Linguistics, Translation, Terminology

Terminology is the way to understand scientific knowledge so as all the techniques of sciences, arts and professions. The paper
analyzes the importance of the diachronic approach for terminology studies, thanks to which it is possible to reconstruct the
historical formation of both terms and conceptual meanings conveyed over time. Then, the extensive activities developed within
the Italian Association for Terminology (Ass.I.Term) are described: Ass.I.Term is operating since 1991 organising seminars and
conferences, documented in its publications and in the works of all the scholars who are members of the Association. The article
illustrates the role of terminology as a common good, everyone's heritage: in daily life and in the diversity of trades and
professions terminology is a reference, and constitutes a factor of development and transmission of knowledge, weaving
profound relationships with the dynamics of social and economic development.

This paper presents some linguistic features of manipulation and deception by analyizing examples from pseudo-scientific texts. There are several contents on the internet that source and credibility is doubtful, and these contents are manipulative and deceptive. The aim of investigation reveal these contents, and the results of it provide basis for development of teaching and training materials.

A tanulmány áltudományos szövegekből vett példák elemzésén keresztül mutatja be a manipu-láció és a megtévesztés egyes nyelvi jellemzőit, elemeit. Az interneten számos olyan tartalom terjed, amelyek forrását, hitelességét nehéz ellenőrizni, így könnyen manipulálhatják, megté-veszthetik a felhasználókat. Ez több veszélyt is rejt magában, így különösen fontosak azok a kutatások, amelyek az ilyen tartalmakat igyekeznek leleplezni, az eredmények pedig jó alapot adhatnak tananyagok és tréninganyagok kidolgozásához.

The manual contains theoretical material and assignments envisaged by the course "Essentials of technical translation" for university students of linguistics and translation departments. Structurally, the manual consists of seven sections distributed among three main parts: "Lexical and grammatical units in translation", "Transformations in translation", "Text units in translation". Theoretical material, practical guidelines and 62 assignments contained in the manual are aimed at developing skills and techniques that are requisite for translating technical texts of different genres (academic papers, press and advertisement, patents) from English into Russian.

Si mettono a confronto il volgarizzamento della «Poetica» di Lodovico Castelvetro (Vienna, 1570) e i «Petri Victorii Commentarii in primum librum Arsitotelis De Arte Poetarum», un'opera di riferimento per chi traduceva o commentava il trattato aristotelico nella seconda metà del Cinquecento. Alla «Poetica vulgarizzata e sposta» del filologo modenese, inoltre, si affianca  «Il libro della Poetica tradotto di greco da Alessandro Piccolomini» (Siena, 1572), la prima traduzione eseguita dal senese, il quale di solito ricorreva ai compendi o alle parafrasi nella resa volgare dei trattati filosofici antichi. S'ipotizza, quindi, che la traduzione piccolominiana fosse pensata come una risposta critica e nel contempo costruttiva all'opera del Castelvetro.

Multiaspectuality of the Notion of Conceptualization in Ronald Langacker’s Grammar.
From the Perspective of a User of Cognitive Terminology
Summary
The paper presents the scope of understanding of the notion of conceptualization, a notion that belongs to the elementary toolbox of R. Langacker’s cognitive grammar. The author shows the different
perspectives of viewing conceptualization, and discusses ways of defining the term. By contrasting it
with other terms from the paradigm of cognitive semantics (among others, categorization, construal,
profiling, conceptualizer, spekaer, addressee, usage event), which Langacker refers to while describing
the processes of conceptualization, the paper reveals the placement and status of conceptualization in cognitive grammar.
W artykule przedstawiam zakres rozumienia pojęcia konceptualizacja, należącego do podstawowego instrumentarium gramatyki kognitywnej R. Langackera. Po pokazaniu różnych perspektyw, z jakich konceptualizacja jest ujmowana, omawiam sposoby definiowania tego terminu. Konfrontując go z innymi, należącymi do paradygmatu semantyki kognitywnej (m.in. takimi jak  kategoryzacja, obrazowanie, profilowanie,  konceptualizator, nadawca, odbiorca, zdarzenie użycia językowego), przywoływanymi przez autora przy opisywaniu procesów konceptualizacji, ukazuję usytuowanie  i status konceptualizacji w Langackerowskiej gramatyce kognitywnej.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the scope of the following terms: język specjalistyczny, język specjalny, język fachowy, język profesjonalny, język zawodowy, profesjolekt, technolekt (language for special purposes, specialist language, special language, expert language, professional language, occupational language, professiolect, technolect), which are used interchangeably in the Polish linguistic literature even though their denotations are not the same. The semantic (in)compatibility of the above terms was investigated in the following stages: (1) explaining the meaning of the expressions without their theoretical context, i.e. the analysis of the meanings of specific components of the terms as established in general Polish; (2-3) interpretation of explanations and specifications functioning in dictionaries containing linguistic terminology and in theoretical studies; (4) formulating a proposal of distinguishing the concepts by defining the scopes of the terms and the relationships between them.

