by the translator. The very first step of comparative analysis focuses on the meaning of the terms in a legal context. This is followed by analysis of the source-text unit compared with the translantive text (target text) in the context of the relevant dimensions of the terms. The dimensions are understood as a set of homogeneous properties that are used to calculate the distance between the compared terms. The set of minimal dimensions, which allow us to calculate the similarities and differences between the compared terms, comprises: genre, lect, branch of law, sub-branch of law and optional dimensions. The presumed objective of the comparative analysis is to determine: 1) lack of distance, where the compared terms can be recognised as synonyms; 2) short distance; where the compared terms can be recognised as translational equivalents; 3) significant distance, where compared terms cannot be recognised as translational equivalents, and there is a need to compensate for the lack of common dimensions; 4) lack of possible calculation because there is no term that could be compared on the basis of the aforementioned dimensions and their properties. Research material comprises the basic normative acts of Polish and Greek substantive and procedural civil law.
Firstly, the relevant dimensions are presented in hierarchical order (Chapter III); then, they are applied to calculate the distance between Polish and Greek civil law terms. They are investigated from the perspective of the relations of convergence (Chapter IV), polysemy (Chapter V), complementarity (Chapter VI), cognate words and potential false friends (Chapter VII), imprecise or flexible meaning (Chapter VIII), euphemisms and metaphors (Chapter IX). Semantic-lexical relations are investigated from the intralingual and interlingual points of view, within the framework of the language of Polish and Greek civil law.
Since comparative analysis of Polish and Greek terms is accompanied by certain directives of particularistic Polish-Greek legilinguistic translatology, under the relevant postulates of general legilinguistics, they are used within the translation algorithm. It should be stressed that the algorithm is presumed to be a set of actions executed in a certain order in order to achieve a certain result. Then, the translational algorithm based on parametric calculation of distance between compared legal terms is applied, and the explanation scheme is given (Chapter X).
In conclusion the results of the research are presented analytically and subsequently discussed in Chapter XI, with concluding notes are provided from the perspective of: 1) translation practice, and 2) lexicography and terminography in reference to LSP lexicography.

The article discusses the terminology, phraseology and stylistics of Polish and UK contracts of employment and selected accompanying documents. The analysis is based on a contrastive study of parallel texts, as well as two existing translations of the Polish Labour Code. As re-gards stylistics, the texts of UK employment contracts are written in a less formal register than Polish contracts, which results in a register shift in translation. The author explores the macrostructure of employment contracts and written statements of particulars of employment, as well as regulations which are incorporated in such documents. The remaining part of the article discusses their microstructure, including commencement, continuous service, working time, place of work, pay and bonuses, leaves and time off, sick pay, termination and dismissal, disciplinary procedures, and pension schemes. As the author has attempted to show, a contrastive analysis of parallel texts raises the awareness of natural equivalents in the target language and helps overcome lexicalisation problems.

Шлепнев Д. Н. Французский язык для юристов: толковый словарь. Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2006. 288 с. (Высшее образование)
Название книги, на мой взгляд, неудачное. Но таково было решение издательства. Я сам предпочитал точное название: «Французско-русский толковый юридический словарь». Если говорить языком простым, то этот словарь по своему замыслу и содержанию - та самая матчасть, которую необходимо изучать и юридическому переводчику, и юристу-компаративисту.
См. презентацию словаря: https://www.academia.edu/39505318/Презентация_издания_Французский_язык_для_юристов_ толковый_словарь_

