Lexicography (in English)

Record-breaking attendance marked the American Dialect Society’s 2011 Word of the Year proceedings, held at the annual meeting of the ADS in Portland, Oregon, January 5–7, 2012. It was also one of the rare times in the 22-year history of the WOTY that a single prohibitive favorite loomed before the vote began: "occupy," a word that had managed to reinvent itself quite dramatically over the last few months of the year. Could the self-proclaimed “culture-jammers” behind the anticonsumerist Canadian publication Adbusters have predicted that an online call in July to “occupy Wall Street” would have such a resounding impact on the lexicon of protest and politics? When joined by the slogan “We are the 99 percent” in August, the Occupy movement found much of its potency through the skillful use of language to propagate its quickly spreading (albeit ideologically diffuse) critique of economic iniquities.

Русско-английский словарь-дневник* Ричарда Джемса
(1618—1619 гг.) — важный источник сведений о русском
разговорном языке города Холмогор и порта св.
Архангела (г. Архангельска), а также и об английском
научном и обиходном языке шекспировской эпохи. Записи
Р. Джемса в живых образах рисуют Московскую
Русь начала XVII в., ее нравы и воззрения, профессии,
ремесла и промыслы. MJO ДНЯ в день в течение года
Р. Джемс заносил в свою записную книжку слова,
идиомы, реплики, какие слышал от окружающих, описывал
забавные и достопамятные происшествия, встречи,
впечатления. В книге воспроизведен полный текст его
записей с переводом и объяснениями, а также исследование
данных о севернорусском областном наречии
начала XVII в. и словоуказатель. Книга предназначается
для филологов, языковедов, историков России и Англии,
а также для всех, кто хотел бы ближе узнать
эту эпоху.

Nazarii A. Nazarov. The Ukrainian etymological lexicography: theory, history, and practice. – Manuscript.
Dissertation for obtaining the scientific degree of candidate of philology, specialty 10.02.01 – the Ukrainian language. – Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University of Ministry of education and science of Ukraine, 2016.

The present study explores factors that influenced Ukrainian practice of
compiling etymological dictionaries in diachronic and synchronic aspects, its
connection with the wider cultural context. Regularity of the consequence of the stages
of lexicography, etymological lexicography included, is demonstrated and its
connection with establishing national state is showed.
The present study is aimed at metalinguistic analysis of Ukrainian and
European etymological lexicography methodological basis. Its main goal is to
explicate interdependencies between ideology (cultural, religious or scientific

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narrative) and etymologizing patterns in etymological dictionaries, to reveal
reflexes of different scientific epochs in the present state of Ukrainian etymology.
Before etymological dictionary as distinctive genre of linguistic research
appeared, both lexicography and etymology have passed through several
evolutionary stages that coincided with changing of epistemes (according to
Michel Foucault), both having their origins in mythological view on the word as
magical force. Especially strong ties tied Byzantine and Byzantine-oriented
countries’ (such as Ukraine before XIX c.) lexicography and etymology with sacral
sphere. Both first Byzantine (e.g. Suda) and Ukrainian (e.g. that of P. Berynda)
dictionaries bore catechetical functions as well as first etymologizing practices of
these areas belonged to folklore rooted figura etymologica or ‘folk etymology’.
Ukrainian etymology in XIX c. combined results of comparative method
with focus on the inner form of a word (elaborated by O.O. Potebnya), that was
possible due to special attention to the language awareness immanent to folklore
(both O.O. Potebnya and P.Ya. Lukashevych were both linguists and folklorists).
Classical Indo-European etymological dictionaries did not succeed in
handling problem of heterogeneity of the languages they studied because of
methodological biases against material beyond Indo-European range. The
etymologists from the Slavic countries (S. Mladenov, V. Machek, O. Trubachev)
developed their own methodological approach concentrated on the heterogeneity of
the lexicon. Ukrainian school of etymological research (O.S. Melnychuk,
V.T. Kolomiyets, O.B. Tkachenko, A.P. Nepokupnyi etc.) elaborated these
problematic issues mainly ignored in other spheres of Indo-European studies, so
their results have meaning beyond the range of the Ukrainian studies.

