Serbian Language

(= Slavonic names for mosque with special regard to Polish, Silesian, Czech and Slovak data). -- Abstract: Even though mosques are a typical element of the Islamic culture the channels through which their designations came into Slavonic (as well as some other European languages) are not really well known. This author divides Slavonic reflexes of the Arabo-Turkic word into eight groups and discusses the reasons for their various shapes. The essay is composed of three parts: (1) Background and Western European data; (2) Slavonic and German; (3) Results and questions. The most interesting aspect is that of a semantic difference between two types of words (meczet ~ mešita ~ mošeja and džamija) and its importance for the etymology, as well as some comments on the source of the Czech and Slovak word on the one hand and the Russian term on the other. In the end of part (2) particular attention is paid to the question whether the Silesian name was borrowed from Polish or from Czech.

САЖЕТАК: У оквиру проучавања морфосемантичких односа, у складу са темељним параметрима контрастивне лексикологије, овде је дато упоредно сагледавање прилога у грчком и у српском језику. У раду се анализирају грчки прилози за место и њихови преводни еквиваленти у српском језику. За изучавање сличности и разлика у просторним односима који се бележе прилозима у ова два балканска језика, узет је у разматрање књижевни корпус који се састоји од 243 примера 46 прилога. Оригиналан текст потиче из чувеног грчког романа Ματωμένα χώματα ауторке Дидо Сотириу и његовог српског превода Земља натопљена крвљу у преводу Гаге Росић. Након уводног дела који пружа релевантне теоријске податке везане за адвербијалне одредбе за место у оба језика, дата је опширна анализа изабраних примера и статистичка обрада преводних еквивалената. Приступ поређењу првенствено је синхроног карактера и заснива се на анализи ексцерпиране грађе. Примењена је метода системско-функционалног поређења, односно метода контрастивне анализе. У завршном делу рада представљају се општи закључци о јасним тенденцијама везаним за унапређење наставног процеса грчког тј. српског као страног језика. Кључне речи: прилози за место, грчки, српски, " Ματωμένα χώματα " Уводне напомене На основу закључака грчких синтаксичара и српских истраживача методом контрастивне анализе, дати су: (а) карактеристике прилога за место у грчком и српском језику, и то оних који се јављају без допуна; * Рад под истим насловом пријављен је као реферат на скупу " Наука и Савремени Универзитет 5 " који се одржао на Филозофском факултету у Нишу (од 13. до 14. новембра 2015. године).

Rad se bavi rečima stranog porekla u klasičnom arapskom jeziku, koji se koristio pre pojave islama i u prvim vekovima po njegovom nastanku, a koji je intenzivno preuzimao reči iz persijskog, grčkog, sirskog, latinskog, hebrejskog i drugih jezika. Predstavljen je istorijski okvir u kom je dolazilo do jezičkih kontakata i navedeno 100 reči stranog porekla koje su ušle u klasični arapski jezik, razvrstanih prema etimološkom kriterijumu, uzimajući u obzir i intenzitet uticaja koji su pomenuti jezici izvršili na klasični arapski. Navedeni su prevodni ekvivalenti svake reči, i to na osnovu Arapsko-bosanskog rječnika Teufika Muftića (u prva dva izdanja: Arapsko-srpskohrvatski rječnik), pri čemu je identifikovano više reči stranog porekla koje se javljaju u oba jezika. Analizirali smo i druge podatke koje Muftićev Rječnik nudi u vezi sa pomenutim rečima stranog porekla – grafološke varijacije, morfološke odlike osnovnih oblika i množina izvedenih iz njih, kao i semantičke specifičnosti.
Ključne reči: reči stranog porekla, jezičko pozajmljivanje, adaptacija pozajmljenica, klasični arapski jezik, Arapsko-bosanski rječnik, Teufik Muftić.