The monograph presents an interdisciplinary special-purpose dictionary (ISPD) as a specific product of terminographic work. Its purpose is to show the methodology of constructing ISPDs and to propose a typology and models of the subject termi-nographic works. Several steps have been taken to attain the goals, in theory and practice alike. First, sets of distinctive features reproduced in pairs or groups of terms from related subject fields are defined; the sets are called “wandering concepts”. That perspective let the author define an interdisciplinary term as one of a pair or group of terms used in two or more related subject fields in the case of which the wander-ing concept constitutes a dominating part in the conceptual structure. Differentiat-ing the terms, the features beyond the wandering concept that are typical to each of the terms separately are determined by the conceptual fields the terms operate in. The two components of meaning: the common and the differentiating one, have been taken into account when the model of an ISPD was made. It is assumed in the model that each ISPD should both illustrate the meaning of interdisciplinary terms within the subject field they are used in and depict the differences between the re-lated terms operating in different subject field deriving from the “semantic shadow” (“cień semantyczny”, Pec 2007). A correct way of presenting intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary relations with the use of the “nexus” technique (Zmarzer 2008) makes an ISPD a useful material in teaching each of the relevant subject fields and special-purpose foreign languages possible. Such a dictio-nary may also become a val-uable tool for translators. Additionally, implementing elements of a monothematic and polythematic professional dictionary, an ISPD may be an interesting subject of research for terminologists and terminographers.

The importance of legal terminology in jurisprudence can't be overstated. The correct using of the term can influence on the application of law and the rule of justice. As Joseph Sobran said: " Constitutional jurisprudence has become a game without rules. By defying the plain meaning of words, ignoring context and history, and using a little ingenuity, you can make the Constitution mean anything you like ". That's why, I consider that the studying of law can't be full and correct without learning the meaning and the history of legal terms. If the one term was applied in different ways or it was interpreted as someone wanted or needed, than we wouldn't be able to speak about justice and the rule of right anymore that would be the measurement of authorities and would lead to chaos. People had understood the consequences of such pluralism of meanings many years ago and that caused the creation of law and its terminology. The law and the legal terminology were found at the same time. The fact, that law was intended for the common understanding lead to the unification of the literature style and creating common norms and terms. It was important to find the right term for the expression of different relationships. With the development of language its functions developed as well, were found terms to express abstract concepts as will, morality, freedom, justice, ideal and others. Language improved two opposite functions, essential for lawmaking: abstract and concretizing. Legal language is special, because people cannot replace one legal term by another without the consequences. However, language changes over time. It cannot be frozen to reflect one age. Lawyers often try to fix a meaning. But the evolution of language resists this. Modern English legal terminology contains many terms in Latin, French and antique English. That's quite interesting how the words from different languages and different historical periods can be combined in the speech of modern lawyer. From my point of view, the balanced connection of the masterpieces of legal thoughts from different epochs and countries creates the harmoniously, accomplished, high-level legal system, which is fairly close to the perfection.

The article investigates the process of translating inheritance law terminology on the basis of the Polish and Ukrainian languages. In order to discuss the nature of translation and the peculiarities of legal translation the approaches of Polish, Ukrainian as well as other linguists and translators were taken into consideration. Scrupulous study was dedicated
42 ОКСАНА БОРИС
to the concept of equivalence. Thusly, Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence was introduced
and compared to Kielar’s, Kierzkowska’s and Pienkos’ legal translation. The skopos
theory of Ch. Nord was discussed in the context of legal translation. Because theory is closely connected with the functions of the translated text, close attention was paid to Kielar’s parallel texts approach. Moreover some Ukrainian linguists were quoted regarding the case of borrowings. The article contains a wide range of examples taken from the Ukrainian and Polish Civil Codes.
Key words: translation, terminology, inheritance law, equivalence, source language, target language.