Celem artykułu jest analiza zakresu nazw: język specjalistyczny, język specjalny, język fachowy, język profesjonalny, język zawodowy, profesjolekt, technolekt, które są wymiennie stosowane w polskiej literaturze lingwistycznej, pomimo iż ich denotaty nie są tożsame. Kwestię semantycznej (nie)kompatybilności wymienionych form zbadano etapowo: (1) przybliżenie sensu sformułowań w oderwaniu od ich teoretycznego obciążenia, tzn. analiza ugruntowanych w polszczyźnie ogólnej znaczeń poszczególnych składników nazw; (2-3) interpretacja objaśnień i uściśleń funkcjonujących w słownikach zawierających terminologię lingwistyczną oraz w opracowaniach teoretycznych; (4) sformułowanie propozycji rozgraniczenia pojęć poprzez wytyczenie zakresów badanych nazw i określenie łączących ich relacji.

In my thesis, I deal both with theoretical and practical questions of terminology and terminography. The purpose of the paper was to provide a brief introduction to the theoretical principles of both disciplines, and following this background to create one concrete type of terminological products – a glossary of specialized terminology.

The presence of initialisms and acronyms in the most diverse areas of knowledge reflects the evolution of contemporary society, which incessantly appeals to the economy and speed in oral and written communication. The interest in studying linguistic reduction phenomena increases substantially when one sees their predominance in the vocabulary of specialised languages, in scientific and technical texts.
The insufficient delimitation of the boundaries between initialism, acronym and other competing terms, conveyed by the current definitions of linguistic reductions is the starting point of this investigation. Based on a corpus of online press texts, in the field of Economics, and Stock Exchange in particular, given my experience as a journalist-editor in the area in question, we proceed to analyze the problematic aroused by such linguistic phenomena and the specificities of the reduced terminological units present in the corpus.
In this sense, the modes of representation of reductions are discussed considering their structure, namely the number of characters, among other variables, as well as the implications of the principle of economy in the formation of initialisms and acronyms. Different levels of evolution in the use are observed, given the passage of reductions from writing to speech. A reflection is made on the rules of use and the predominantly denominative functions of reductions. It is presented a statistical analysis of the most productive subdomains involved in the creation of initialisms and acronyms within the field of economics. This study also examines the role of linguistic loans based on initialisms and acronyms, discusses the translation problems resulting therefrom, as well as the importance of these phenomena as processes of neology creation. Finally, we advance the proposal of a terminological dictionary of initialisms and acronyms in the field of Economics.

From its earliest days up to the hayday of the Industrial Revolution, the process of smelting iron from ores has seen continuous improvements, while, at its core, remaining the very same craft it was throughout history. The Industrial Revolution changed many of these ancient processes, often beyond recognition; however, much of the previously used vocabulary is still in use today, albeit sometimes with major differences in meaning.


This thesis highlights some of these terms and provides a rough overview over iron smelting and metalworking through the ages, with a focus on Germany and Great Britain.
(Paper language: German; Terminology Section German/English. 61 pages. No previous publications.)

[«Il latino e i volgari italiani negli scritti di architettura dal Medioevo al Rinascimento»]

In the Italian Renaissance there was a great variety of the architectural texts and besides the treatises of the architects (for exemple, Leon Battista Alberti e Francesco di Giorgio) there were the translations of latin treatises and “books on antiquities” full of information about Roman monuments either ancient or medieval. Moreover, thanks to the contracts made with artists, and the bills of payment prepared by the commissioners of works (from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance), specific details can be gleaned about arts and techniques, and about materials and tools used in building works — these papers present a wide use of a terminology, which charaterize the regional speakings, sign of the informal register of language the architectures and their handworkers used. All these texts are precious materials to carry out historical and linguistic research, which allow on the one hand to evaluate the architectural terminology formed during the course of the XVth and XVIth century, thanks to translations and examination of “De architectura” by Vitruvio and the “De re aedificatoria” by Leon Battista Alberti, on the other, to prepare a technique-scientific text amenable to popularisation. The article focuses on the analysis of the texts written or translated (“volgarizzati”) by italian artists and writers of XVth and XVIth century (Leon Battista Alberti, Sebastiano Serlio, Cesare Cesariano, Cosimo Bartoli, Daniele Barbaro, Giorgio Vasari, Bernardino Baldi) with the aim of describing the textual and lexical aspects of the papers in latin and vernacular, where both languages are in strong interaction.