In the context of etymological dictionaries of Slavic and other Indo-
European languages, compiled in XVII-XXI c., characteristic features of Ukrainian

etymological dictionaries is showed. Ukrainian etymological lexicography
(especially its monumental work ‘Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian
language’ directed by acad. O.S. Melnychuk) combined positive aspects of the
methodological approaches developed in the classical Indo-European studies (keen
attention to phonetic correspondences) with innovations of the Slavic and
Ukrainian etymological schools (attention to pre- and non-Indo-European elements
in the lexicon). Also cultural role of the Ukrainian etymological lexicography
cannot be denied: the ‘Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language’
received world-wide appraisal of the linguists and augmented cultural prestige of
the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian studies.
Key words: Ukrainian lexicography, etymology, etymological dictionary,
etymologically unclear lexicon, vocabulary

The third volume of the “Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology” series is a continuation of the project, which was inspired by the symposium "Phraseology 2009" organised by Professor Katsumasa Yagi at Kwansei Gakuin University in Nishinomiya, Japan. Thanks to the participation of scholars from Europe and Asia, the symposium enabled an intercontinental exchange of views on phraseology. The present volume is a result of a two-year cooperation of phraseologists from Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. The volume starts with the section titled "Dialogue on Phraseology", which contains two papers by eminent phraseologists: Elisabeth Piirainen and Włodzimierz Wysoczański. Elisabeth Piirainen is an internationally recognised specialist in the field of phraseology, focussing on widespread idiomatic expressions, which are also discussed in her paper “Widespread idioms in Europe and beyond: New insights into figurative language". Włodzimierz Wysoczański does research on idiomatic stock of Slavic languages, who takes a special interest in cross-linguistic studies on similes. His paper, "Integralność we współczesnych badaniach frazeologicznych", deals with problems of contemporary analyses of phraseology. The section is followed by five parts, containing topically arranged papers. The first part, "Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics & Phraseology", contains five papers. Kaoru Akasu’s contribution, "On the Three Editions of the Kenkyusha’s Dictionary of English Collocations: A Comparative Analysis", contains a discussion on different editions of Kenkyusha dictionary of English collocations. The paper "Japanese idioms in corpus data and in dictionaries " by Priscilla Ishida offers an analysis of Japanese idioms in corpora and dictionaries. Outi Lauhakangas in her paper "On M. Kuusi’s database, type system and its challenges" presents Matti Kuusi database. Two papers deal with problems of lexicographic description: Alenka Vrbinc focuses on the inclusion of the dictionary presentation of meanings of fixed expressions in her paper titled "Phraseological units and the meaning: How is semantic information included in online dictionaries?", while Joanna Szerszunowicz, in her contribution "Cultural connotations of winged words in bilingual dictionaries", reflects on the place of cultural connotation in bilingual dictionaries. The second part, "General Linguistics & Phraseology", is composed of eight papers. In the paper “Wikipedia at its best – phraseological neologisms in Wikipedia discussions", Sabine Fiedler focuses on neologisms observed in Wikipedia discussions. The paper by Sergiusz Griniewicz, titled "Терминологические аспекты фразеологии", discusses the terminology. Elise Lopez dwells on an important problem occurring in a contrastive perspective: faux amis in phraseology. Her paper titled "A Study of Emic Proportions: Contextualising Phraseological False Friends" discusses the phenomenon in the emic perspective. Munzhedzi James Mafela’s contribution, "On the Phraseology of Tshiven da Idioms", contains a presentation of various aspects of idiomatic expressions used in the Tshivenda language. The paper by Ewa Młynarczyk, "Nazwy narzędzi jako podstawa metonimicznego obrazowania w przysłowiach i w swobodnych połączeniach wyrazowych", discusses the names of tools as a basis of metonymic imagery in proverbs and loose word combinations. Irina Naumova’s interest in the English Influence on Russian is reflected in her paper, titled "English Influence on Russian Phraseology (in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries)", which contains an analysis of its selected examples of this impact. Magdalena Olejarnik analyses fixedness in mixed languages: her paper "Does phraseology exist in mixed languages? – A comparative study of verbal idioms in Standard Swahili and Sheng (a Swahili-English intertwined language)" contributes to the studies on the specifics of their phraseology. Makoto Sumiyoshi offers a in-depth analysis of the phrase Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me in his paper titled "Phrases, grammatical non-compositionality and functions in use: An analysis of Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me!”. The third part, "Ethnolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics & Phraseology", contains eight papers. In the paper "Traffic Metaphors in the Slovenian Language" Sasa Babić discusses how traffic-related issues are reflected in language, especially in fixed expressions. In her contribution "Woman in Estonian phraseology", Anneli Baran analyses how the woman is presented in the phraseological units of the Estonian language. Paola Capponi’s paper, "Forms of Threatening: Variants and Invariants", focuses on the threat as a linguistic phenomena. Elena V. Carter’s article “With An Open Heart: Somatic Idioms In Nikita Khrushchev’s Political Discourse In America" deals with somatic phraseology in N. Khruschev’s speeches delivered during his stay in the USA. The paper by Renata Dźwigoł, titled "Types of laughter – based on the analysis of Polish phraseological units and proverbs", contains a discussion of Polish fixed expression with a view to determining how different kinds of laughter are depicted. In the paper titled "Better working hard than yelling aloud: proverbs, metaphors and slogans in Chinese political discourse", Mariarosaria Gianninoto discusses Chinese formulaic language. Karolina Makowska’s article, titled "Analiza modyfikacji stałych połączeń wyrazowych w wypowiedziach Violetty Kubasińskiej z serialu BrzydUla", contains an analysis of the idiolect of a sitcom character who uses many modifications of fixed expressions. The phraseology of modern media are discussed by Jadwiga Tarsa who analyses Russian phraseological units in her paper titled "Фразеологизмы в Интернете – смесь традиции и современности". Four papers are included in the fourth part titled "The Contrastive Linguistics, Translation & Phraseology". The one by Edyta Koncewicz-Dziduch, "Deskryptywno-wartościujący charakter związków frazeologicznych z nazwami roślin w języku polskim, chorwackim, serbskim", aims to analyse the descriptive and evaluative character of phraseological units containing plant names in three languages: Polish, Croatian and Serbian. A contrastive analysis of a group of idiomatic expression is also presented by Laura Pinnavaia. In her paper "We are what we eat: Analyzing food and drink idioms in English, French, German, and Spanish", she discusses food and drink idioms in four languages. Sunil Sharma’s contribution also offers an insight into a problem of contrastive phraseology. His article "Kontrastive Untersuchung der Phraseologismen mit Gesichtsteilbezeichnungen im Deutschen und Hindi" contains an analysis of somatic phraseological units two languages: German and Hindi. Elena Zinovieva and Aleksiej Alyoshin focus on fixed comparisons in Russian and Swedish languages. Their paper titled "Русские и шведские устойчивые сравнения, характеризующие манеру речи человека" contains the analysis of the ones characterizing a person’s speech manner. The fifth part, "Cultural Studies, Language Teaching/Acquisition & Phraseology", comprises five papers. In the first article titled "Proverbial expressions and cultural context in archive materials" Liisa Granbom-Herranen shares her observations and remarks on using data for paremiography, especially in linguo-cultural analyses of proverbs. Three papers deal with problems from the sphere of language teaching and acquisition. In her paper "Phraseology and foreign language learning", Erla Hallsteinsdóttir offers a discussion on the role and place of phraseology in foreign language learning. Shin’ichiro Ishikawa’s paper analyses the use of phraseological units in oral and written texts produced by Asian students who learn English as a foreign language. The article by Krystyna Nikołajczuk "Najwyższy czas na frazeologię. Nauczanie polskich frazeologizmów o znaczeniu temporalnym w środowisku ukraińskojęzycznym", is devoted to teaching phraseology to learners of Polish as a foreign language in Ukraine. In his paper titled "Realia Nusantary w świetle indonezyjskiej frazeologii", Przemysław Wiatrowski discusses how the realia of a given ethnic community – in this case the Indonesian one – are reflected in phraseological stock.