This paper analyses some key issues related to legal-institutional translation, a specialized and fascinating area, which plays a significant role as a means of communication between legal systems.
In an attempt to provide an integrated approach to legal translation, this dissertation focuses on some methodological similarities between comparative lawyers and legal translators when faced with two major problems: the incommensurability between legal systems, which determines a degree of conceptual and terminological incongruency between legal languages. In order to be effective, legal translation must take account of both legal and linguistic aspects: building upon legal comparison, further dimensions need to be considered, essentially relating to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors in terms of the context and the distinctive nature of legal discourse.
In legal language some clear traits can be identified at various levels: specific technical terms, stylistic features, complex syntax and the frequent resort to standardized forms and stock phrases. In addition, the language of the law is inherently vague and polysemic. Structural characteristics include the system- and culture-boundedness of legal discourse and the special pragmatic status of legal texts, essentially connected with the performative nature of legal language, defined as a “langage d’action”.
The distinctive nature of legal texts has methodological and practical consequences.  Legal translation is not a process of terminological transcoding and involves specific aspects, which mark it off from other areas of specialized translational activities and require special strategies and techniques.
The main emphasis will be on some key cases for discussion: the dispute on untranslatability, the debated concept of equivalence and Nord’s theoretical distinction, based on the function of the translated text, between instrumental and documentary translation.
An attempt is made to shed light on the first two issues in their development over time, eventually rejecting the idea that there is one universally applicable concept of equivalence. Therefore, standardized and absolute models should be abandoned in favor of a more dynamic and flexible approach, based on an integrated approach to legal concepts and pragmatic considerations. Some examples are presented to show that, on this basis, legal translation is possible and productive.
A dynamic approach is also relevant when theoretical principles are implemented in actual practice, which is characterized by indefinite situations with blurred edges. According to Dullion’s analysis, Nord’s distinction corresponds to a continuum with two extreme poles and several intermediate cases. For example, documentary translations can produce indirect legal effects in practice; moreover, thanks to translation legal texts can be a vehicle for legal transplants and the introduction of legal concepts in new systems.
Attention is also drawn to the changing role and competences of legal translator, who is now regarded as an active mediator, whose decision-making powers and responsibilities have been constantly increasing.
The concluding remarks attempt to show that, if a dynamic and flexible approach is chosen, legal translation can enhance knowledge, information and text quality, thus enabling and improving cross-cultural and cross-system legal communication. Some examples will be analyzed in the end, opening the way to further comments: legal translation is not only possible but also vital in our era of multilingualism and globalization.

Один из преследующих меня ужасов - это задания в некоторых пособиях или методических материалах по юридическому переводу: «найдите в словаре перевод термина» или (с тем же смыслом) «переведите термины такие-то»… Так ли всё просто? Увы. Проблема юридической терминологии (при всей ее значимости и огромности) частный случай главной проблемы - различия между правовыми системами. Далее мы сосредоточим внимание, действительно, лишь на терминологическом аспекте. Вообще же предлагаемый здесь текст можно расценивать как один из кусков пазла под названием «юридический перевод, его особенности и его проблемы». Этот пазл продолжает мной собираться и изготавливаться. Поскольку идея была сделать этот текст практически-ориентированным и конкретным, то главная (и бо́льшая) его часть содержит большой массив иллюстраций в паре «французский-русский». Но начать придется с некоторых общих вещей (постулатов)… Ибо, боюсь, именно от непонимания этих вещей и берутся задания на отыскание в словаре правильного термина и т.п.

In stating that ether is not a security, the SEC has suggested that the 'decentralization' of a blockchain system may have legal consequences. This paper examines the common ways 'decentralization' is used in blockchain discourse, arguing that it is generally used to suggest that the systems are resilient and lack concentrated power centers. The paper critically examines the claims of 'decentralization,' providing examples of actions by core developers and miners within crypto systems that undermine claims of decentralization. Finally, the paper's core contribution is to examine the consequences of uncritically applying the term 'decentralized' to blockchain systems and making legal judgments based on it. The paper argues that in suggesting that blockchain systems lack sites of centralized power, the term "decentralized" in effect functions as a liability shield for those operating the systems (developers and miners), creating what I call a "Veil of Decentralization" and giving a core benefit of organizational law to participants in these systems without accompanying obligations. Further, misunderstanding the power dynamics within blockchain systems can lead to faulty risk assessments, in that we may view the tokens of these systems as less malleable than they actually are. This errant risk assessment affects direct uses of the tokens as well as any financial products that use them as infrastructure, and may affect our understanding of them as commodities or money.

Статья старая. И предмет ее (словарь) уже не существует в продаже.

Цель статьи - представить французско-русский толковый юридический словарь:
Шлепнев Д. Н. Французский язык для юристов: толковый словарь. Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2006. 288 с. (Высшее образование).

Если говорить языком простым, то этот словарь по своему замыслу и содержанию – та самая матчасть, которую необходимо изучать и юридическому переводчику, и юристу-компаративисту.

