terminology in translation, LSP translation, legal translation

The present book is a part of the research project in legilinguistic translatology, entitled: ‘Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure’. Financial support was provided by the National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis Programme — research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, which enabled us to finance the research into the Polish-Greek language pair.
The basic assumptions for the parametric approach to the comparison of legal terminology in legal translation are presented in Chapter I. Legilinguistics, understood here as legal linguistics, is the discipline devoted to the nature, development and usage of legal language, while legilinguistic translatology, as a subdiscipline of translatology, concerns itself with the theory and practice of the translation of legal texts. As legilinguistic translatology is subdivided into theoretical and practical translatology, the present study is categorised as an investigation in the practical field. However there are some references to theoretical legilinguistic translatology also. The point of departure is the paradigm of legal communication, where the source text (here also called the ‘translandive text’) are Polish statutes in the area of civil law, the source-text author is the Polish lawmaker, the translation is a legal text (here also called the ‘translantive text’), the recipient is a Greek legal professional or judicial authority. The author and the recipient of the potential translation are both members of the professional legal communicative community, and simultaneously the author of the text is a member of the communicative community of the Polish language, while the recipient of the potential translation is a member of the Greek-language communicative community.
The research methodology is presented in Chapter II. The parametric comparative analysis takes as a point of departure terms excerpted from Polish civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Kodeks Cywilny) and the Code of Civil Procedure (Kodeks Postępowania Cywilnego), here also called ‘translandive units’.  They are compared with Greek terms, which, first of all, come from Greek civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Αστικός Κώδικας [Astikos Kodikas]) and the Code of Civil Procedure Κώδικας Πολιτικής Δικονομίας [Kodikas Astikis Dikonomias]). If they are not present in statutes, they are excerpted from other legal genres, and, ultimately, if they are not present in other legal genres, either, then, they are excerpted from other lects (e.g. LSPs, vernacular lect) or potentially coined by the translator. The very first step of comparative analysis focuses on the meaning of the terms in a legal context. This is followed by analysis of the source-text unit compared with the translantive text (target text) in the context of the relevant dimensions of the terms. The dimensions are understood as a set of homogeneous properties that are used to calculate the distance between the compared terms. The set of minimal dimensions, which allow us to calculate the similarities and differences between the compared terms, comprises: genre, lect, branch of law, sub-branch of law and optional dimensions. The presumed objective of the comparative analysis is to determine: 1) lack of distance, where the compared terms can be recognised as synonyms; 2) short distance; where the compared terms can be recognised as translational equivalents; 3) significant distance, where compared terms cannot be recognised as translational equivalents, and there is a need to compensate for the lack of common dimensions; 4) lack of possible calculation because there is no term that could be compared on the basis of the aforementioned dimensions and their properties. Research material comprises the basic normative acts of Polish and Greek substantive and procedural civil law.
Firstly, the relevant dimensions are presented in hierarchical order (Chapter III); then, they are applied to calculate the distance between Polish and Greek civil law terms. They are investigated from the perspective of the relations of convergence (Chapter IV), polysemy (Chapter V), complementarity (Chapter VI), cognate words and potential false friends (Chapter VII), imprecise or flexible meaning (Chapter VIII), euphemisms and metaphors (Chapter IX). Semantic-lexical relations are investigated from the intralingual and interlingual points of view, within the framework of the language of Polish and Greek civil law.
Since comparative analysis of Polish and Greek terms is accompanied by certain directives of particularistic Polish-Greek legilinguistic translatology, under the relevant postulates of general legilinguistics, they are used within the translation algorithm. It should be stressed that the algorithm is presumed to be a set of actions executed in a certain order in order to achieve a certain result. Then, the translational algorithm based on parametric calculation of distance between compared legal terms is applied, and the explanation scheme is given (Chapter X).
In conclusion the results of the research are presented analytically and subsequently discussed in Chapter XI, with concluding notes are provided from the perspective of: 1) translation practice, and 2) lexicography and terminography in reference to LSP lexicography.