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I «segreti» dell’«ars aedificatoria», come tutti i modi di operare dei rappresentanti di varie arti, costituivano un patrimonio gelosamente custodito dalle corporazioni e dalle botteghe artigiane fin dall’epoca dei Comuni, e le istruzioni delle pratiche artistiche si tramandavano a voce fra gli addetti ai lavori, maestri e apprendisti. Per questo hanno un notevole interesse i contratti stipulati con gli artisti e le note di spesa redatte per conto dei committenti, dai quali si ricavano non soltanto le notizie su tecniche, materiali e strumenti impiegati nei lavori edilizi, ma anche una precisa terminologia settoriale. Nel saggio si presentano i risultati dell’indagine condotta sui testi sia latini sia volgari, redatti nei secoli XIV-XV in Toscana e nell’Italia settentrionale, ponendo in evidenza i linguaggi tecnici circoscritti agli usi locali di architetti e delle loro maestranze, come muratori, tagliapietre, carpentieri, scalpellini e altri. I documenti presi in esame, tratti dagli archivi e pubblicati negli ultimi due secoli, sono gli atti notarili, per lo più i capitolati di lavori, e i registri delle «fabriche» pubbliche e private corredati da resoconti finanziari ("Annali della fabbrica del Duomo di Milano", i documenti dell’Opera del Duomo di Firenze, le testimonianze archivistiche sugli artisti a Ferrara), che illustrano dettagliatamente i progetti di opere edilizie, dalle costruzioni di chiese, ospedali, palazzi alle ristrutturazioni di case e alle rifiniture scultoree, testimoniando una significativa varietà geolinguistica del lessico architettonico. La nomenclatura tecnica delle scritture approntate nei singoli volgari si mantiene ben salda e nelle loro redazioni latine e nei documenti latini differenti, ricchi di termini settoriali che, non di rado, costituiscono le prime testimonianze d’uso dei vocaboli, le cui attestazioni note in volgare sono posteriori. Questa polisemia del vocabolario degli architetti provenienti da varie regioni si riflette nella letteratura artistica rinascimentale, che, dopo il "De re aedificatoria", composto da Leon Battista Alberti nel latino umanistico intessuto di neologismi tecnici trasposti in latino, non di rado, dai volgari settentrionali, esplode nella prima metà del secolo XVI sia con le edizioni e i volgarizzamenti commentati del "De architectura" di Vitruvio sia con i primi trattati (a partire dalle "Regole generali di architettura" di Sebastiano Serlio del 1537) e con i libri delle antichità. La loro veste linguistica documenta la tensione fra l’esigenza avvertita di una nuova terminologia tecnica comune e il sostrato della lingua d’uso degli scriventi. Per esempio, oltre al ricorso ai lombardismi o venetismi nei testi di Cesariano, Daniele Barbaro e altri, si rileva che, nelle parti sull’architettura aggiunte nella seconda edizione delle "Vite" (1568), l’aretino Vasari accoglie i tecnicismi attestati nei documenti medievali milanesi e ferraresi qui esaminati.

The term ‘Ladino’ has been used by some scholars in reference to the language spoken by the Sephardic Jews.  Sometimes it has been used in reference to the language spoken by the Jews in Medieval Spain while at other times scholars have used this term in reference to the language spoken by the Sephardim of the Ottoman Empire in the centuries following their exile from Spain.  Both definitions are listed in the dictionary of the Real Academia Española, but is the term accurately defined?  This article examines modern and historic uses of the term ‘ladino’ and suggests amending the dictionary to better reflect the particular nuances of this term.  It also examines the differences between the terms ‘ladino’ and ‘judeoespañol’ (Judeo-Spanish) and clarifies their proper uses.