Весь тираж этой книги на сегодня разошелся. Поскольку право стремительно развивается, то сегодня стереотипное переиздание словаря уже, конечно, было бы шагом неразумным. И французский, и отечественный законодатель напринимали новых законов. Соответственно, некоторые толкования, объяснения и сравнения требуют правки.

Статья была подготовлена специально для Портала французского права (http://www.france-jus.ru) по просьбе его тогдашнего координатора Арнольда Сойе (Arnold Sohier), где и была опубликована в 2009 г. вместе с парой других моих статей на тему юридического перевода. К сожалению, проект, видимо, закрылся (или переориентировался?), и довольно обширная библиография трудов на русском языке о французском праве оттуда удалена.
Статью можно сегодня обнаружить на ресурсе DocPlayer (http://docplayer.ru/25967362-Prezentaciya-izdaniya-francuzskiy-yazyk-dlya-yuristov-tolkovyy-slovar-1.html ), куда чьими-то стараниями (за которые я теперь благодарен) был загружен pdf-файл, скачанный с Портала.
Если же кому-то захочется сослаться на эту статью, то сегодня, видимо, ссылаться стоит на публикацию на ресурсе academia.

Название книги, на мой взгляд, неудачное. Но таково было решение издательства.  Я сам предпочитал точное название: «Французско-русский толковый юридический словарь».

Книга включала в себя: Введение; Раздел 1 – Толкование основных терминов французского права; Раздел 2 – Толкование терминов уголовного права; Сокращения и аббревиатуры; Приложение. Заметки о юридической терминологии; Алфавитный указатель.
Содержание Раздела 1 определялось во многом содержанием такой непременной для первого курса дисциплины на французских юридических факультетах, как "Введение (или Общее введение) в право". В рамках этой дисциплины студентам сообщают основополагающие сведения о праве вообще и о французском праве в первую очередь. Это некий базис, фундамент, на котором возводят дальнейшие постройки... В сущности, основной материал здесь из гражданского права.
Раздел 2 - это, прежде всего, общая часть уголовного права. С некоторыми экскурсами в особенную часть.
Работа над этими разделами изначально велась мной в разное время: предполагалось издание двух разных книг. Толковый словарь по уголовному праву появился ранее отдельным изданием в виде университетской публикации. Эта публикация не получила ни рекламы, ни нормального распространения. Но, к счастью, появилась возможность, издать всё под одной обложкой в крупном издательстве. Что и было сделано.
В третьем разделе содержатся расшифровки (без перевода) наиболее частотных сокращений и аббревиатур, встречающихся в юридических документах, комментариях к кодексам, учебниках, справочных пособиях и  ссылках на судебную практику.

И с некоторыми поправками процитирую сказанное ниже: составление словаря стало возможным благодаря сотрудничеству с Университетом Гренобль II (сегодня он влился в Université Grenoble Alpes), на Юридическом факультете которого я имел возможность спокойно и, надеюсь, небестолково работать несколько лет в качестве приглашенного преподавателя (maître de conférences invité) в самом дружественном окружении. А также благодаря поддержке Отдела по сотрудничеству и культуре Посольства Франции в России и Министерства иностранных дел Франции, которые обеспечили материальную сторону проекта.

This research aims at studying binomial expressions in common law agreements in the light of Corpus Linguistics in an attempt to provide translators with the necessary linguistic elements that will enable them to render a natural translation, that is, to translate legal language into legal language. Binomial expressions are formed by two words belonging to the same grammatical category and joined by and or or. Some examples are: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Binomials are an integral part of English legal language and as such have deserved a considerable amount of study. The same, however, does not occur in Brazilian Portuguese legal language. Therefore, when dealing with binomial expressions, studies show that Brazilian translators tend to translate all the elements of a binomial literally. The choice of text type is due to the fact that agreements and contratos are among the most difficult documents to translate and seem to have an incredibly high concentration of binomial expressions. For said reasons, in order to study binomials in English legal language and provide elements for translators to arrive at their own translation into Brazilian Portuguese, we have compiled and explored a bilingual comparable corpus consisting of authentic agreements and contratos, totalling, approximately, 1 million words - 705,744 in English and 289,984 in Brazilian Portuguese - made up of 5 samples of 28 different kinds of contratos and agreements, a total of 140 documents in each language. Exploring such a corpus greatly depended on the principles and tools of Corpus Linguistics. To tag the corpus we used UCREL's CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) and to explore the corpus we used Mike Scott's WordSmith Tools.