Abstract: Which criteria must LSP dictionaries meet, and how are these to be guaranteed? To answer this question, it is necessary to make use of the knowledge of several disciplines, including LSP research, lexicology, translation studies and terminology, among others. In this study, I place the emphasis on the research results of terminology. I examine how terminology, in both practice and theory, can contribute to LSP lexicography and to the writing of quality LSP dictionaries, with an eye to Hungarian research and results. This issue is worth examining because several examples illustrate the fact that expected quality cannot be assured unless LSP dictionaries are based on thorough terminological work.

This paper analyses some key issues related to legal-institutional translation, a specialized and fascinating area, which plays a significant role as a means of communication between legal systems.
In an attempt to provide an integrated approach to legal translation, this dissertation focuses on some methodological similarities between comparative lawyers and legal translators when faced with two major problems: the incommensurability between legal systems, which determines a degree of conceptual and terminological incongruency between legal languages. In order to be effective, legal translation must take account of both legal and linguistic aspects: building upon legal comparison, further dimensions need to be considered, essentially relating to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors in terms of the context and the distinctive nature of legal discourse.
In legal language some clear traits can be identified at various levels: specific technical terms, stylistic features, complex syntax and the frequent resort to standardized forms and stock phrases. In addition, the language of the law is inherently vague and polysemic. Structural characteristics include the system- and culture-boundedness of legal discourse and the special pragmatic status of legal texts, essentially connected with the performative nature of legal language, defined as a “langage d’action”.
The distinctive nature of legal texts has methodological and practical consequences.  Legal translation is not a process of terminological transcoding and involves specific aspects, which mark it off from other areas of specialized translational activities and require special strategies and techniques.
The main emphasis will be on some key cases for discussion: the dispute on untranslatability, the debated concept of equivalence and Nord’s theoretical distinction, based on the function of the translated text, between instrumental and documentary translation.
An attempt is made to shed light on the first two issues in their development over time, eventually rejecting the idea that there is one universally applicable concept of equivalence. Therefore, standardized and absolute models should be abandoned in favor of a more dynamic and flexible approach, based on an integrated approach to legal concepts and pragmatic considerations. Some examples are presented to show that, on this basis, legal translation is possible and productive.
A dynamic approach is also relevant when theoretical principles are implemented in actual practice, which is characterized by indefinite situations with blurred edges. According to Dullion’s analysis, Nord’s distinction corresponds to a continuum with two extreme poles and several intermediate cases. For example, documentary translations can produce indirect legal effects in practice; moreover, thanks to translation legal texts can be a vehicle for legal transplants and the introduction of legal concepts in new systems.
Attention is also drawn to the changing role and competences of legal translator, who is now regarded as an active mediator, whose decision-making powers and responsibilities have been constantly increasing.
The concluding remarks attempt to show that, if a dynamic and flexible approach is chosen, legal translation can enhance knowledge, information and text quality, thus enabling and improving cross-cultural and cross-system legal communication. Some examples will be analyzed in the end, opening the way to further comments: legal translation is not only possible but also vital in our era of multilingualism and globalization.

This chapter is divided into two parts: the initial part is devoted to the historical background and major trends concerning the interaction of LSP and translation; a second part deals with practical issues
                At the outset of the first part we will start with two tales: the tale of LSP, Language for Specific Purposes or Language for Special Purposes, and secondly the story of how translation (studies) reacted to LSP.  In connection with the first tale, of LSP, we will argue that the concept of language for specific purposes is no longer viable. Research following Hoffmann’s (1993) postulation of a communicative view of domain-specific language use has shown that specialized communication is generated by domain-specific discourse employed to communicate knowledge (Engberg 2010; Eppler 2007). The second tale, on how translation studies has reacted to domain-specific communication will build upon Picht’s view (1996) of LSP translation as intersprachliche Fachkommunikation, that is, as domain-specific communication across languages. It will demonstrate that translating specialized discourse is actually intercultural knowledge communication (Engberg 2010).
              In the second part of the chapter we will examine critically how translators have handled specialized discourse by analysing samples of translated legal texts, the cultural extreme of domain-specific discourse. The examination of discourse reminds us that we must view a translator’s decisions in light of the communicative events both in the source and the target culture and of the knowledge to be communicated. The analysis of the samples will highlight future directions for research in intercultural domain-specific communication.