In virtù dell'analisi dei testi linguistici di Benedetto Varchi, rimasti manoscritti fino all'Otto e al Novecento, si individuano le tappe in cui, in concomitanza con gli studi di testi aristotelici (la logica al primo posto), nell'autore dell'«Ercolano» prendevano corpo una solida definizione della natura del linguaggio e la determinazione delle strutture di una lingua. Applicata alla situazione linguistica coeva, l’analisi scaturita dallo studio delle lingue e dei testi classici ha portato Varchi a riflettere sulla complessità della lingua volgare e dei suoi registri, nonché a reinterpretare le teorie di Pietro Bembo.
Il punto di svolta nella formazione del pensiero linguistico varchiano è rappresentato dagli studi filosofici all’Università di Padova (1537-1541) e dalla riflessione sulla «Poetica», sulla poesia e sui generi letterari all’interno dell’Accademia degli Infiammati (1540-41). Cruciale (si sottolinea) è stato il momento degli interventi nel cenacolo patavino di Lombardi e di Maggi che leggevano la «Poetica». Il pensiero linguistico di Varchi che aveva preso avvio dal passo del «De interpretatione» di Aristotele (16a 3-4) si consolidava in forza della lettura del capitolo linguistico della «Poetica», commentato da Vincenzo Maggi, il quale nell’"explanatio" del brano aveva accentuato il criterio scrupolosamente grammaticale dell’esame condotto dal filosofo greco. Negli scritti di Varchi, che risalgono a quel periodo, molto prima dell'«Ercolano» (grammatiche del latino e del toscano, nonché gli abbozzi di un nuovo alfabeto per il volgare), si osserva una coerenza teorica nel porre in rilievo il fatto che le lingue sono prima di tutto parlate e l’uso corretto della lingua volgare si fonda sulla capacità di ben parlare. Da questo presupposto il Varchi muove nella sua teorrizzazione sul linguaggio, sul volgare letterario e sulla lingua d’uso.

In der Autonomen Provinz Bozen-Südtirol leben drei Sprachgruppen, Deutsch, Italienisch und Ladinisch, eng zusammen. Um die Gleichberechtigung aller drei Gruppen in kultureller, sprachlicher und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht zu gewährleisten, wurden in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten eine Reihe von Maßnahmen ergriffen. Dabei ist das 1972 in Kraft getretene Autonomiestatut, dem bereits andere Autonomieregelungen vorausgingen, von besonderer Bedeutung. Es gewährt der Provinz Bozen-Südtirol weitreichende Selbstverwaltungsbefugnisse und sichert die Gleichstellung der deutschen mit der italienischen Sprache. 
Eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen in diesem Zusammenhang war die Einsetzung der „Paritätischen Terminologiekommission“, die sich aus drei italienisch- und drei deutschsprachigen Mitgliedern zusammensetzt.  Ihre Aufgabe besteht darin, die Rechts- und Verwaltungsterminologie zu normieren und sie in geeigneter Form zu veröffentlichen.  Die dazu notwendigen Vorarbeiten werden vom Fachbereich „Sprache und Recht“ der Europäischen Akademie Bozen geleistet.
In diesem Beitrag soll beschrieben werden, wie vor diesem zweisprachigen Hintergrund Terminologiearbeit in Südtirol betrieben wird. Hierzu sollen zunächst die wichtigsten Arbeitsschritte und Prinzipien bei der Terminologiearbeit im allgemeinen erläutert werden, bevor auf die besonderen Erfordernisse eines zweisprachigen Umfeldes eingegangen wird. Im Anschluss daran soll die terminologische Datenbank erläutert werden, in der die Ergebnisse der Terminologiearbeit in Bozen gespeichert werden.

This M.A. thesis (written in German) describes the importance of “neo-Indic” elements in the process of coining Thai technical terms and thereby deals with linguistic features, the historical context and the linguo-political background of the modern word-coining process in Thailand. The empirical data are based on first-hand experience, as the author was lucky enough to be allowed to sit in on several committees in the Royal Institute of Thailand during a couple of weeks in 2005.

Terminology, as a system of specific terms is an integral part of every field of knowledge, science, and production activity, but linguistics deals with the identification, procession and the codification of relevant terms within a terminological system. As a concrete field of study, terminology is related to the study of specialized terms used in science, technology, culture, art, medicine. In this paper, we will bring valuable innovation to the development of linguistic terminology and it is observed the ways of building linguistic terms, especially those used in the Albanian language textbooks of primary and secondary education in II-IX grades. Based on these textbooks, but also on the theoretical contributions of native and foreign terminologists it is highlighted the diversity of forms and ways in which linguistic terms are formed, the place they have in our textbooks divided by the relevant disciplines, classes in which they are used and the age of learners. In this paper are considered the most productive tools that provide language scientific terms, classified per its subsystems. This paper also displays valuable scientific contribution to the development of global terminology in general and the Albanian terminology. Term and Terminology. A theoretical approach The efforts for a specialized communication in various fields of knowledge, science and culture have been present since ancient times, but if we refer to the development of modern terminology as a science, it has emerged in the 1930s with the work of the Wuster in Vienna, entitled "Internationale sprachnormung in der Technik", VDI, Berlin,