This doctoral thesis tries to outline the characteristics of legal concepts in general and their impact on terminography. It focuses on the specific features of legal concepts which justify a "Special Theory of Terminology" as proposed by Wüster et al. for legal terms. The research is based on continental Code Law systems.

Concepts reflect the facts laid down by law. In the course of the administration of justice these rules must be applied to the concrete situations of single cases. The main function of legal concepts is to control the interaction of humans. A precise intensional definition of concepts would hinder the adaptation of the abstract rule to the single case in question, and leave no room for interpretation of laws and the adaptation of rules to new or changed social and moral environments. Furthermore, the extensional definition of a legal concept can change considerably by application of the analogy principle, i.e. extending the applicability of a rule to other cases not provided for in the law. Legal concepts can therefore not be described adequately by intensional or extensional definitions.

Establishing equivalences between concepts belonging to two or more legal systems therefore requires not just a comparison of definitions but an analysis of their respective functions within the legal system. Equivalence in this sense does not mean intensional identity of concepts. The aim of comparative legal terminology should be to provide an insight into the purpose of single concepts (and their terms) within the framework of a rule and a system of laws. Similar function or comparable purpose of the concept within a particular segment of the whole system of laws are the criteria for establishing links between concepts of different legal systems.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les relations sémantiques de synonymie, polysémie, homonymie et paronymie dans le cadre de la langue du droit qui insiste sur la monoréférence du texte du départ et sur sa traduction précise. L’analyse porte d’abord sur la manière dont les termes sont représentés dans les ressources terminologiques car ces ressources représentent les outils principaux des traducteurs juridiques, obligés de surmonter de nombreux obstacles dus à ces phénomènes.
Mots-clés:langue du droit, synonymie, polysémie, homonymie, terminologie, traduction

Tłumacz na tropie terminów, czyli w poszukiwaniu uparciuchów, patrzydeł i czynów przestępnych
Streszczenie
Jednym z największych wyzwań w tłumaczeniu tekstów specjalistycznych jest terminologia z danej dziedziny. W rozdziale omówiono pracę z terminologią z punktu widzenia tłumacza: metody tworzenia terminów i ich wyszukiwania oraz korzystanie z zasobów terminologicznych dostęp-nych w Internecie. Przedstawiono również narzędzia online pomocne w tworzeniu list terminów oraz bazy terminologiczne z wybranych dziedzin. Wstęp W procesie tłumaczenia tekstów specjalistycznych jedną z największych trudności jest terminologia. Nie chodzi tu tylko o znalezienie odpowied-nich ekwiwalentów w języku docelowym, ale również o zrozumienie terminów w języku źródłowym. W przypadku specjalistycznych tekstów np. prawniczych, znalezienie ekwiwalentów terminologicznych jest czę-sto niemożliwe ze względu na nieprzystające systemy prawne z odrębną siatką pojęć. Kompetencja terminologiczna zatem nie polega tylko i wy-łącznie na umiejętnym wyszukaniu terminów, ale także na umiejscowie-niu ich w kontekście zrozumiałym dla odbiorcy. Często można usłyszeć pytanie: Kto lepiej przetłumaczy tekst specja-listyczny, np. tekst medyczny – lekarz ze znajomością języka obcego czy profesjonalny tłumacz, który zgłębił wiedzę z danej dziedziny i ma już doświadczenie w tłumaczeniu tekstów medycznych. Odpowiedź nie jest jednoznaczna i zależy od wielu czynników, np. czy odbiorca będzie spe-cjalistą czy laikiem lub czy tłumaczenie ma być wykonane tylko na wła-sne potrzeby odbiorcy, czy też ma być oficjalną wersją w danym języku wykorzystywaną w specjalistycznej komunikacji? Najlepszym rozwiąza

The present paper investigates three terms that were all used to refer to acts of writing in the early imperial administration: shu 書 , xie 寫 , and shu 署. Based on an analysis of their usage in administrative and legal texts, it illustrates the semantic differences of these terms, which also bear implications for our understanding of the production and use of administrative documents.