Sözlükbilimi teriminin yorumlanması söz konusu olduğunda terimin yapısı, genişliği ve kapsamıyla
ilgili pek çok görüş ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yaygın görüşe göre sözlükbilimin, uygulamalı sözlükbilimi
(practical lexicography) ve sözlükbilimsel uygulama (lexicographic practice) olmak üzere iki bileşenden
meydana geldiği kabul edilse de sözlükbilimin farklı tanımları bu ayrım ve özgün bileşenlerinin hiçbir
zaman tam bir açıklamasını vermemektedir. Bu yazıda sözlük bilimi sözcüğünün yaygın ve ana tanım
olarak kabul edilen yorumları ele alınacaktır. Ardından bu kavramın dönüştürücü, birleştirici ve kapsamlı
yorumları incelenecektir.

This paper deals with Finnish lexical loans in modern English relating them to external history and cultural history of Finland. Chronologically the study starts all the way back in the (prehistoric) Old English period and moves on from Beowulf in Finna land to King Alfred’s Cwenas, from Æthelred II’s coins in Finland to the first baroque descriptions of Finland by merchants and travellers, from the Diet of Porvoo to the publication of the Kalevala, from Porthan, Lönnrot and Castrén to Schauman and Bobrikov, Mannerheim and Molotov, with language history documenting this procession in its own peculiar ways. The data for the study come from the Oxford English Dictionary and other lexicographical sources as well as historical and present-day corpora.