W artykule omawiane jest wykorzystanie terminologii językoznawczej w ba-zie iSybislaw, która prezentuje nowoczesny system informacyjno-wyszukiwawczy językoznawstwa slawistycznego. W języku tego systemu terminy językoznawcze peł-nią specjalną funkcję: funkcję słów kluczowych. Szczególną uwagę autorzy zwracają na rozwiązanie problemów związanych z wielojęzycznością zbioru informacyjnego, synonimią i wieloznacznością terminów. Wskazują również na korzyści dla użytkow-ników płynące z wykorzystania terminologii językoznawczej w systemie iSybislaw. Słowa kluczowe: bibliograficzna baza danych językoznawstwa slawistyczne-go, iSybislaw, język słów kluczowych, językoznawstwo slawistyczne, system infor-macyjno-wyszukiwawczy, terminologia, terminologia językoznawcza 1. Wstęp Coraz powszechniejsze stosowanie w nauce zdobyczy technologicznych, zwłaszcza komputeryzacji, oraz upowszechnianie się internetu jako przestrzeni komunikacyjnej w środowisku naukowym wpływa na model funkcjonowania biblio-grafii. Przenoszenie dotychczasowych osiągnięć bibliograficznych do przestrzeni cyfrowej daje możliwość przekształcenia tradycyjnych bibliografii w bardziej lub mniej nowoczesne systemy informacyjno-wyszukiwawcze, które mają za zada-nie jeszcze skuteczniej służyć użytkownikom. Praca nad każdym takim systemem wymaga od jego twórców rozstrzygnięcia wielu problemów metodologicznych. Najważniejszym zadaniem jest zaprojektowanie efektywnego systemu z jego na-rzędziem informacyjnym – językiem informacyjno-wyszukiwawczym. W systemach dziedzinowych do budowy systemu leksykalnego tego języka stosuje się terminy języka naturalnego (terminologię konkretnej dziedziny wiedzy). W artykule ukazane zostanie wykorzystanie terminologii językoznawczej w systemie informacyjno-wyszukiwawczym iSybislaw, który jest swoistą reme-diacją informacji slawistycznej, gromadzonej dotychczas w formie bibliografii

Nelle indagini di storia della lingua italiana del Cinquecento si osserva che lo storico processo del lento ma deciso affermarsi di un modello linguistico unitario s’intreccia con il volgarizzamento e la riscrittura della letteratura antica di ogni ramo dello scibile. Questo ‘acclimatamento’ in volgare delle materie, che vanno dalla filosofia naturale a quella morale, dalla poetica alla musica, dalla matematica alle arti meccaniche, avviene non soltanto grazie alla traduzione diretta delle opere greche e latine, ma soprattutto in virtù di un innesto del pensiero filosofico, come di quello scientifico-tecnico, nelle nuove teorie espresse nella trattatistica cinquecentesca. E se nel Duecento il volgare della prosa d’arte traeva modelli di un’elegante finitura formale e retorica dagli esempi mediolatini e classici, l'italiano della scrittura argomentativa nel secolo sedicesimo ricerca e sperimenta forme testuali e moduli linguistici che possano restituire appieno i concetti, «il vero delle cose», delle «auctoritates» in ogni disciplina, di Aristotele «in primis».
In questo intervento mi propongo di illustrare alcune delle questioni scaturite dalle ricerche dedicate alla nuova prosa e alla formazione del lessico sia scientifico (in particolare, della logica) sia tecnico (musicale, drammaturgico), così come al ruolo della cultura accademica nel volgarizzamento del sapere nel Cinquecento.

A dolgozat a latin nyelvű régi magyar grammatikák, korai finn és lapp grammatikák és  korai nyelvhasonlító művek terminológiájával foglalkozik.
A következő témákkal foglalkoztam: a birtokos személyjelezés kérdése, a magyar főnévi esetrendszer kijelölése, a határozóragok megnevezése és besorolása. A toldalékos magyar szóalakok felbontása, a szóelemek megnevezése. Összehasonlításként áttekintettem néhány XVII-XVIII. századi latin nyelvű finn és lapp nyelvtan terminushasználatát is.