In this talk the author discusses the Extended Projection Principle in (a) clauses with overt subjects, (b) clauses with pro subjects and (c) clauses with fronted locatives in Serbian language from the perspective of Minimalist Program and Distributed Morphology. The aim of this paper is to (i) determine the main means of satisfying EPP in Serbian, (ii) place Serbian language in Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou 1998 typology, (iii) place Serbian language in Fukuda et al. 2016 typology, (iv) present new data that supports an idea that Serbian has TP and DP projections. Furthermore, the author argues that there is a possibility that full pro-drop languages are not a coherent group, as it has been observed for partial pro-drop languages (Alexiadou and Carvalho 2017). Further partition is caused by word-orders, both dominant and possible.
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Rad se bavi dvostrukim govorom u reklamama za pomoćna medicinska sredstva i kozmetičke proizvode na engleskom i srpskom jeziku. Analizirane su tvrdnje o superiornosti koje oglašivači koriste za manipulaciju. Cilj je da sе pokažu sličnosti i razlike u dvostrukom govoru u ova dva jezika i da se otkrije da li vrsta medija (časopis ili televizija) utiče na samu vrstu ili neke osobine manipulativnih tvrdnji. Korpus se sastoji od 144 reklame, po 72 novinske i po 72 televizijske na svakom od dva jеzika, aktuеlnih od juna do septembra 2015. Gеnеralno, zastupljenost određenih vrsta tvrdnji je u oba jezika u skladu sa očekivanjima: najučestalije su naučne ili statističke tvrdnje, prazne i nejasne tvrdnje, dok se irelevantne tvrdnje i retorička pitanja retko koriste. Mеđutim, nejasne tvrdnje učestalije su u srpskom jeziku, dok su u еnglеskom više prisutnе naučne tvrdnje. Za razliku od srpskog, ispostavilo se da mеdij ima uticaj na odabir manipulativnih stratеgija u еnglеskom jeziku: reklame u časopisima najčešće su naučne ili statističke ili naravno prazne, a u televizijskim reklamama se češće ističe jedinstvenost proizvoda ili je u pitanju preporuka na osnovu ličnog iskustva.

Statistički pristupi obradi prirodnih jezika tipično zahtevaju značajne količine anotiranih podataka, a često i različite pomoćne jezičke alate, što ograničava njihovu primenu u resursno ograničenim situacijama. U ovoj disertaciji predstavljena je metodologija razvoja statističkih rešenja u semantičkoj obradi prirodnih jezika sa ograničenim resursima. Ovakvi jezici se odlikuju ne samo limitiranim brojem postojećih jezičkih resursa, već i ograničenim mogućnostima za razvoj novih skupova podataka i namenskih alata i algoritama. Predložena metodologija je usredsređena na kratke tekstove zbog njihove rasprostranjenosti u digitalnoj komunikaciji i zbog veće složenosti njihove semantičke obrade.

Metodologija obuhvata sve faze izrade statističkih rešenja, od prikupljanja tekstualnog sadržaja, preko anotacije podataka, do formulisanja, obučavanja i evaluacije modela mašinskog učenja. Njena upotreba je detaljno ilustrovana na dva semantička problema – analizi sentimenta i određivanju semantičke sličnosti. Kao primer jezika sa ograničenim resursima korišćen je srpski jezik, ali se predložena metodologija može primeniti i na druge jezike iz ove kategorije.

Pored opšte metodologije, u doprinose ove disertacije spada razvoj novog, fleksibilnog sistema označavanja sentimenta kratkih tekstova, nove metrike za utvrđivanje ekonomičnosti anotacije, kao i nekoliko novih modela za određivanje semantičke sličnosti kratkih tekstova. Rezultati disertacije uključuju i kreiranje prvih javno dostupnih anotiranih skupova podataka za probleme analize sentimenta i određivanja semantičke sličnosti kratkih tekstova na srpskom jeziku, razvoj i evaluaciju većeg broja modela na ovim problemima, i prvu komparativnu evaluaciju većeg broja alata za morfološku normalizaciju na kratkim tekstovima na srpskom jeziku.

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Statistical approaches to natural language processing typically require considerable amounts of labeled data, and often various auxiliary language tools as well, limiting their applicability in resource-limited settings. This thesis presents a methodology for developing statistical solutions in the semantic processing of natural languages with limited resources. In these languages, not only are existing language resources limited, but so are the capabilities for developing new datasets and dedicated tools and algorithms. The proposed methodology focuses on short texts due to their prevalence in digital communication, as well as the greater complexity regarding their semantic processing.

The methodology encompasses all phases in the creation of statistical solutions, from the collection of textual content, to data annotation, to the formulation, training, and evaluation of machine learning models. Its use is illustrated in detail on two semantic tasks – sentiment analysis and semantic textual similarity. The Serbian language is utilized as an example of a language with limited resources, but the proposed methodology can also be applied to other languages in this category.