In this thesis we describe and evaluate a tool for automatic generation of translations for multiword English terms into Spanish from a monolingual specialized Spanish corpus, compiled by means of web crawling. The resulting translations may be further used to expand or to revise the existing lexicographic resources, i.e. language for specific purposes dictionaries, terminological databases and translation memories. We evaluate the output with the precision and recall metrics and apply our approach to the small English-Spanish glossary in the legal domain that serves both as a reference dictionary and a source for input multiword terms. We analyze the obtained results and suggest possible solutions to the detected problems based on the theoretical part of this research devoted to the issues of machine translation, the use of dictionaries and corpora (non-parallel corpora in particular) for machine translation tasks, and the works on automatic terminology extraction.

Türkiye’de farklı uzmanlık alanlarında yapılan çevirilerde terimler konusunda karşılaşılan hatalarla ilgili çevirmenler ve çeviribilim öğrencileri ya da dil ile uğraşan her kesimde farkındalık yaratmak, bu hataların nasıl önlenebileceğine dair öneriler sunmak ve yöntem geliştirmek amacıyla böyle bir kitabın oluşturulmasına karar verdik. Terminoloji ve Çeviri adlı kitabımız disiplinler arası bir çalışma olup farklı alanlarda uzman akademisyenlerin katkılarıyla oluşturulmuş kolektif bir kitaptır. Çalışmamızda ayrıca terminoloji ile ilgili çeviri hatalarının tespit edilerek örneklendirilmesi, terim üretme süreçleri hakkında bilgi ve yöntemlerin betimlenmesi, yanlış çevrilen uzmanlık terimlerinin alanlarında ne tür sıkıntılara yol açtığının ortaya konulması vb. noktalar ele alınmaktadır. Kitabımızın gerek terminoloji çalışan akademisyenlere gerek çeviribilim camiasına katkı sağlayacağını umuyorum.

Dr. Fadime Çoban (Editör)

The article discusses terminology mining on a small scale as used by legal freelance translators in practice, and recent developments in this area. Major properties of legal
terms are discussed from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective where terms are seen as prompts that activate background knowledge structures. Next various resources are presented, including the most traditional ones, i.e. dictionaries, to more recent online and electronic resources such as googling, and discussion forums. Their major advantage is reduction of search time, increased functionality of translation and insight into how other translators have tackled a similar terminological problem before (established
equivalents).

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beruht auf einem Kooperationsprojekt zwischen dem Laboratorio di Terminologia des Forlì – Campus und der Terminology Coordination Unit des Europäischen Parlaments, in dessen Rahmen ein einmonatiger Studienaufenthalt in Luxemburg absolviert wurde. Das Ziel der Masterarbeit ist die Anreicherung der IATE-Datenbank mit deutschen und italienischen Terminologieeinträgen bezüglich des Fachbereichs Asylrecht. Dazu wurden fachspezifische Termini aus manuell erstellten Korpora extrahiert und anschließend mithilfe von Terminologieverwaltungstools in zweisprachigen Terminologieeinträgen dokumentiert. Die Terminologiedatenbank enthält 142 Termini und bildet zusammen mit den zweisprachigen Korpora und Begriffssystemen den praktischen Bestandteil der Arbeit. Im theoretischen Teil werden die anspruchsvollen Aspekte der mehrsprachigen Terminologiearbeit im Recht erläutert und es wird ein Überblick zum State of the Art von Terminologiedatenbanken zusammengestellt. Ein weiterer Abschnitt ist dem Fachbereich Asylrecht gewidmet, in dem summarisch auf die wesentlichen internationalen, europäischen, italienischen und deutschen Gesetze eingegangen wird. Die Arbeit richtet sich an eine breite Lesergruppe: von RechtsübersetzerInnen und RechtsexpertInnen, über Bedienstete bis hin zu Studierenden und Personen, die sich mit der italienischen und deutschen Asylrechtsterminologie auseinandersetzen bzw. auseinandersetzen wollen.

