Terminologia Polskiego Prawa

The article presents the major English and Polish terminology related to selected aspects of judicial and police cooperation between the EU Member States in criminal matters. The author discusses the following institutions: Eurojust, the European Judicial Network (EJN), European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), Europol and the following measures: European Arrest Warrant (EAW) and European Evidence Warrant (EEW). The terminology was extracted from EU regulations and their official Polish translations as well as official websites of relevant institutions.

Mi l i t a r y Ex e m p t i o n s - So l d i e r ’s Im m u n i t y i n Po l i s h -Li t h u a n i a n
Co m m o n w e a l t h o f XVI-XVII Ce n t u r y
Summary
Military exemptions have not been described in the hitherto literature whereas they constitute an interesting phenomenon allowing to evaluate the legal position of mercenary soldiers, functioning of legal norms of a temporary character and the interrelations between the statutory and customary law. In XVI and XVII centuries both - general exemptions, granted by Seym, and hetman’s exemptions, deprived of the Seym’s sanction, existed. The constitutions on the exemptions always had a temporary nature. As a consequence o f the advancing paralysis of the parliament’s works, the exemptions issued by hetman became more and more common. Exemptions were the releases to be applied before all types of courts, apart from military courts. They withheld the proceedings (even enforcement proceedings when the verdict did not benefit from the res iudicata character) with regard to all persons taking part in the military expeditions and their families. This enhanced the attractiveness of military service and prevented soldiers from leaving the army. Exemptions were known to the customary law, however, they were
formulated by Seym by means of constitutions. The parliament, depending on the circumstances, enlarged or limited the group of the beneficiaries, applied more or less strict criteria, changed the time limits of the exemptions’ validity, prevented their abuse, and most importantly, it firmly opposed a rejection of the releases by courts.

The present book is a part of the research project in legilinguistic translatology, entitled: ‘Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure’. Financial support was provided by the National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis Programme — research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, which enabled us to finance the research into the Polish-Greek language pair.
The basic assumptions for the parametric approach to the comparison of legal terminology in legal translation are presented in Chapter I. Legilinguistics, understood here as legal linguistics, is the discipline devoted to the nature, development and usage of legal language, while legilinguistic translatology, as a subdiscipline of translatology, concerns itself with the theory and practice of the translation of legal texts. As legilinguistic translatology is subdivided into theoretical and practical translatology, the present study is categorised as an investigation in the practical field. However there are some references to theoretical legilinguistic translatology also. The point of departure is the paradigm of legal communication, where the source text (here also called the ‘translandive text’) are Polish statutes in the area of civil law, the source-text author is the Polish lawmaker, the translation is a legal text (here also called the ‘translantive text’), the recipient is a Greek legal professional or judicial authority. The author and the recipient of the potential translation are both members of the professional legal communicative community, and simultaneously the author of the text is a member of the communicative community of the Polish language, while the recipient of the potential translation is a member of the Greek-language communicative community.
The research methodology is presented in Chapter II. The parametric comparative analysis takes as a point of departure terms excerpted from Polish civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Kodeks Cywilny) and the Code of Civil Procedure (Kodeks Postępowania Cywilnego), here also called ‘translandive units’.  They are compared with Greek terms, which, first of all, come from Greek civil law statutes, i.e. the Civil Code (Αστικός Κώδικας [Astikos Kodikas]) and the Code of Civil Procedure Κώδικας Πολιτικής Δικονομίας [Kodikas Astikis Dikonomias]). If they are not present in statutes, they are excerpted from other legal genres, and, ultimately, if they are not present in other legal genres, either, then, they are excerpted from other lects (e.g. LSPs, vernacular lect) or potentially coined by the translator. The very first step of comparative analysis focuses on the meaning of the terms in a legal context. This is followed by analysis of the source-text unit compared with the translantive text (target text) in the context of the relevant dimensions of the terms. The dimensions are understood as a set of homogeneous properties that are used to calculate the distance between the compared terms. The set of minimal dimensions, which allow us to calculate the similarities and differences between the compared terms, comprises: genre, lect, branch of law, sub-branch of law and optional dimensions. The presumed objective of the comparative analysis is to determine: 1) lack of distance, where the compared terms can be recognised as synonyms; 2) short distance; where the compared terms can be recognised as translational equivalents; 3) significant distance, where compared terms cannot be recognised as translational equivalents, and there is a need to compensate for the lack of common dimensions; 4) lack of possible calculation because there is no term that could be compared on the basis of the aforementioned dimensions and their properties. Research material comprises the basic normative acts of Polish and Greek substantive and procedural civil law.
Firstly, the relevant dimensions are presented in hierarchical order (Chapter III); then, they are applied to calculate the distance between Polish and Greek civil law terms. They are investigated from the perspective of the relations of convergence (Chapter IV), polysemy (Chapter V), complementarity (Chapter VI), cognate words and potential false friends (Chapter VII), imprecise or flexible meaning (Chapter VIII), euphemisms and metaphors (Chapter IX). Semantic-lexical relations are investigated from the intralingual and interlingual points of view, within the framework of the language of Polish and Greek civil law.
Since comparative analysis of Polish and Greek terms is accompanied by certain directives of particularistic Polish-Greek legilinguistic translatology, under the relevant postulates of general legilinguistics, they are used within the translation algorithm. It should be stressed that the algorithm is presumed to be a set of actions executed in a certain order in order to achieve a certain result. Then, the translational algorithm based on parametric calculation of distance between compared legal terms is applied, and the explanation scheme is given (Chapter X).
In conclusion the results of the research are presented analytically and subsequently discussed in Chapter XI, with concluding notes are provided from the perspective of: 1) translation practice, and 2) lexicography and terminography in reference to LSP lexicography.