Timofeeva, Olga (2013) "The Wor(l)ds of Kalevala: Finnish Lexical Loans in Modern English," in Ex Philologia Lux: Essays in Honour of Leena Kahlas-Tarkka, ed. by Jukka Tyrkkö, Olga Timofeeva, and Maria Salenius, 159-185. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique XC. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki szczegółowej cząstkowej analizy terminograficznej  słowników specjalistycznych  z terminologią angielską i polską wydanych w Polsce w latach 1945-2013. Analiza została przeprowadzona pod kątem wybranych parametrów makro- i mikrostruktury , a jej celem było przebadanie zmian zachodzących w praktyce leksykografii terminologicznej na przestrzeni prawie siedemdziesięciu lat.

This metalexicographic study examines the relationship between the proverbial material in The English-Irish Dictionary (1732) of Begley and McCurtin, Abel Boyer’s The Royal Dictionary (First edition 1699, second edition 1729), and Nathaniel Bailey’s An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721). It will show, for the first time, that both the English macrostructure and microstructure of the proverbial entries in Begley and McCurtin (1732) were reproduced directly from Boyer’s dictionary and, in spite of claims to the contrary, the impact of Bailey’s (1721) dictionary was negligible. Furthermore, empirical data gleaned from a comparative linguistic analysis of the various editions of The Royal Dictionary prior to 1732, will prove that it was the second official edition (1729) that was used as the framework for The English-Irish Dictionary. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the nature of the proverbial entries will also outline the various translation strategies that were used to compose the Irish material—particularly literal translation—and show that there are extremely high-levels of borrowings from Boyer (1729), both in terms of the English entries under the lemma, and the French entries in the comment.

Only Polish words from Marcin Paszkowski’s “Dictionary” have been published up to now while their Turkish equivalents have never been edited although two scholars (Ananiasz Zajączkowski 1938 and Stanisław Stachowski 1989) intended to do so. In this article the reasons for this situation are discussed and explained, as well as a solution is suggested as to how the source can be useful.

The book aims to develop a model for an English-Polish systematic dictionary of chemical terminology, a dictionary that focuses on representing the terminology of chemistry as a network of interrelated terms. The model is intended to acquaint the dictionary’s users with the most important terms used in the field of chemistry in a way that will help them not only to understand basic chemical concepts but also to see the link between individual terms, thus providing them with more than a mere list of terms, their definitions, and their equivalents. Additionally, the dictionary will also offer help to its users when it comes to determining the order in which to study terms.

RESUMEN
En un período de seis meses en 2004 y 2005, la publicación electrónica de diccionarios de lengua fran-cesa ha conocido una renovación importante con la publicación del Grand Robert électronique en mayo de 2005 y la primera edición del Trésor de la langue française informatisé en disco compacto de la versión on line (aparecida en noviembre de 2004). Es recomendable examinar algunas carac-terísticas de estos dos diccionarios evocando la génesis de sus dos proyectos lexicográficos hasta las innovaciones electrónicas recientes. Palabras clave: lexicografia (historia), edición electronica, diccionarios franceses, Trésor de la lan-gue française, Grand Robert.
RÉSUMÉ En l'espace de six mois en 2004 et 2005, l'édition électronique des dictionnaires de langue française a connu un profond renouvellement avec la réédition du Grand Robert électronique (désormais GRE) en mai 2005 et la première édition du Trésor de la langue française informatisé en version cédérom (paru en novembre 2004). Il convient d'examiner quelques caractéristiques de ces deux dictionnaires en évoquant la genèse des deux projets dictionnairiques jusqu'aux innovations électroniques récentes. Mots-clé : lexicographie (histoire), édition éléctronique, dictionnaires français, Trésor de la langue française, Grand Robert.

This article discusses the performative function of enumeration in Arabic prose. Bringing together a great variety of word lists from classical to modern prose (including the 1001 Nights, al-Tawḥīdī, al-Suyūṭī, al-Shidyāq, and Darwīsh), it unveils their often neglected importance to literature by drawing from an emerging scholarship on enumeration. Focusing on “enumerative games” (Mainberger), the article does not ask what the enumerated elements mean, but how the act of enumerating produces meaning. In the first part, the article discusses elements central to the poetics of the enumerative (including items, length, arrangement, and frame). In the second part it deals with the politics of enumeration in the example of al-Shidyāq’s al-Sāq ʿalā al-sāq fī mā huwa al-Fāriyāq (1855). The article seeks to provide a basic approach to enumeration and argues that enumerative games in literature perform acts of cultural politics.

The Internet has launched the transformation of lexicographic tools and such evolution has only just started. The key to future progress in this field may hinge upon four essential concepts — collaborative lexicography, access to all relevant information from one single search interface, better exploitation of the electronic medium and a new notion of business based on free online services.
In this thesis, research is carried out concerning the latest theoretical developments in the field of e-lexicography; a brief tour is taken upon those online dictionaries including the most novel functionalities, with special attention given to PONS’ online dictionaries; and a look ahead is taken on the future of online search tools in order to consider the creation of a universal search tool to grant free access to a wide range of lexicographic and non- lexicographic sources of information from the same interface.