Written text production can be studied as a problem-solving process regardless of the communicative situation in which it occurs. In the field of Translation Studies (TS), most cognitive-oriented research focuses on the problems that translators identify during target text (TT) production and on the knowledge and strategies they use to solve them. The strategies used to find solutions to these problems can be divided into two major groups: (i) recourse to solutions already existing in the translator’s memory; or (ii) the use of external resources, both lexical and thematic, to find the most appropriate solution to a problem. In contemporary translator training, the skills required for the effective use of documentary resources, i.e. instrumental competence, have acquired increasing importance with the development of powerful new resources. It is for this reason that researchers are interested in studying the search processes of both trainee and professional translators.
From the insights obtained into translators’ expert knowledge, translation competence models have been proposed in which the ability to solve problems using documentary sources plays a key role (Presas 2004). This ability is conceptualized in different ways, but generally comprises information retrieval skills and the use of electronic resources. Both form part of what is commonly referred to as ‘instrumental’ or ‘informational’ competence. Instrumental competence is considered to be an essential component in the development of overall translation competence and, as such, now forms part of the translator training curricula.
In fields such as Language Teaching and Language for Specific Purposes (LSP), written text production is also conceived as a problem-solving process. In contrast to TS, however, these areas have not developed a parallel concept of instrumental competence. In LSP training emphasis is given to language comprehension and production skills to the detriment of skills related to the efficient use of tools in problem-solving processes. The acquisition of instrumental competence is not viewed as essential.
Although the way in which dictionaries are used in foreign language writing may be considered ‘natural’ if we take into account the strategic use of the mother tongue in lexical searches (Murphy and Roca de Larios 2010), researchers’ attention has almost exclusively focused on defining errors arising out of the mis-use of these resources (Ard 1982, Chon 2009). Their findings would suggest that whilst students possess a basic or novice instrumental competence this needs to be improved within the context of text production tasks in the foreign language.
The study described in this paper aims at understanding this novice instrumental competence, in particular, the way in which LSP and translation students manage the process of solving lexical problems using external resources, i.e. how they identify and define their problems; what strategies they apply; what resources they use; what attitudes they demonstrate towards problem-solving; and the use of external resources.

This doctoral thesis tries to outline the characteristics of legal concepts in general and their impact on terminography. It focuses on the specific features of legal concepts which justify a "Special Theory of Terminology" as proposed by Wüster et al. for legal terms. The research is based on continental Code Law systems.

Concepts reflect the facts laid down by law. In the course of the administration of justice these rules must be applied to the concrete situations of single cases. The main function of legal concepts is to control the interaction of humans. A precise intensional definition of concepts would hinder the adaptation of the abstract rule to the single case in question, and leave no room for interpretation of laws and the adaptation of rules to new or changed social and moral environments. Furthermore, the extensional definition of a legal concept can change considerably by application of the analogy principle, i.e. extending the applicability of a rule to other cases not provided for in the law. Legal concepts can therefore not be described adequately by intensional or extensional definitions.

Establishing equivalences between concepts belonging to two or more legal systems therefore requires not just a comparison of definitions but an analysis of their respective functions within the legal system. Equivalence in this sense does not mean intensional identity of concepts. The aim of comparative legal terminology should be to provide an insight into the purpose of single concepts (and their terms) within the framework of a rule and a system of laws. Similar function or comparable purpose of the concept within a particular segment of the whole system of laws are the criteria for establishing links between concepts of different legal systems.