In der Autonomen Provinz Bozen-Südtirol leben drei Sprachgruppen, Deutsch, Italienisch und Ladinisch, eng zusammen. Um die Gleichberechtigung aller drei Gruppen in kultureller, sprachlicher und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht zu gewährleisten, wurden in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten eine Reihe von Maßnahmen ergriffen. Dabei ist das 1972 in Kraft getretene Autonomiestatut, dem bereits andere Autonomieregelungen vorausgingen, von besonderer Bedeutung. Es gewährt der Provinz Bozen-Südtirol weitreichende Selbstverwaltungsbefugnisse und sichert die Gleichstellung der deutschen mit der italienischen Sprache. 
Eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen in diesem Zusammenhang war die Einsetzung der „Paritätischen Terminologiekommission“, die sich aus drei italienisch- und drei deutschsprachigen Mitgliedern zusammensetzt.  Ihre Aufgabe besteht darin, die Rechts- und Verwaltungsterminologie zu normieren und sie in geeigneter Form zu veröffentlichen.  Die dazu notwendigen Vorarbeiten werden vom Fachbereich „Sprache und Recht“ der Europäischen Akademie Bozen geleistet.
In diesem Beitrag soll beschrieben werden, wie vor diesem zweisprachigen Hintergrund Terminologiearbeit in Südtirol betrieben wird. Hierzu sollen zunächst die wichtigsten Arbeitsschritte und Prinzipien bei der Terminologiearbeit im allgemeinen erläutert werden, bevor auf die besonderen Erfordernisse eines zweisprachigen Umfeldes eingegangen wird. Im Anschluss daran soll die terminologische Datenbank erläutert werden, in der die Ergebnisse der Terminologiearbeit in Bozen gespeichert werden.

Toplumdaki adaletin ve düzenin sağlanması açısından büyük katkıya sahip olan, adaleti dağıtan, uygulayan ve gerçekleştiren hakimlerin bu görevlerini yerine getirebilmeleri, toplumsal adalete, huzura ve barışa, bireylerin hak ve özgürlüklerinin gerçekleştirilebilmesine, eşitliğe katkı sağlayabilmeleri için bağımsız olmaları çok önemlidir. Hakimlerin bağımsızlığı bu önemli işlevinden dolayı bir anlamda hukuk devletinin olmazsa olmaz unsurlarından birisidir; fakat hakimlerin bağımsızlığı tek başına tam olarak işlevini gösteremeyeceğinden, hakimlere birtakım teminatlar da tanınması gerekir; yani hakimlerin bağımsızlığının tam olarak gerçekleştirilebilmesi için hakimlerin teminatının da var olması gerekir. Bundan dolayı bu makalede mahkemelerin bağımsızlığının ve hakimlerin teminatının unsurları, amacı ve önemi Anayasa maddeleri ve uluslararası antlaşmalar, belgeler çerçevesinde incelenecek ve konu hakkındaki görüşler, tartışmalar yansıtılmaya çalışılacaktır.

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Verwendung juristischer Fachsprache bei Studienanfänger*innen der Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität Wien anhand persiflierter Erpressungsbriefe. Ziel ist es, zu erkennen welche fachsprachlichen Ausdrücke und Stilmittel, die dem juristischen Stil zugeordnet werden können, Studienanfänger*innen der Rechtswissenschaften einsetzen, um ihr Bewusstsein für die Komplexität der Rechtssprache zu messen. Das Forschungsinteresse begründet sich darauf, dass juristische Textkompetenz Dreh- und Angelpunkt der juristischen Ausbildung und Tätigkeit ist, jedoch erst sehr spät und ungenügend vermittelt wird. Neun Erpressungsbriefe bilden das Korpus, welches qualitativ untersucht wird. Die Hypothese, dass sich anhand dieser exemplarischen Analyse bereits Züge der juristischen Fachsprachverwendung erkennen lassen, welche näherer Präzisierung bedürfen, ließ sich auf Basis der Ergebnisse bestätigen, was wertvolle Hinweise für eine darauf aufbauende Theorie und fachspezifische Schreibkompetenzentwicklung liefert.