In addition to the general methodology, the contributions of this thesis consist of the development of a new, flexible short-text sentiment annotation system, a new annotation cost-effectiveness metric, as well as several new semantic textual similarity models. The thesis results also include the creation of the first publicly available annotated datasets of short texts in Serbian for the tasks of sentiment analysis and semantic textual similarity, the development and evaluation of numerous models on these tasks, and the first comparative evaluation of multiple morphological normalization tools on short texts in Serbian.

"Fleeting or Simply not There?: A Generative Analysis of the „Fleeting a“ Alternations in Serbo-Croatian

In this contribution, the Serbo-Croatian vowel:zero alternation, traditionally termed Fleeting/Wobbly a (nepostojano a) is considered. The proposed analysis, de-veloped for nouns and adjectives and couched in terms of OptimalityTheory, brings a conceptual separation of the fleeting a which surfaces in bare forms (e.g. članak „article.Nom.Sg“and tanak „thin.Masc.Nom.Sg“) from that in genitive plural forms (e.g. članaka „article.Gen.Pl“ and banaka „bank.Gen.Pl“).  Although both a's are inserted into stems (which do not contain them: /člank/, /tank/, /bank/), this happens under different conditions for both. The first a is epenthetic, inserted to prevent word-final complex codas from surfacing. This epenthesis is entirely phonological, occurs in all native stems and all the ex-ceptions can be accounted for using a special FAITHFULNESS constraint for loanwords:FAITH(LOAN). The other a is methatetic and gets inserted because the genitive plural suffix has the form /aːaː/, which makes metathesis the preferred outcome in combinations of the type /člank+aː aː/.
The metathetic a, unlike the epenthetic counterpart, occurs in contexts defined by lexical and morphological factors, mainly the shape of the paradigm in which the form occurs. The discussion of the specific con-texts in which the two types of fleeting a occur, will demonstrate the usefulness of the lexical constraint family LEXICAL CONSERVATISM (Steriade 1997), which militates against the introduction of new allomorphs into the paradigm. Moreover, the discussion of some specific issues will lead us to register at least two phenomena which could show restructuring with respect to the situation described in the standard grammars. First, the option for the suffix /aːaː/ to have the just the exponent –a seems to have disappeared for feminine nouns (e.g. forms such as svâdbā „wedding.Gen.Pl“, vóžnjā „drive.Gen.Pl“ have become ungrammatical). Second, the sequences which the grammar previously treated as single segments ([st], [ʃt], [zd] and [ʒd]) are losing the single segment status and becoming real clusters. "

Uninflectedness or indeclinability are a puzzling phenomenon in inflectional laguages. In this thesis the theoretical prerequisites for speaking of uninflectedness/indeclinability are first explored and then the regularities and circumstances of indeclinability in Slavonic languages are investigated, showing a continuum from East via West to South Slavic.

The purpose of this article is to study the linguistic evidence of Slavic-Albanian language contact in the kinship terminology of the Mrkovići, a Muslim Slavic-speaking group in southern Montenegro, and to demonstrate how it refers to the social context and the kind of contact situation. The material for this study was collected during fieldwork conducted from 2012 to 2015 in the villages of the Mrkovići area. Kinship terminology of the Mrkovići dialect is compared with that of bcms, Albanian, and the other Balkan languages and dialects. Particular attention is given to the items borrowed from Albanian and Ottoman Turkish, and to the structural borrowing from Albanian.