A tanulmány főbb megállapításai

1. A latin terminológia megújítását a szerzők a klasszikus latin grammatika és a latin nyelvű héber grammatika szókincséből kiindulva, elsősorban ezek átértelmezésével és a terminusok kombinálásával oldották meg. A szerzők igyekeztek az ismert latin keretek közt maradni, paradox módon ez sokszor csak a klasszikus latin nyelvleírási alapelvek felszámolásával sikerült. A vizsgált korszakban a terminológia végig kiforratlan maradt. A szerzők gondolkodása hasonló irányú, de a szóhasználat művenként sőt egy művön belül is változott, tartalmi és formai szempontból is.

2. A grammatikákban két réteg alakult ki: a táblázatok, definíciók szorosabban követték a latin grammatikát, a korszakban a nyelvészeti gondolkodás fejlődését elsősorban a magyarázó szövegek szóhasználatának változása mutatta.

3. A magyar fejlődés és a héber grammatika felhasználása sok szempontból hasonló volt más finnugor nyelvek grammatikairodalmának fejlődéséhez. A folyamatok azonban egymástól függetlenek, hasonló problémákat hasonló eszközökkel megoldva jutottak hasonló eredményekre.

Il volume raccoglie le osservazioni sul lessico tecnico della musica e del teatro del Cinquecento, attestato dalle traduzioni manoscritte di alcuni trattati greci: «Onomasticon» di Polluce, i «Problemi musicali» («Probl. XIX»), attribuiti ad Aristotele e altri testi più brevi. Le traduzioni, eseguite dal fonetista fiorentino Giorgio Bartoli (1534-1583), forniscono materiali per l'allestimento di un glossario ragionato che costituisce il nucleo centrale del volume.

The approach to legal terms of art (or technical legal terms) form rhetorical perspectives is based on their place in  legal discourse depending on the genre of the text. The division of legal texts by genres, proposed in the article, is grounded in Russian theory of slovesnost’, which was in the core of education in Russia in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries and was later developed in the works by Soviet professor of linguistics Yuri Rozhdestvensky and his students of rhetoric, philology and cultural studies.  Law as a discipline in which ordinary words and terms of art behave in a different way that in other sciences poses many questions before the researchers, and these questions can only be resolved by using interdisciplinary approach, where rhetoric and theory of slovesnost’ provide one of the possibilities. The main legal genre of written prose is a normative act, that is why special attention is paid to the use of the terms in statutes. Different behavior of terms of art in texts of different genres is noted. Analysis of polysemy and homonymy in statutory texts and investigation of legal terms versus terms in other sciences is made. Special attention is paid to technical  legal terms, which have different definitions in different branches of law, to legal definitions, which have different meaning in law and other sciences, to terms of “general science” (such as ‘assimilation’, ‘operation’, ‘balance’, etc.) and to those words, which can be used in legal texts in their ordinary or terminological meaning (e.g. ‘agent’, ‘defender’). A distinction will be drawn between the technical legal terms in legal theory and technical legal terms, which found their definitions in statutory texts or regulations.

Drawing on a small corpus of news items referring to the Ukraine crisis, translated from English into Romanian, this article aims to sketch a typology of the main term categories and terminologies present in the discourse of international relations as reflected in the news and to explore how they are usually dealt with in translation. Appellations and individual concepts form an important part of the language used in world news, whereas the terms referring to national security and the military are omnipresent. As far as translation is concerned, metonymic substitution, i.e. translating an individual concept by a related entity (e.g. Moscow for Russia or the Russian government) is a common procedure and an integral part of the transediting process undergone by these texts. Although subtle, apparently innocuous choices in the translation of some lexical items may help impose a distorted view on the events described.

El objetivo de esta contribución es ofrecer un primer acercamiento a las distintas clasificaciones del verbo que aparecen en las gramáticas vascas publicadas durante el llamado «Renacimiento Vasco», es decir, desde la abolición de los fueros de Álava, Guipúzcoa y Vizcaya en 1876 hasta el inicio de la Guerra Civil española en 1936.

Synonymy and hyponymy are two semantic relations that have a different status
within  a  linguistically  based  description  of  terminology.  While  the  presence  of
hyponymy  indicates  a  well-structured  semantically  and  conceptually  field  of
knowledge,  synonymy is  mostly present  in  less  structured  fields,  where  a concept  can
have  more than  one  designation,  which  can  sometimes  lead  to  ambiguity.  The  aim  of
the paper is  to  describe  both  semantic  relations  based  on  the  information  available  in
texts with varying degrees  of specialization and to  discuss  some of the  inconsistencies
between  texts  and  specialized  dictionaries  in  regard  to  the  semantic  relation  between
some of the terms.