Internet ha catapultado la transformación de las herramientas lexicográficas y esta evolución no ha hecho más que empezar. La clave de los avances futuros en este campo puede girar en torno a cuatro conceptos primordiales: la lexicografía colaborativa, el acceso a toda la información relevante desde una misma interfaz de búsqueda, un mayor aprovechamiento del medio electrónico y una nueva noción de negocio, basada en la oferta de servicios gratuitos en internet.
En este trabajo se lleva a cabo una investigación sobre los últimos adelantos teóricos en el campo de la lexicografía electrónica, se realiza un breve recorrido por los diccionarios en línea que presentan las funcionalidades más novedosas —con especial detenimiento en los diccionarios en línea PONS— y se echa una mirada al futuro de las herramientas de búsqueda en internet para barajar la posibilidad de crear una herramienta de búsqueda universal que provea acceso a una multitud de fuentes de información lexicográficas y no lexicográficas de forma gratuita y desde una misma interfaz.

Though the “genrefication” of contemporary popular music is nothing new, there is no question that the music industry has in recent years seen a rapid proliferation of niche genres and subgenres. With that proliferation has come a concomitant need to apply labels to emerging musical styles, even if the labels are simply variations or combinations of previous genre names. The naming of new subgenres is certainly a popular activity among music critics and professionals looking for the next big thing, but the Balkanization of popular music into so many splinter groups sometimes approaches self-parody.

South Siberian material makes up about a quarter of Wilhelm Radloff’s Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte, making the dictionary by far the richest source for 19th century Siberian Turkic. The paper examines three aspects of this collection: its coverage, its phonetic accuracy, and the methodological choices made by Radloff, together with their implications for the usefulness of what is probably his most momentous work.
Güney Sibirya materyali, Wilhelm Radloff’un Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte’sinin yaklaşık dörtte birini oluşturmakta ve bu da sözlüğü 19. yüzyıl Sibirya Türkçesi için açık ara en zengin kaynak hâline getirmektedir. Bu makalede söz konusu koleksiyon üç yönden incelenmektedir: kapsamı, fonetik doğruluğu ve Radloff tarafından yapılan metodolojik seçimler ile birlikte muhtemelen en önemli eserinin kullanışlılığına ilişkin çıkarımlar.

At first glance, Johnson and the American common reader is hardly a promising topic. Few figures in the history of English letters were more consistently and vociferously anti-American than Samuel Johnson. It was not just the authority of Johnson's Dictionary, but also his moral writings in the Rambler, the Idler, and Rasselas, his literary criticism in the edition of Shakespeare and the Lives of the Poets, and the force of his life and sayings in Boswell's and other biographies, that weighed on the collective American mind during the decades when the new nation was trying to form a distinctively American literary culture.

The Internet has launched the transformation of lexicographic tools and such evolution has only just started. The key to future progress in this field may hinge upon four essential concepts — better exploitation of the electronic medium, access to all relevant information from one single search interface, collaborative lexicography and a new notion of business based on free online services.
In this paper, an overview is provided of the latest theoretical developments in the field of e-lexicography; a brief tour is taken upon a few online dictionaries including some novel functionalities, and a look ahead is offered on the future of online search tools in order to consider the creation of a universal search tool to grant free access to a wide range of lexicographic and non- lexicographic sources of information from the same interface.

Internet ha catapultado la transformación de las herramientas lexicográficas y esta evolución no ha hecho más que empezar. La clave de los avances futuros en este campo puede girar en torno a cuatro conceptos primordiales: un mayor aprovechamiento del medio electrónico, el acceso a toda la información relevante desde una misma interfaz de búsqueda, la lexicografía colaborativa y una nueva noción de negocio, basada en la oferta de servicios gratuitos en internet.
En este artículo se repasan los últimos adelantos teóricos en el campo de la lexicografía electrónica, se realiza un breve recorrido por algunos diccionarios en línea que presentan ciertas funcionalidades novedosas y se echa una mirada al futuro de las herramientas de búsqueda en internet para barajar la posibilidad de crear una herramienta de búsqueda universal que provea acceso a una multitud de fuentes de información lexicográficas y no lexicográficas de forma gratuita y desde una misma interfaz.