The subject of this work is word-formation elements which are essentially prefixes, but which are not recognized as such in the structure of the word. They can be isolated only by word-formation-etymological analysis. The literature contains various terms for these elements: ‘expressive prefixes’, ‘archaic prefixes’, ‘preformatives’, ‘word-formation elements’, ‘word-formation components’, ‘unifixes’. The subtitle of this work uses the neutral term FORMATIVES, because the term ‘prefix’ is associated with a well-known, recognized word-formation category which can be easily seen in the structure of the word, unlike the elements we are studying here. The attributive PREVERBAL both defines (and limits) the subject of this study. Although in other Slavic languages formatives of this type are characteristic also for nouns, expressive prefixation in the Serbo-Croatian language is especially common for verbs; nouns are far less subject to this word-formation process. The attributive EXPRESSIVE is used here in the following sense: analyzed formatives possess this type of word-formation meaning, such that words derived by them become marked (most commonly with a negative modification to the basic meaning) and enter the sphere of the expressive lexicon. The subtitle of this work refers to the SERBIAN and CROATIAN language, while the rest of the text uses the term Serbo-Croatian. Both designations (Serbian and Croatian / Serbo-Croatian) accord with the material presented and analyzed, as the corpus for this work has been assembled from sources in the following dialects: Štokavian, Kajkavian and Čakavian. The phenomenon at hand is studied, therefore, by using material from a (historically speaking) single Slavic language.
Research has so far established the existence of the following archaic, expressive, rare nominal and verbal prefixes: *a-, *ja-, *pa-, *pra-, *sǫ-, *ǫ-, *la-, *kV-, *čV-, *šV-, *xV-, *gV-, *tV-, *bV-, *mV- (where V = vowel). Each of these prefixes has been shown to occur (to a greater or lesser degree) in the Serbo-Croatian language. Although we are dealing with genetically different elements, expressive prefixes still form a fairly uniform system which can be regarded as a whole. Differing opinions on the antiquity of this system can be found in the research. Some authors consider expressive prefixes to be highly archaic, a phenomenon of Indo-European, whose antiquity is attested by the prefix ku- (which also carries a negative expressive meaning) in Indo-Iranian. A more measured view is held by the majority of authors, who date expressive prefixes back to Proto-Slavic. This relates primarily to forms with equivalents in other Slavic languages. At the same time, the existence of Slavic equivalents may be the result of parallel functions of a given word-formation model within individual languages. Lastly, another view holds that expressive prefixes are not especially old. Our research has shown that a distinction must be drawn between the age of a given model and the age of its individual manifestations. The word-formation model of ‘expressive prefix + stem’ is undoubtedly archaic. Furthermore, many lexemes formed along this model during the Proto-Slavic period are also archaic. At the same time, many newer forms exist which arose during the independent development of the Serbo-Croatian (and other Slavic) languages. Such forms are patterned after the same archaic word-formation model. The material analyzed shows that in dialects of Serbo-Croatian there has even been a certain reactivation of this archaic word-formation model.
One of the basic aims of this work was to establish and examine the system within which expressive prefixes exist and function. To analyze any system, we must specify: a) the elements of that system; b) the properties of given elements; c) the interaction of those elements. By the elements of the system we mean specific individual expressive prefixes. In the corpus under study, the following TYPES of expressive prefixes have been observed, with their specific realization: kV- (ko-, ka-, ku-), skV- (sko-, ško-); čV- (če-, čo-, ča-); šV- (še-, šo-, ša-, šu-); tV- (to-, ta-, tu-), stV- (sto-, što-); bV- (ba-, bo-); pV- (pa-); lV- (la-, lo-), etc. These prefixes undergo COMPLEXIFICATION, that is, expansion by a syllable containing a liquid (še-vrdati > še-le-vrdati, ko-bečiti se > ko-ro-bečiti se), which serves to increase the expressive quality of a given form. The interaction of expressive prefixes within the system is based on alternation and agglutination. These phenomena are the result of language’s tendency to demonstrate affect, reflected in the never-ending search for new expressors. ALTERNATION is therefore the variation of different expressive prefixes before the same stem. As all expressive prefixes modify the semantics of derived words at the expressive level only, they are nearly synonymous and mutually interchangeable, without consequence for word semantics. This results in a free choice of prefixes; and for this reason we find series of expressive prefixes alternating before the same stem: bavrljati = tavrljati = čavrljati = ševrljati; nakomrditi se = natomrditi se = načomrditi se. AGGLUTINATION is the building-up of different prefixes before the same stem. As a result of the complete fusion of the expressive prefix with the stem, a new expressive stem is created, allowing for secondary prefixation by means of expressive prefixes. The following cases are singled out in our work: če-periti se = ko-čo-periti se = ko-sto-periti se; na-ku-mračiti se = na-ko-tu-mračiti se.