In Portugal, three terms are used to define the final phase of an intervention of conservation and restoration: reintegration or integration, pictorial or chromatic, and retouching. This article is a survey of some bibliographic reference sources, national and international, in order to understand which of the three terms is the most used.

Em Portugal utilizam-se três termos para definir a fase final de uma intervenção de conservação e restauro: reintegração ou integração, pictórica ou cromática, e retoque. Neste artigo é feito um levantamento de algumas fontes bibliográficas de referência, nacionais e internacionais, de forma a se perceber qual dos três termos é o mais utilizado.

The article discusses the terminology, phraseology and stylistics of Polish and UK contracts of employment and selected accompanying documents. The analysis is based on a contrastive study of parallel texts, as well as two existing translations of the Polish Labour Code. As re-gards stylistics, the texts of UK employment contracts are written in a less formal register than Polish contracts, which results in a register shift in translation. The author explores the macrostructure of employment contracts and written statements of particulars of employment, as well as regulations which are incorporated in such documents. The remaining part of the article discusses their microstructure, including commencement, continuous service, working time, place of work, pay and bonuses, leaves and time off, sick pay, termination and dismissal, disciplinary procedures, and pension schemes. As the author has attempted to show, a contrastive analysis of parallel texts raises the awareness of natural equivalents in the target language and helps overcome lexicalisation problems.

The article discusses fundamental terminology and phraseology connected with company representation in Polish law and has two objectives. The first objective is to conduct a detailed analysis of the most salient terms, prokurent, pełnomocnik zgromadzenia, kurator spółki, pełnomocnik do głosowania and przedstawiciel, with a view to determining their conceptual fields and obtaining a basis for cross-linguistic comparison. The second objective is to identify and assess their English equivalents in translation practice, demonstrating various techniques applied by legal translators to deal with incongruity and non-equivalence. The third section presents an overview of Polish phraseology related to representation to aid translators in achieving naturalness in translation.

The article analyses the names of business entities formed under Polish, English and US law. Polish organizations are formed under commercial or civil law and are grouped in one semantic field spółka. English and US law makes a sharp distinction between partnerships and companies/corporations and does not have a single superordinate term corresponding to spółka. The three English translations of the Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies use the same English equivalents of the Polish entities, creating the SL-oriented authoritative terminology. It is rather unproblematic to find equivalents of English and US partnerships in Polish due to a relatively high degree of congruity between the concepts. On the other hand, companies/corporations pose more translation problems due to the finer categorization of these entities in English and US law, based on different criteria. Furthermore, it is shown that the Polish dictionaries covered by the analysis contain some errors and do not list some standard partnerships and companies/corporations (in particular US entities seem to be underrepresented).