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki szczegółowej cząstkowej analizy terminograficznej  słowników specjalistycznych  z terminologią angielską i polską wydanych w Polsce w latach 1945-2013. Analiza została przeprowadzona pod kątem wybranych parametrów makro- i mikrostruktury , a jej celem było przebadanie zmian zachodzących w praktyce leksykografii terminologicznej na przestrzeni prawie siedemdziesięciu lat.

Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže mogućnosti za unapređenje i razvoj srpske prevodilačke industrije, kao i filolološke profesije uopšte, koje se javljaju sa procesom pristupanja Srbije Evropskoj uniji. Na povećan obim i složene zahteve posla, kao i na rastuću tražnju za konferencijskim prevodiocima, mala zajednica prevodilaca i tumača ne može adekvatno da odgovori; uz to, kod nas ne postoji ni tradicija školovanja ovog kadra. Stoga je od presudnog značaja što pre početi sa njegovim obrazovanjem – ali i sa reformom celokupnog jezičkog obrazovanja u skladu sa evropskom politikom višejezičnosti. Istraživanje je zasnivano na analizi materijala (dokumenata, prezentacija, izveštaja, zapisnika, vesti, novinskih članaka, audio i video materijala) dostupnih na internetu. Materijal je prikupljen na veb sajtovima ključnih domaćih i EU institucija (Kancelarija za pridruživanje EU, Univerzitet u Beogradu, projekat Tempus – REFLESS, Delegacija EU u Srbiji, GIZ – pravna reforma, Evropska komisija – direktorati za prevođenje i tumačenje). Takođe, sa kanala YouTube preuzeti su A/V snimci prezentacija sa konferencija Tempus REFLESS projekta i emisije Evronet. Novinske vesti o prevođenju pravnih tekovina EU preuzeti su iz onlajn izdanja dnevnih novina i EurActiv-a. Kroz prevođenje pravnih tekovina EU, tzv. „akija“, trenutno najvećeg i najzahtevnijeg prevodilačkog projekta u Srbiji, sagledani su nedostaci srpske prevodilačke industrije. Opisane su i aktivnosti Evropske komisije kao i Vlade RS u cilju podizanja prevodilačkih kapaciteta, ali i reforme studija stranih jezika na državnim univerzitetima. Zajednički napori obeju strana u ovom cilju su u Srbiji otelotvoreni u višegodišnjem projektu Tempus REFLESS koji finansira Evropska komisija. Jedan rezultata ovog sveobuhvatnog projekta biće i novi Master smerovi na filološkim fakultetima, između ostalih: Prevođenje i tumačenje i Srpski jezik kao strani.

Ključne reči: prevodilačka industrija, pravne tekovine EU (Acquis communautaire), pravna terminologija, prevodilački alati, terminološke baze, reforma nastave stranih jezika, izgradnja prevodilačkih kapaciteta, Generalni direktorat za prevođenje, prevodilački standardi, kontrola kvaliteta, višejezičnost

h  e  topic  of  the  paper  is  creativity  in  legal  translation.  Legal  discourse  is  unique  for  every legal system and it evolves into a unique and inherent entity hand in hand with the legal system it serves as a vehicle for communication. Accordingly, translating legal discourse  means  transferring  thought  patterns  into  another  legal  culture  and  conse-quently into another legal discourse. So far, research in the fi eld of legal translation has focused almost exclusively on the comparative and descriptive analysis of original and translated  texts  disregarding  how  and  why  the  particular  decisions  were  made.  All  of  this has proven to be very valuable, but does not provide a deeper understanding of the mindset  behind  the  decisions  of  translators.  Th  e  cognitive  processes  behind  the  legal  translators’ decisions fueled by creative problem-solving remain undisclosed and leave us in the dark as to what links the translators’ choices to their cognition. Scrutinizing excerpts  from  common  law  precedent  cases  and  law  books  translated  by  the  Cypriot  judges and used in a court decision reveals us what links their creativity to the possible discourse changes.