The article presents a comparative terminological analysis of several key terms from the field of land use planning and cadastre. The English terms are compared to their translation equivalents in Russian, French, and Italian in the light of semantics, derivational linguistics, historical linguistics, and terminology in its broader sense. The preference for different word roots and the influence of cultural factors are taken into consideration, too.

Nesta comunicação procurou-se identificar, através da observação do vocabulário da Nanotecnologia em Português Europeu (PE), os processos envolvidos nas mudanças que sofrem os termos científicos e técnicos (TC&T) ao entrarem na língua corrente (LC). Para tal, caracterizou-se o vocabulário da Nanotecnologia em PE e, paralelamente, verificou-se a presença de termos desta linguagem na LC através da presença de " nanopalavras ". Num segundo momento, analisaram-se estes dados de modo a se perceber: i) a presença (ou não) de termos da Nanotecnologia na LC; ii) mudanças que sofrem os TC&T ao entrarem na LC e iii) verificar a produtividade de padrões morfológicos próprios da Nanotecnologia em palavras da LC e mesmo coloquial.

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad el proponer la elaboración de un trabajo terminográfico (diccionario) a partir de la identificación y el análisis de las necesidades terminológicas de los participantes de los Seminarios de Traducción de la Licenciatura en Lengua y Literaturas Modernas Portuguesas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); seminarios que forman parte de una de las áreas del ciclo de profesionalización ofrecidas a los estudiantes de los últimos semestres de la licenciatura, y cuya finalidad radica en la formación de especialistas en traducción para el par lingüístico portugués-español.

In 2007, I examined some tools that could potentially prove useful in translator training. This article stated that in today's society, in which dizzying technological advances are taking place, new technologies have become essential tools and their mastery is a sine qua non for accessing many jobs. Therefore, despite the challenges they might pose, these tools are now requirements for teaching any subject. Translator training is no exception.
Time has passed and, at the same time, experience has grown along with advances in the field of new technologies. Many tools which aim to help translators fulfill their tasks have been improved and expanded, such as the different translation memory suites or the corpus management programs.
The purpose of this article is to broaden the debate on whether technology supports translator training and what its advantages and limits are, providing examples of the use of new technologies in translator training. It is not exhaustive, but it aims to highlight the diversity of possible applications through a pedagogical approach.

This chapter will seek to address some questions about collocations in specialized discourse. These questions are: do specialized collocations exist? Are specialized collocations different from general collocations? How is a specialized collocations like? What relationsjhip exists between a specialized collocation and a terminological unit? What classes of specialized collocation can be identified? Should terminological resources include collocations? If so, what kind of collocation should be included in specialized dictionaries? And how could specialized collocations be represented and indexed in dictionaries?
The first aim of this chapter is to put forward an accurate definition of specialized collocation that helps us to answer the above-mentioned questions and to identify this kind of combinations and distingish them from other combinations also used in specialized discourse. Specialized corpora, specific to several domains, will be analyzed with NLP tools to identify the main types of specialized collocations.
The second aim is to discuss about various approaches to collocation representation in dictionaries and to suggest a new lexicographical model for collocation in specialized dictionaries and in other terminological resources. Several published specialized dictionaries and databases will be analyzed and described, and the advantages and disadvantages of collocation representation will also be discussed.

English relies heavily on suffixation in deriving new words. The suffix-ism is used to form nouns in both general and specialised languages. In linguistics terminology,-ism is used to denote a range of technical concepts. The technical use of-ism and differences in term formation between Arabic and English have some implications for the translation of linguistic terms into Arabic. The aim of this study is to identify the technical senses of-ism in linguistics terminology in English and the translation techniques used by Arab lexicographers in rendering those senses into Arabic. The study findings show that (a)-ism has ten technical senses in linguistics terminology, (b) Arabic has the potential for translating the ten senses either lexically or morphologically, (c) different Arab lexicographers use different translation techniques, most of which produce denotatively acceptable equivalents, but only some techniques produce morphologically concise equivalents, and (d) formal consistency between Arabic equivalents is rarely maintained.