The article investigates the process of translating inheritance law terminology on the basis of the Polish and Ukrainian languages. In order to discuss the nature of translation and the peculiarities of legal translation the approaches of Polish, Ukrainian as well as other linguists and translators were taken into consideration. Scrupulous study was dedicated
42 ОКСАНА БОРИС
to the concept of equivalence. Thusly, Nida’s formal and dynamic equivalence was introduced
and compared to Kielar’s, Kierzkowska’s and Pienkos’ legal translation. The skopos
theory of Ch. Nord was discussed in the context of legal translation. Because theory is closely connected with the functions of the translated text, close attention was paid to Kielar’s parallel texts approach. Moreover some Ukrainian linguists were quoted regarding the case of borrowings. The article contains a wide range of examples taken from the Ukrainian and Polish Civil Codes.
Key words: translation, terminology, inheritance law, equivalence, source language, target language.

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki szczegółowej cząstkowej analizy terminograficznej  słowników specjalistycznych  z terminologią angielską i polską wydanych w Polsce w latach 1945-2013. Analiza została przeprowadzona pod kątem wybranych parametrów makro- i mikrostruktury , a jej celem było przebadanie zmian zachodzących w praktyce leksykografii terminologicznej na przestrzeni prawie siedemdziesięciu lat.

Contrastive methods have long been employed in lexicography, in particular in bi-and multilingual dictionary projects. The main rationale for this is the necessity to comprehensively study, i.e. compare and contrast, two or more linguistic systems that are to be presented in one way or another in respective dictionaries. Similarly, the contrastive approach is of paramount importance in terminographic undertakings, on account of the need to draw a distinction between terminological (conceptual) systems existing in various languages and across cultures. It must be emphasised, however, that the contrastive element is not only a part of terminographic practice, but also of the theory of terminography. This article aims to present the role of contrastive research across various spheres of specialised (=LSP) lexicography.

The paper discusses major terminology connected with governing bodies in Polish, UK and US companies. The analysis is based on the Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies, the UK’s Companies Act 2006, and the US Revised Model Business Corporation Act and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. First, types of members of the company/corporation and general meetings are discussed. The real difficulty lies in the Polish terminological distinction between the general meetings in private and in public companies (zgromadzenie wspólników v walne zgromadzenie), which leads to the question whether it should be maintained when translating such terms into English. It is argued that it should not, as in the case of other related pairs udziały/akcje and wspólnik/akcjonariusz. Next corporate governance systems are examined: the US and UK company law applies the one-tier system with the unitary board (board of directors) while the Polish company law applies the two-tier system with the dual board (zarząd and rada nadzorcza). These conceptual distinctions underlie the incongruity of terms connected with the governing bodies.

The paper discusses areas of similarity and difference in the phraseology of key terms in UK and Polish company law. The analysis is based on two comparable corpora of company law legislation. Similarities are motivated by the shared COMPANY-IS-A-PERSON metaphor and related conceptual scenarios, while differences arise from their system-specific instantiations, conditions-effects scripts and linguistic restrictions

„Wyrażenia przyimkowe w krajowych i unijnych aktach prawnych - analiza korpusowa funkcji przyimków w polskim języku prawnym” [Prepositional phrases in national and EU legal acts: a corpus-based analysis of functions of prepositions in legal Polish], D. i. Kondratczyk-Przybylska, A. Niewiadomski, E. Walewska (2016) Język polskiego prawa: nowe wyzwania, Warszawa: Międzywydziałowe Koło Naukowe Kultury Języka Prawnego i Prawniczego Lingua Iuris, 9-35