One of the aims of this work was to focus on LEXICAL-SEMANTIC GROUPS in which expressive prefixes most frequently occur. Based on semantic analysis, it was concluded that the material under investigation mainly belongs to semantic spheres which are common for the expressive lexicon (such as kriviti ‘bend’, udarati ‘hit’, vrteti ‘spin’, bacati ‘toss’ with all of their secondary meanings). In actuality, this means that the range of confirmed (and expected) meanings is relatively restricted. One of the reasons for this restriction is that the addition of different expressive prefixes to the same stem does not affect meaning. If we move from the global view – that is, from the overall semantic potential of the corpus under examination – to the micro-level, or semantics of concrete forms, a fundamental question arises regarding the semantics of the combination ‘PREFIX + STEM’. Two possibilities exist: a) the prefix changes the meaning of the stem: vrčiti ‘hit’ > izbavrčiti ‘to go bug-eyed’; periti se ‘to set yourself up in a prominent place’ > čeperiti se ‘to throw your weight around, be a big-shot’; b) the prefix does not change the meaning of the stem: bazati = šalabazati ‘ramble’; bečiti se = kobečiti se ‘stare till your eyes pop out’. When the prefix changes the meaning of the stem, it is usually a matter of normal, regular semantic shift. In effect, this means the prefix allows one of the stem’s potential meanings to be realized, or develops a new, usually metaphorical meaning, by means of analogy. Strictly speaking, the prefix does not add new meaning in such cases. We then come to the question of the SEMANTIC CONTENT OF EXPRESSIVE PREFIXES. Authors who assign an Indo-European origin to such prefixes believe that they convey two basic types of lexical meaning, both overall and expressive: negation and affirmation. Synchronically, the word-formation meanings of these prefixes can be seen only in their expressive aspect. The majority of expressive prefixes modify the semantics of the word negatively, which means that the bulk of expressively prefixed forms have a negative or, at most, neutral meaning.
Expressive preverbal formatives are an organic part – that is, real units – of a language’s word-formation system, although they are located on the periphery and can only be established by word-formation-etymological analysis. The criteria valid for so-called ‘normal’ prefixes – productivity, regularity, motivation – cannot be applied to them in the usual sense. The word-formation characteristic of expressive prefixes which might be analogous to productivity for normal prefixes could be called ‘occasionality’. This means that the need (or requirement) to realize expressive prefixes arises by coincidence in a certain context, and that we can only speak of the greater or lesser regularity of such ‘occasionality’. Judging by the number of lexemes analyzed in this work, expressive prefixes are indeed a ‘productive’ category in Serbo-Croatian. One phenomenon that demonstrates and proves the place of expressive prefixes within the prefixation system is the alternation of expressive (non-productive) and ‘normal’ (productive) prefixes: is-ko-vrljiti, iš-če-vrljiti : is-po-vrljiti ‘open your eyes wide’; na-to-vrsti se : na-do-vrsti se, na-po-vrsti se ‘push in on someone’. This phenomenon attests that linguistic consciousness continues to perceive expressive prefixes as prefixes.
Still, a great difference exists between normal and expressive prefixes. Expressive prefixes are located at the periphery of the language system, as can be seen by the following:
1) Expressive prefixes are ‘anomalous’ in relation to normal prefixes, given that their characteristics are opposite to the traits of normal prefixes: a) they are not readily apparent within the structure of the word; b) they are not productive; c) they are not regular; d) they do not have definite semantics.
2) Expressive prefixes reflect an independent system which functions according to its own rules.
3) As a word-formation category, expressive prefixes are found at other ‘peripheries’, such as in folklore, slang and in-group languages, meaning they are characteristic for several marginal classes at the same time.
4) Rather than tending toward economy of expression, these prefixes tend toward expressiveness, leading inevitably to greater complexity.