This year marks the 70th anniversary of “Among the New Words”: Dwight L. Bolinger brought the feature to the pages of American Speech in 1941, after previously writing the new-word column “The Living Language” for the Los Angeles-based magazine Words. One might wonder what Bolinger would make of the linguistic landscape of the early twenty-first century, when innovative lexical formations spread like wildfire over Twitter, Facebook, and other social media. Treated herein is a sampling of such formations, drawn from the nominees for the American Dialect Society’s 2010 Word of the Year, as put forth at the annual meeting of the ADS in Pittsburgh, January 6–9, 2011.

The paper presents preliminary results of a pilot study whose aim was to evaluate the usefulness of widely-available free online dictionaries to translators. In particular, the investigation looked into the effectiveness of terminology searches across selected online dictionaries in the translation of a specialised text. To this end, the study envisaged a questionnaire survey and a lexicographic experiment focusing on the usefulness of online dictionaries.

The study of phonology and morphed-soundshifts in both Æthiopic and Old Ænglisc remains incomplete. The present research focuses chiefly on morphed-soundshift or velarization and the epenthetic nasal or /n/ (ን). This velarization occurs in both palatals (e.g. /y/ > /g/) and uvulars (e.g /q/ > /g/), and furthermore within velars (e.g. /g/ > /k/ and /k/ > /g/), which all aid in the processes of nasal epenthesis as will be drawn out in the present study. Consequently these processes of change notwithstanding rest primarily upon particular combinations of consonants, such as certain organic double palatals, velars and uvular consonants or couplets: e.g. /yy/ and /gg/, /kk/ and /qq/.
    Therefore the paper deems to draw out and evidence, that, all these organic combinations become in Æthiopic through (morphed) sound shift and as a consequence of epenthesis, shift to what we might call nasal-velars or nasal-uvulars: e.g. /qq/ > /nqq/. While in Old Ænglisc similarly the like or following is observed to occur, /yy/ > /gg/ > /ng/; besides /kk/ > /nc/ or /ng/; and /qq/ > /nc/ (nk) or /ng/.
    Whence most notable is that /yy/, and /gg/, /kk/ and /qq/, may due to their combinational environments all become /ng/ or /nc/.
    This may all be exemplified in both languages by the Æthiopic term /þanqaq|a/ be accurate                                      and its Old Ænglisc cognate þenc|an to think; consider, of which both forms contain /nqq/ or /nc/ respectively, the nasal however not being organic to the root, as here evidenced by the Æthiopic form with the double uvulars. Notwithstanding to further substantiate the latter, the Old Norsk has /-kk/, while the Gothic attests /-gk/, id est both somewhat seem to retain or evidence the final radical, albeit with a morphed-soundshift from /q/ to k/g; ONors. ðekk|ja to perceive  (Vigfusson 1864: 614); Goth. þagk|ian think (Balg 1887 - 89: 753, 754).
    Moreover in addition, it is also to be further noted that the Æthiopic and Old Ænglisc also besides velarizing and epenthetizing, do also labialize, palatize and as already shewn syncopate their velars and uvulars; these changes this is important for it will also be evidenced, of these for example that labio-velars and labio-uvulars and so on, are also of particular import for the present study, as these may affect the process of epenthesis, velaraization an the like: e.g. /gg/> /gwgw; /kk/ > kwkw and /qq/ > / qwqw/ &c.
    Thus the paper endeavours to illustrate all these anomalies towards a better understanding of both Æthiopic and Old Ænglisc phonology and synthetic morphology and of further significance for the latter tongue, organic root forms, and thus generally a better understanding of cognation between the two languages and their language families. The research serves also as a contribution to a comparative phonology and grammar of the languages under analysis. Finally it ought to be mentioned that scholars of the Anglo-Saxon language on the whole, including those of the OED, evidently are unaware of the organic root forms of many of the epenthetic terms ending in /ng/ and /nc/ (OED 1933/61:[vol.x] 76). This in the same way that Æthiopic scholars appear to be unaware of the prime movers and processes that causes nasal epenthesis. The latter group (Æthiopic) presently having mainly a labial consideration, id est epenthesis is first considered a labial phenomenon, then occurring it is said, in the so called palatal-guttural-mutes (velars &c.) and asparates and finally sibilants &c. Otherwise little else is mentioned of the processes (Dillmann 1907:134, 135; Leslau 1987 {1989}:222). Also observe that /ng/, organic or epenthetic, phonetically may be considered in both Old Ænglisc (Moore and Knot 1934:6, 16) and Æthiopic as [ŋg], unless palatized, whence [ŋj].