LEGAL TEXT AS A HYPERTEXT: INTERTEXTUALITY OF TRANSLATED INTERNATIONAL LAW RELATED TO TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS
Abstract: The paper examines the intertextuality of translated legislation with a case study of international legal instruments combating trafficking in human beings. The instruments come from three systems (United Nations, Council of Europe and European Union) and are interrelated both by explicit
references and implicit textual quotes, the latter being most evident in uniform definitions of trafficking in all the documents. The paper identifies four types of relations in translation, i. e. 1) relations between source texts, 2) relation between the source text and the target text, 3) relations between existing translations, and 4) relations between the target text and target-language legislation. Drawing on Mattila’s metaphor of a legal text as a hypertext, the author shows that translation creates a non-symmetrical hypertext due to partial distortion of interrelations between source texts on the one hand and through new
intertextual relations due to recontextualisation and lack of standarisation, on the other hand. The intertextual relations in translation have been found to be more complex and less predictable.

Abstrakt: Artykuł analizuje zjawisko intertekstualności tekstów prawnych w tłumaczeniu na przykładzie powiązanych ze sobą dokumentów międzynarodowych z zakresu handlu ludźmi (ONZ, Rada Europy i UE). Zidentyfikowane cztery rodzaje relacji występujące w przypadku tłumaczeń: 1) relacja pomiędzy tekstem źródłowym a innymi zbliżonymi aktami prawnymi w języku źródłowym; 2) relacja pomiędzy tekstem źródłowym a docelowym; 3) relacja pomiędzy tekstem docelowym a wcześniejszymi tłumaczeniami powiązanych aktów; 4) relcja pomiędzy tekstem docelowym a aktami prawnymi kraju docelowego. W części analitycznej zbadano szczegółowo powiązania między dokumentami źródłowymi, spójność tekstu docelowego z poprzednimi tłumaczeniami oraz jego dopasowanie tekstowe, analizując tłumaczenia niemal identycznej w języku angielskim definicji handlu ludźmi. Korzystając z metafory hipertekstu Mattili, autorka dowodzi, iż wbrew postawionej hipotezie tłumaczenie tworzy niesymetryczny hipertekst, częściowo zamazujący relacje między tekstami źródłowymi i kreujący nowe zależności intertekstualne na skutek rekontekstualizacji, zniekształceń wynikłych podczas procesu tłumaczenia, braku standaryzacji ekwiwalentów, czynników idiosynkratycznych i (zbyt) indywidualnych decyzji tłumaczy. Relacje intertekstualne w tłumaczeniu wydają się być bardziej złożone i mniej przewidywalne.

The financial support granted by the National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis program — research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, entitled: Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure).

Łucja Biel (2017) „Wyrażenie tak zwany (tzw.) jako leksykalny wykładnik modalności epistemicznej w języku prawniczym: analiza korpusowa orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego.” W: Dorota Kondratczyk-Przybylska, Adam Niewiadomski, Ewa Walewska (red.) Język prawny i prawniczy. I Kongres ogólnopolski. Warszawa: Zakład Graficzny UW, str. 19-39

This article presents an approximation to specialized neology. The work reviews the main r
esources used by speakers to
create terms. Criteria that motivate a specialist to choose a particular type of formation within a given area of knowledge a
re
examined. The article does not overlook that loans from the English language are the most common me
chanisms used in
terminology to name new terms in the Romance languages. Considering this information as well as cognitive and historical reas
ons,
the strengthening and enhancing of the terms formed from resemantization is proposed. This means, advocating
for specialized
semantic neology constructed mainly from metaphor and metonymy. The last part of this paper presents a textual analysis in wh
ich
the productivity of metaphorical analogies used in the new terms is exemplified.
Keywords
:
Neology, Resemanti
zation, New Terminological Units, Neonymy, Specialized Neology, Terminological Update
.

... prawa spolek przedstawiona. na lamach Lin-gua Legis nr 15 i 16 (Biel 2007, 2008), gdzie omowilam nazwy spolek oraz proces ich rejestracji, w niniejszym arlykule zajmc sic tcrminologia. zwiazana. z organami pol-skich, angielskich i amerykanskich spolek kapitalowych. ...

The article analyses the names of business entities formed under Polish, English and US law. Polish organizations are formed under commercial or civil law and are grouped in one semantic field spółka. English and US law makes a sharp... more