A unique illustrated multi-language collection of Serbian/Bosnian/Croatian proverbs and sayings. Included:- Serbian/Bosnian/Croatian proverbs and sayings with their English, French and Russian equivalents.

- Close to 1200 proverbs and sayings in each language
- Over 130 illustrations
- Index of keywords in English, French and Russian for easier searching
- Old and modern expressions
- Close to 200 Latin sayings and expressions

Featuring sample pages.

UDK: 811.163.41(075)""poslovice""

У раду се посматра статус присвојних придева пасји и псећи у савременом српском језику. У првом делу рад се испитује појава суфиксне синонимије у придевским изведеницама пасји и псећи кроз творбену анализу. Како би била извршена творбена анализа, испитане су граматике и речници српског (српскохрватског) језика, са фокусом на мотивацији изведених придева. У раду се утврђује појава суфиксне синонимије уочавањем да су посматрани придеви изведени различитим суфиксима, суфиксом -ји и суфиксом -ећи, а којима се творе изведенице једне лексичко-семантичке категорије.
У другом делу рада даје се преглед данашњег статуса ових придева у употреби у српском језику, са фокусом на питању да ли је један члан пара фреквентнији од другог. Аналитички корпус издвојен је претрагом Електронског корпуса и чине га одломци из књижевноуметничких дела и из новинских текстова, затим лексикографске дефиниције, а такође и подаци анкете са изворним говорницима српског језика. На основу њега је уочено да је један облик, придев псећи, знатно чешћи у употреби.
Грађа је показала да се псећи најчешће јавља у значењу „који припада псима, који се односи на псе“, а пасји у значењу „врло тежак, тешко подношљив“. Примећено је да у употреби ових придева у одређеним контекстима говорник чини избор, због чега се претпоставља њихова стилска раслојеност и могућа семантичка диференцијација. За будућа истраживања остављено је отворено питање узајамне заменљивости ових придева у истом контексту уз предлог да би оно могло да се спроведе на обимнијем корпусу и уз помоћ нове анкете.

The paper focuses on the adjectives pasji and pseći (of a canine), their generative analysis and use in the contemporary Serbian language. The first objective of the paper is to examine if there is suffix synonymy between the adjectives pasji and pseći. The second objective is to provide an overview of the current status of usage of these adjectives in the Serbian language, focusing on the issue of the usage frequency – if one member of the couple is more often used than the other one. Material was obtained by searching the Electronic Corpus. The analytical corpus is consisted of passages from literary and artistic works and newspaper articles, lexicographical definitions extracted from the dictionaries of the Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) language, as well as data of the survey made with native speakers of the Serbian language.

The paper is about misuse of many words from English language. Although there are plenty of words to be used in Serbian language, people tend to use foreign word to impress others. This thing is widespread among teenagers because they frequently exposed to the English language in many different ways.

This short essay - which had to be written in a simplistic and journalistic manner - deals with the "Declaration on the common language", which was signed by more than 200 intellectuals from the Yugoslav space. Presented in Sarajevo at the end of March 2017, the declaration sparked huge media interest and heated debates among the public of the Yugoslav successor states. Its key message is that what is spoken in Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia is in fact a common, yet polycentric language.

Резюме Несмотря на бесспорные трудности для абсолютно прецизионного и общепринятого определения уменьшительных морфем, чрезвычайно динамическая частота которых представляет словообразовательный процесс их межъязыковой суффиксаций, она, тем не менее, отражает многосторонние морфологические варианты. Как положительные, так и отрицательные нюансы их функциональных, семантических манифестаций в буквальном (настоящие уменьшительные), метафорическом (отражение эмоций), анафорическом (агенты для информации) и оценочном уровне действительно впечатляют. На основании вышеуказанных параметров, с теоретической точки зрения это исследование касается отдельных структурных данных, относящихся к суффиксам с уменьшительной идентичностью в современном греческом и двух славянских — русском и сербском—языках. Используя легендарный греческий роман " Земли, обагренные кровью " и его вдохновенные воплощения в рассматриваемых языках, мы идентифицируем переводческие эквиваленты выбранных уменьшительных суффиксов для того, чтобы представить самые характерные сходства, а также основные различия.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the lexical fields of adjectives FAT and THIN in English and Serbian using the method of contrastive linguistic analysis. The analysis is limited to 22 English adjectives which are compared and contrasted with adjectives in the corresponding lexical fields in Serbian: DEBEO and MRŠAV. English adjectives were analyzed by means of isolating their diagnostic features and comparing the meanings. Their Serbian correspondents or translation equivalents were established using bilingual English-Serbian and monolingual Serbian dictionaries. In both lexical fields in English it is possible to find formal correspondents of 9 out of 11 English adjectives, although there are cases when meanings can be characterized as similar rather than completely identical. Also, translation equivalents are suggested for the remaining 4 adjectives.