The approach to legal terms of art (or technical legal terms) form rhetorical perspectives is based on their place in  legal discourse depending on the genre of the text. The division of legal texts by genres, proposed in the article, is grounded in Russian theory of slovesnost’, which was in the core of education in Russia in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries and was later developed in the works by Soviet professor of linguistics Yuri Rozhdestvensky and his students of rhetoric, philology and cultural studies.  Law as a discipline in which ordinary words and terms of art behave in a different way that in other sciences poses many questions before the researchers, and these questions can only be resolved by using interdisciplinary approach, where rhetoric and theory of slovesnost’ provide one of the possibilities. The main legal genre of written prose is a normative act, that is why special attention is paid to the use of the terms in statutes. Different behavior of terms of art in texts of different genres is noted. Analysis of polysemy and homonymy in statutory texts and investigation of legal terms versus terms in other sciences is made. Special attention is paid to technical  legal terms, which have different definitions in different branches of law, to legal definitions, which have different meaning in law and other sciences, to terms of “general science” (such as ‘assimilation’, ‘operation’, ‘balance’, etc.) and to those words, which can be used in legal texts in their ordinary or terminological meaning (e.g. ‘agent’, ‘defender’). A distinction will be drawn between the technical legal terms in legal theory and technical legal terms, which found their definitions in statutory texts or regulations.

""Style prawnicze języka angielskiego legalese i plain English oraz ich akceptowalność przez użytkowników, analiza tekstów prawa jako „prawnej wizji świata” za pomocą narzędzi językoznawstwa kulturowego, pułapki terminologiczne przekładu dyskursu tożsamościowego, analiza tłumaczeniowa niemieckojęzycznych nekrologów – to tylko niektóre tematy poruszane w kolejnym przekładowym tomie serii Język Trzeciego Tysiąclecia.
Tematyka publikacji Przekład: teoria, terminy, terminologia dotyczy przede wszystkim zagadnień terminologicznych w odniesieniu do przekładu i przekładoznawstwa, odzwierciedlając zarówno postępującą specjalizację tej dziedziny badań jak i rosnące zainteresowanie przekładem specjalistycznym. Przystępny język i liczne przykłady sprawiają, że książka może stanowić wartościową lekturę nie tylko dla badaczy i nauczycieli przekładu, lecz także dla studentów oraz tłumaczy."

Spis treści na: http://www.tertium.edu.pl/publikacje/seria-jezyk-a-komunikacja-/jezyk-a-komunikacja-30.html"

he purpose of the present paper is to unveil whether the power distance/textual complexity duality attributed ordinarily to legal language applies to two different types of text which are widely deployed, interpreted and applied in the global scope of commercial trade and communications, namely Lloyd’s Institute Cargo Clauses and the London International Court of Arbitration Rules. In choosing two genres which are the direct product of the law-making machinery of the Common law system, but which are used internationally, we ultimately undertake to research whether opacity is really inherent to legal texts in English with an international scope of implementation. To scrutinise, illustrate and argue on the degree of difficulty and power distance (and the relationship between these two) in such legal instruments, the perspective of genre has been chosen as the most effective of instruments provided by current Applied Linguistics. Genre analysis permits to identify the genre or genres of a specialised professional community connected to the communicative group it comes from, the audience that receives it, the historical and cultural background and the extra-textual reality it aims to represent.The goal of our study, carried out through different levels: formal, discursive and, mainly, pragmatic , is to discern whether there exists any possible equation between power and textual complexity, and the consequences this entails for the understanding of the nature of these major international texts.