This article provides an overview of Serbian linguistic terms for naming
lexemes borrowed from Slavic languages. The terms were extracted from the reference linguistic sources in which they are mentioned, such as encyclopedic dictionaries of the linguistic terminology of the Serbian language and the latest Правопис српскога језика [Orthographic Rules of the Serbian Language], and from previous Serbian literature, such as monographs, studies and articles by various Serbian linguists. Considering the entire extracted material, the study notes terminological problems concerning the variance and inconsistency of linguistic terms in this area. It also makes a comparison with linguistic terms in other Slavic languages, based on the material from the Dictionary of Slavonic Linguistic Terminology and the Slavic Bibliographic Database iSybislaw.

Base de datos terminológica sobre un trastorno del lenguaje: la afasia
Elaborada en el marco del proyecto Erasmus+ EC+: número de referencia
2015-1- ES01-KA203-015625, “Enhancing communication: research to improve communication for people with special needs and development of ICT resources and tools”, coordinado por la Universidad de Málaga (IP: Dra. Encarnación Postigo Pinazo).

Las dificultades en comunicación social, concretamente en contextos sanitarios, se agravan cuando se ven involucradas varias lenguas. Si bien en los países europeos la normativa prevé que todos los ciudadanos tengan acceso a los servicios sanitarios de manera igualitaria, esto solo puede garantizarse si los servicios de traducción y, sobre todo, de interpretación están convenientemente preparados para cubrir la demanda. Esto no solo se consigue con un número suficiente de profesionales con formación adecuada: cada vez hay más publicaciones que hacen hincapié en la importancia del dominio de la
terminología específica por parte del intérprete así como en que sepa emplear los recursos y herramientas para la gestión terminológica.
Para el proceso de traducción ya existen desde hace tiempo trabajos sobre el porcentaje que supone la búsqueda terminológica sobre el total del tiempo empleado por el traductor, y resulta que llega a ser hasta un 75 %. Para la interpretación aún no disponemos de tales estudios, aunque son cada vez más los trabajos que hacen referencia a cómo simplificar la preparación terminológica del encargo de interpretación para ahorrar tiempo, pues existe la conciencia que esta parte –por estar estrechamente ligada al trabajo conceptual– resulta crucial para el intérprete. El motivo reside en que la mayoría de los discursos especializados expresa un porcentaje elevado de conceptos específicos, reflejados en términos. Por eso es fundamental que el intérprete se informe bien sobre la nomenclatura del campo de conocimiento al que pertenece el discurso que interpretará y, a continuación, rastree y filtre bien los términos correspondientes a los conceptos que conforman la estructura de ese ámbito especializado. Así, cumplirá con dos objetivos: llegará a un mayor entendimiento del tema en cuestión por leer necesariamente textos sobre la materia, y además llegará a conocer los términos que pueden surgir durante la interpretación. Además, una buena preparación terminológica ayudará a mantener la consistencia en el uso de la terminología.
Esta base de datos se centra en uno de los trastornos del lenguaje más frecuentes: la afasia. Se creó a partir de un corpus comparable trilingüe (español peninsular – inglés americano – alemán estándar), compilado mediante el programa Sketch Engine. Con la ayuda de sus herramientas, se elaboró una lista de candidatos a término y se eliminaron las unidades que no pertenecían estrictamente al ámbito estudiado.
La presente base de datos se puede ordenar de manera bilingüe o
trilingüe en cualquiera de las direcciones de las tres lenguas consideradas. Asimismo, se puede consultar como glosario simple (Dictionary) por orden alfabético bilingüe o trilingüe, con indicación de un contexto (haciendo clic en el enlace del término) y la definición del concepto (Dictionary -> Concept -> View).

The purpose of this presentation is twofold: firstly, to explain some terms used in some early Basque grammars and, secondly, to alert to the benefits brought by accurately understanding the right meaning of those old linguistic terms, if we want to describe and explain the contents of the early grammatical works of Basque.

In this paper the term term means "term or name" covering both general and individual concepts. According to the number of words in a term, it may be one-word (monolectic) or multi-word (polylectic). This paper examines N-lecticity of terms, that is the number N of words contained in each term, and studies the distribution of terms with respect to their N-lecticities, both within a language and between different languages.
The subject field under study is telecommunications and the relevant corpus consists of 3198 trilingual entries in the term base TELETERM which contain internationally standardized equivalent terms in the languages Greek (GR), English (EN) and French (FR). Each entry corresponds to one and only one concept.
Both absolute and percentage distributions of terms with respect to their N-lecticities are calculated and corresponding diagrams are given (how many monolects, dilects, trilects etc.).

Key-words: concept, term, equivalent term, N-lecticity, monolect, polylect, isolect