Draft Paper, copyright, January 2018, By Rev Dn. Gabra ’AGZI’AABHER JR

[Title: Velarization & Systematic 'Nasal Epenthesis' in Coupled Velars & Uvulars: contra, Labialization, Palatization & Syncope (A Comparative Study in the Phonology of Æthiopic and Old Ænglisc)
By: Rev Dn. Gabra ’AGZI’AABHER JR,
Æthiopian Linguistic and Philological Association]

Les terminologues s'entendent sur un certain nombre de règles quant à la rédaction de définitions. Toutefois, celles-ci sont souvent formulées comme des principes généraux servant à guider informellement le terminologue. L'absence de règles plus formelles mène à un manque d'uniformité dans les répertoires spécialisés. Pour remédier à cette situation, nous proposons des règles de rédaction de définitions pour des termes sémantiquement reliés au sein d'un domaine de spécialité. Ces règles prennent en entrée une définition pour un terme de base (par exemple, programmer) et la description du lien lexical unissant ce terme au second (par exemple, reprogrammer consiste à « programmer de nouveau »). S'appuyant sur une étude préalable à partir de termes anglais (San Martín et L'Homme 2014), le présent travail examine la possibilité de créer des règles pour des termes français et de les étendre à de nouveaux liens paradigmatiques (quasi-synonymes, antonymes, liens actanciels). Les résultats montrent que pour certains liens lexicaux des règles peuvent être formulées afin de permettre la génération de définitions sans intervention humaine ; pour d'autres liens, une intervention minimale est requise. Enfin, il semble que certains liens se prêtent mal à la génération automatique ou semi-automatique des définitions. // Terminologists agree on a certain number of rules regarding definition writing. However, these rules are often presented as very general and informal guidelines aimed to guide terminologists. The lack of more formal rules results in problems of systematicity in specialized resources. To help fix this problem, we propose definition writing rules for terms that are semantically linked in a specialized subject field. These rules use as input the definition of a base term (for instance, to program) and the information about the semantic relationship this term holds with a second one (for instance, to reprogram means " to program once again "). Based on a previous analysis of English terms (San Martín and L'Homme 2014), this work adapts the rules defined for English to French terms and extends them to other kinds of paradigmatic relationships (near synonymy, antonymy, actantial relationships, etc.). Results show that some lexical relationships can be used to create rules that allow the generation of definitions without human intervention; for other relationships, minimal intervention is required. Finally, other relationships do not lend themselves to the automatic or semi-automatic generation of definitions.

The online dictionary of contemporary Dutch, which is compiled at the Institute for Dutch Lexicology (INL) in Leiden (http://inl.nl), has progressed to a point where decisions will soon have to be made for a sustainable future of the project. The Dutch and Flemish governments initially allocated funds for the dictionary until 2018. The project is well on its way to become an impressive and innovative lexicographic database and online dictionary, but by 2018 it will still be far from complete. In this contribution we will discuss some challenges for Dutch lexicography in the future and for e-lexicography in general. A lexicographic database and dictionary like the ANW can make lexicography a sustainable enterprise: we can reuse what we have, improve and optimize what we have and expand what we have.

The Old English (OE) adjective fāh-a word bearing a complex semantic profile and appearing in both poetic and non-poetic genres-has recently come under scrutiny. Filip Missuno argues that although fāh is usually listed in lexical aids as two separate lemmata, the words had actually fallen together into one polysemous lexeme bearing meanings of both lemmata, and that fāh 2 'particolored' had disappeared as a separate lexeme in OE. Through diachronic evidence of pre-OE and post-OE forms, and through synchronic evidence that examines fāh's place in the whole of the OE lexicon (rather than just poetry, as Missuno does), I demonstrate that fāh 1 'hostile' and fāh 2 'particolored' are in fact separate lexemes, and their lexical relationship is one of homophony and not polysemy. I also show that the allomorphic forms fāg 1 and fāg 2, previously thought to be the result of phonological processes in late OE, actually date from pre-Germanic and are beginning to show principled differentiation in OE records: allomorph fāg is being associated with the 'particolored' meaning while allomorph fāh is associated with the 'hostile' meaning. This association is loose in OE but produces distinct reflexes in late Middle English (foe from fāh, and fawe from fāg) with clearly differentiated semantics. Missuno is correct that the meanings of fāh 1 and fāh 2 show some overlap with one another, but I argue that this is an example of conventionalized word play, creating intentional associations between two distinct lexemes, rather than a seamless polysemous blend.