Abstract. The author intends to present evolutionary and revolutionary changes in legal terminology. Legal terminology changes as a result of language usage, technological development, political and social changes and even economy reasons. The following research methods have been applied: the terminological analysis of the research material (empirical observation, analysis of comparable texts and parametric approach to legal terminology comparison) and the analysis of pertinent literature. The research material included legislation from the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada and Australia. The author focuses on terminological changes resulting from social transformations. Selected terms and their transformation in respect to meaning and form are elaborated on in the paper. Finally, the author draws conclusions that translation of such terminology should aim at communication precision and many of them may be false friends in interlingual communication.

Abstract. The aim of the article is to discuss the legal language transformations from a diachronic perspective taking into account the following factors: (i) spatial and temporal, (ii) linguistic norm changes, (iii) political, (iv) social (customs), and (v) globalization as well as (vi) EU-induced. Spatial and temporal factors include legal relations influenced by climate and the cycles of nature. Linguistic factors include spelling reforms and grammatical changes each language undergoes, for example, as a result of usage. As far as the law is concerned, normative changes can be observed when laws are amended. Other factors such as customs, usage, etc. cannot be neglected when discussing the language of the law. Analogously political correctness and usage can be observed in gender sensitive language and the introduction of such terms as chairperson instead of chairman. Social factors should not be overlooked. As a result of social changes, numerous terms have been introduced to legal lexicons in many countries starting with same-sex unions or same-sex-marriages. The so-called political correctness enforces some language changes and leads to the introduction of new terms and at the same time the abandonment of others. Consequently, some terms cease to be used and consequently become archaic.
The aim of the article is to focus on diachronic changes in legal languages and present the communication problems resulting from them from intra- and interlingual perspectives.

In this study we process BanCo, the Greek Corpus of Bank Contracts [1], to indicate the various types of shortenings encountered in the Special Language of Bank Contracts in Greek. The methodology used is corpus-based to ensure completeness and accuracy of results. The processing reveals a high frequency of various shortened terms (abbreviations, acronyms, initialisms etc.). The inconsistency observed in standardization within the contract texts, causes considerable difficulty in the construction and the automatic processing of an electronic dictionary for the Special Language of Bank Contracts in Greek, in translation and in communication in general. We explore and discuss the most frequent problems encountered in the standardization of these shortenings, aiming to the construction of the Greek electronic dictionary of the Special Language of Bank Contracts.

The ongoing " migrant " and " refugee " crisis affecting European borders in recent years has broadly questioned the precarious stability and credibility of the European Union, giving rise to a substantial set of terminological classifications regarding " migrants " , " refugees " and " asylum seekers " in EU Law. The present chapter starts by illustrating the approaches and constraints encountered in EU terminology work and multilingual drafting and presents all the " actors " involved in the process of coining terminology and identifying equivalents in all official languages of the EU. Then, it analyses all terms coined between 1985 and 2016 referred to all categories of migrants, by comparing all EU official glossaries published by the European Migration Network at the European Commission, between 2010 and 2016. After identifying all categories of " migrants " , the chapter investigates the frequency use and the time range of such terms in the EUR-LEX Corpus 2/16 EN, by using the software Sketch Engine and provides a table containing the corpus-based results obtained and terms' identification in IATE, the Interactive Terminology Database of the European Union. The chapter concludes by offering an overview of how " migrants " have been shaped in EU law in thirty years of immigration and asylum policies, reflecting on the categorization and classification of " migrants " in the narration of the EU migration crisis.

Finland is widely recognized as one of the top countries to live in, with transparency and an excellent education system, which provides for top English proficiencies. The applied English translation case study that is examined in this paper focuses on Finnish into English legal translation teaching coupled with studying at the University of Helsinki. Scrutiny of the course structure, teaching materials and teaching methods was undertaken as part of the empirical research and the efficiency of the new teaching method and course structure inspired this paper. Methodology also included interviews/surveys to obtain up to date data.
The case study in brief illustrates that students at the outset of the course acquired the basic concepts of Finnish and comparative law. This was done in a blended learning environment with reverse classroom makeups and small group discussions being used instead of teacher-fronted lectures. Students were also asked to look up information on the Internet and undertake translations comments, company visits, and translating an entire court case. From the teacher’s perspective Moodle was used as a file managements system. Results suggest that the students are satisfied with this method and see it as beneficial. It can be used for benchmarking for legal translation courses in others settings.