Predmet ovog rada je konceptualizacija vremena pomoću ontoloških metafora u srpskom i španskom jeziku. Kognitivnolingvističke
analize konceptualizacije vremena najčešće se usredsređuju na izvorne domene prostora i
kretanja. Naš cilj je da utvrdimo kako govornici srpskog i španskog jezika konceptualizuju vreme pomoću onih
metafora koje se ne zasnivaju prevashodno na orijentaciji u prostoru odnosno kretanju i koje pojmovima iz
domena vremena daju ontološki status. Teorijsko–metodološki okvir istraživanja zasniva se na kognitivnoj lingvistici
i teoriji pojmovne metafore. Korpus za istraživanje čini po hiljadu i petsto primera iz oba jezika, koji su
ekscerpirani iz raznovrsnih izvora. Rezultati analize ukazuju na to da se vreme i u srpskom i u španskom jeziku
može konceptualizovati pomoću više ontoloških metafora. Identifikovane metafore nisu međusobno odeljene, već
su povezane u sistem koji se odlikuje skalom opštosti. Dve najopštije metafore tog sistema, koje imaju svoje dalje
konkretizacije, jesu vreme je resurs i vreme je agens.

Ključne reči: kognitivna lingvistika, konceptualizacija vremena, ontološke metafore, srpski jezik, španski jezik

У раду је посматран процес десинонимизације међу именичким деминутивима изведеним од једне основе. Циљ истраживања је да се, у оквиру аналитичког корпуса, укаже на оне примере у којима се од синонимног односа одступа. Према постављеном циљу, да би се уочили елементи (семантичке) диференцијације, испитивани су: творбени процес и морфолошке одлике чланова синонимског низа, полисемија неких деминутива, као и њихова стилска функција, а истраживање је употпуњено и анкетним подацима у вези са одабраним корпусом. Корпусно и анкетно истраживање показало је да десинонимизација представља, пре свега, резултат обличке варијативности деминутива изведених од једне основе, као и процеса лексикализације.

In this paper, the process of desynonymization was observed among the noun diminutives derived from one generative basis in the Serbian language.
The objective of the research is to point to those cases in which the synonymous
relation is deviated. In order to observe the elements of (semantic) differentiation,
we have examined: the process of formation and the morphological features of the
diminutives, their polysemy, and their stylistic function. The research is completed
with survey data based on the selected corpus. Corpus and survey research have
shown that desynonimization is primarily a result of the variability of formation of
diminutives derived from one generative basis, as well as the lexicalization process.

Applying Bošković's (2008) generalizations about the typological differences between languages with and without articles (with conclusion that the latter do not project a DP) to the three southeastern Serbian dialects (Prizrensko-južnomoravski (PJ), Svljiško-zaplanjski (SZ) and Timočko-lužnički (TL)) and Macedonian language (ML)) shows that almost all of these generalizations appear incorrect. TL and ML, varieties with a definite article, allow for left-branch and adjunct extraction, as well Japanese type of scrambling, they fail on the clause-mate NPIs test of negative-raising, their possessives can occur in predicative position and they cannot be modified by other possessives and adjectives in prenominal position, contrary to expected. Article-less PJ and SZ, though, allow for clitic doubling. Finally, article-less Serbo-Croatian allows transitive nominals with two (phonologically heavy) genitives, its pre-cardinal possessors may induce an exhaustivity presupposition, and left-branch and adjunct extraction are restricted over determiner-like items like the adjectives pomenuti 'mentioned' and izvesni 'certain', contra Bošković's (2008) generalizations. It is concluded that there seems to be no strict DP/NP parameter, but rather a set of structural and lexical properties with isoglosses which do not coincide, all of which can be more satisfactorily captured by the phonologically null vs. saturated DP approach, rather than with the " bare " NP vs. DP analysis.