This article analyzes some of the lexical semantic features of Barunga Kriol, an Australian creole language (Northern Territory, Australia), in comparison with Dalabon, one of the Australian Aboriginal languages replaced by Barunga Kriol. Focusing on the semantic domain of emotions, this study offers insights into how creole languages select and organize semantic meanings, and to what extent this results in lexical loss or retention. I spell out the exact nature of the lexical resemblances between the two languages, and highlight major differences as well. The conclusions of the study are twofold. Firstly, I show that the Barunga Kriol emotion lexicon shares a great many properties with the Dalabon emotion lexicon. As a result, speakers in Barunga Kriol and Dalabon respectively are often able to package meaning in very similar ways: the two languages offer comparable means of describing events in the world. From that point of view, language shift can be considered to have a lesser impact. Secondly, I show that the lexical resemblances between Barunga Kriol and Dalabon are not limited to simple cases where the lexemes in each language share the same forms and/or meanings. Instead, lexical resemblances relate to a number of other properties in semantics and combinatorics, and I devise a preliminary typology of these lexical resemblances. Beyond the comparison between Barunga Kriol and Dalabon, this typology may tentatively serve as a grid to evaluate lexical resemblances between languages more generally.

ABSTRACT: Guidance in language use is an inherent aspect of language learning. Nonetheless, English linguistics has not paid attention to this dimension. Paradoxically, English learner's dictionaries are characterized by offering evident guidance on language use. In the framework of a research project to compile a dictionary of Brazilian Spanish learner's language doubts, we decided to investigate how the English language lexicographic tradition, whose learner's dictionaries lead the better advances on foreign language teaching. This paper aimed to analyse how English learner's dictionaries provide instruction on language use. The methodology consists of the application of a set of formal distinctions based on the opposition between description and prescription, and, subsequently, prescribing a certain language use or forbidding it. Our results show that the English language lexicography applies this whole array of guidance techniques on a particularly efficient and multidimensional way. We could conclude that the description-prescription dichotomy does not sustain itself in English learner's lexicography. Ultimately, the act of looking for guidance about the English language in use reflects the learner's inherent longing for instructions.__________________________________________________________RESUMEN: La orientación en el uso de la lengua es una dimensión inherente al aprendizaje; a pesar de ello, la lingüística anglosajona nunca le ha prestado mayor atención a esta dimensión. Paradojalmente, los diccionarios monolingües de inglés como lengua extranjera se caracterizan por ofrecer una orientación ostensiva. En el marco de un proyecto de un diccionario de dudas para estudiantes de español brasileños, decidimos investigar cómo se realiza la orientación en el uso de la lengua al seno de la tradición de la lexicografía monolingüe de aprendientes de inglés, que representa siempre los mayores avances en materia de enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la clase de orientación que los diccionarios monolingües de inglés como lengua extranjera presentan. Como metodología, establecimos una red de distinciones basada en la oposición entre descripción y prescripción y, subsecuentemente, entre prescribir un uso determinado o prohibirlo. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la lexicografía anglosajona emplea todo este espectro de posibilidades de orientación de una manera particularmente eficiente y multidimensional. Pudimos concluir que la dicotomía descripción-prescripción no se sustenta en la lexicografía monolingüe de aprendientes de inglés como lengua extranjera. En última instancia la búsqueda por orientación obedece a un anhelo del aprendiente.

In this paper, I examine the Old English word scytel, which appears in the Old English Medicina de quadrupedibus. I argue that, contrary to definitions offered in current Old English lexical aids, scytel does not mean 'dung', but rather 'penis'. In the Medicina de quadrupedibus, OE scytel translates Lat. moium (from Greek μοιóν) 'penis'. I begin by tracing the development of the definition/s of scytel in the lexicographic tradition (Sections 1.1 and 1.2) and in editions of the Medicina de quadrupedibus (Section 1.3). Starting with Bosworth-Toller (1882-1898), scytel (1) was defined as 'dung', apparently on the misperception of an etymological relationship between scytel (1) and Old English scitta, n. 'shit'. Section 2 offers a discussion of the manuscripts containing the Old English Medicina de quadrupedi-bus and its Latin source text, and Section 3 contains a discussion of the two relevant recipes that contain OE scytel (1). In Section 4.1 I show that, in fact, scytel (1) cannot be etymologically related to any scit-/scīt-'shit' words in Old English, as the two derive from separate Germanic (Gmc.) and Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots. In Section 4.2, I argue that the scribe of the manuscripts containing scytel could not have written a non-etymological <y> for /i/, which eliminates the possibility that scytel is connected to scit-/scīt-'shit'. It becomes clear, as demonstrated in Section 4.3, that scytel (1) 'penis' and scytel (2) 'dart' can be reconciled as a single dictionary entry, with 'penis' as a metaphorical extension of 'dart'. I demonstrate in Section 4.4 that, from a cross-linguistic perspective, 'dart' > 'penis' is a well-attested semantic shift. Ultimately, it is clear that the Old English translator/s of the Medicina de quadrupedibus correctly translated the rare Latin word for 'penis' they encountered in the source text.