Abstract: The paper presents the options available when selecting equivalents of the Chinese term 机关  jīguān in legal context. The author undertook the conceptual analysis of the potential German and Polish equivalents of 机关 applied in the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China of April 12, 1986  (中华人民共和国民法通则 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínfă tōngzé) and Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China of April 9, 1991  (中华人民共和国民事诉讼法 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínshì sùsòng fă). The corpus under study included the translation of the mentioned statutes into English proposed by Centre of Laws and Regulations in Law Press China (法规中心，法律出版社 Făguī zhōngxīn, Fălǜ chūbănshè). English and German are often intermediary languages in the process of finding equivalents in Polish-Chinese translation. The term 机关 used in a legal and/or administrative context is translated into English, German and Polish differently depending on the context.
Key words: Chinese statutory language, legal terminology, legal translation

关于将民事法律文本的《机关》术语翻译成英文、德文、波兰文的译文

提要： 本文主要介绍在法律场合的《机关》术语。作者做出在《中华人民共和国民法通则》（1986年4月12日第六届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过）与《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》（1991年4月9日第七届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过）中都使用的《机关》术语分析，分析其德文及波兰文翻译对应词。语料库包括由法律出版社法规中心编辑的中国法律英文标准文本。波兰文—中文翻译仍需依赖英语及（或）德语作为中介语。《机关》术语用在法律及（或）行政场合有不同的含义，所以我们应该把《机关》术语依据场合翻译成英文、德文及波兰文。
关键词： 立法术语；法律术语；法律翻译

TERMIN 机关  jīguān W TEKSTACH PRAWA CYWILNEGO I JEGO TŁUMACZENIE NA ANGIELSKI, NIEMIECKI, POLSKI

Abstrakt: W artykule zaprezentowano ekwiwalenty terminu 机关 jīguān użytego w tekstach Ustawy o ogólnych regułach prawa cywilnego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej z 12 kwietnia 1986 roku (中华人民共和国民法通则 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínfă tōngzé) oraz w Ustawie o prawie postępowania cywilnego Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej z 9 kwietnia 1991 roku  (中华人民共和国民事诉讼法 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó mínshì sùsòng fă). Autorka dokonała analizy potencjalnych ekwiwalentów terminu 机关 w języku niemieckim i polskim. Dobierając ekwiwalenty odniosła się nie tylko do terminów z tekstu źródłowego, ale także do ich ekwiwalentów w anglojęzycznej wersji wspomnianych ustaw, przygotowanej przez Centrum regulacji prawnych w Wydawnictwie prawniczym (法规中心，法律出版社 Făguī zhōngxīn, Fălǜ chūbănshè). Język angielski i język niemiecki stanowi często język pośredni w procesie tłumaczenia polsko-chińskiego. Wykazano, że odpowiedni dobór ekwiwalentów polisemu 机关 jest możliwy tylko przy znajomości kontekstu jego użycia.
Słowa kluczowe: chiński język prawny, terminologia prawna, tłumaczenie prawnicze

The notion of network enculturation model has been elaborated and its integration into LSP course has been discussed. The theoretical foundations and practical results of the model use have been outlined, taking into account students and instructors' attitude to this approach to teaching LSP. With the Internet becoming a common place to people of different nationalities and professions, and they share their experiences, it became possible to know more of a particular professional culture in different countries. The development of network society provides greater opportunities for students to gain new experiences and awareness of academic and professional spheres and get enculturated into target communities. Acculturation and enculturation process have proved effective while learning foreign languages for specific purposes.