GRECISMS IN SERBIAN
(a review of previous and prospects for future studies)
The paper deals with Grecisms which are one of the most widely studied
class of loanwords in Serbian. After defining its scope as limited to lexical Grecisms
(thus leaving aside semantic borrowings and semantic translations), a
short review of the bibliography of the hitherto studies of the topic is given,
with a particular stress on the existing classifications of Grecisms. The point
is made of proposing a new classification of Grecisms (more substantial than
the hitherto ones which depart from that once given by Max Vasmer) to be
established, based on three criteria: chronological, geographical and genetic
ones which often come intertwined in one the same word. Examples illustrating
the tripartite classification and all its subcategories are provided by a few
dozens of well-known, indisputable Grecisms. Specially highlighted is the existence
of a series of pairs (even triads) of words different in form, often meaning
too, which through various mediations derive from identical Greek prototypes.
In conclusion, future tasks of studing Grecisms are identified as working
on completing the corpus by excerption of all the dialectal sources available
and parallelly going through the relevant etymological works dealing
with Grecisms in Serbian (and in other Balkan languages as well), with the ultimate
goal of producing a monograph to be a continuation of Die griechischen
Lehnwörter im Serbo-Kroatischen, written by М. Vasmer almost seven decades
ago.

The metaphorical correlation in our conceptual system between emotions and fire can first and foremost be traced back to our experiences regarding our own bodies: Certain emotions induce specific somatic reactions that result in a rise of body temperature. This rise in temperature can be conceptualized as a fire in one's own body, which is also reflected in the language. The goal of this paper is the conceptual analysis of German, Serbian and Hungarian idioms based on the structural metaphor EMOTION IS FIRE to uncover the various aspects of this metaphor that are relevant from a cognitive linguistic  point of view, as well as the similarities and differences in the manner in which these languages conceptualize emotions. It was determined that the analyzed languages conceptualize different emotions as fire, while this metaphor may structure these different emotions in similar ways. Relevant differences in the conceptualization could be determined regarding how ontological and orientational metaphors are utilized, how dynamic transitions  between emotions (or the intensification of an emotion) are conceptualized, and what may represent the antagonist from a force-dynamic perspective.
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Für die metaphorische Korrelation von Emotionen und Feuer in unserem konzeptuellen System ist in erster Linie unsere Erfahrung bezüglich des eigenen Körpers verantwortlich bestimmte Emotionen lösen spezifische somatische Reaktionen aus, infolge derer sich unsere Körpertemperatur erhöht. Dieser Temperaturanstieg kann als ein Feuer im eigenen Körper konzeptualisiert werden, was sich auch in der Sprache widerspiegelt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden deutsche, serbische und ungarische Phraseologismen, bei denen die Strukturmetapher EMOTION IST FEUER identifiziert werden konnte, mithilfe der konzeptuellen Methode analysiert, mit dem Ziel, die verschiedenen aus kognitiv-linguistischer Sicht relevanten Aspekte dieser Strukturmetapher, wie auch Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Konzeptualisierung von Emotionen in diesen Sprachen aufzudecken. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die analysierten Sprachen unterschiedliche Emotionen als Feuer konzeptualisieren, jedoch strukturiert diese Strukturmetapher unterschiedliche Gefühle in diesen Sprachen auf eine ähnliche Weise. Relevante Unterschiede in der Konzeptualisierung konnten festgestellt werden, die sich darauf beziehen, wie ontologische und Orientierungsmetaphern in die Konzeptualisierung miteinbezogen werden, wie eine dynamische Transition zwischen Emotionen (bzw. die Intensivierung einer Emotion) konzeptualisiert wird, und was aus der kraft-dynamischen Perspektive den Antagonisten darstellen kann.

Aleksandra A. Janić

LEXICALIZATION OF DIMINUTIVES IN THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE
Summary
The subject of this paper is the lexicalization of diminutives. Lexicalized diminutives are divided into three groups. The following nouns, which becаme part of the terminology in a particular science or discipline, are classified in the first group, such as: babica ‘granny.Dim’ (accoucheuse), posteljica ‘bed_sheet.Dim’ (placenta), lopatica ‘shovel.Dim’ (shoulder blade) etc.  In the second group, there are lexicalized diminutives which do not have the status of a technical term in a particular science, such as: bombica ‘bomb.Dim’ (a small chocolate cake), pogačica 'loaf.Dim' (bagel), strelica ‘arrow.Dim’ (pointer). In the third group there are partly lexicalized diminutives, or those which do not have the status of a technical term, but in their meaning there is a connection with the diminutive meaning, for example: bratić 'brother.Dim' (nephew), pahuljice 'snowflakes.Dim' (cereals) etc. The aim of this paper is to try a different approach to lexicalization of diminutives, with a unified analysis of three aspects: lexicological, derivational and semantical. Thus, special attention is paid to the origin of the base of lexicalized diminutives, the suffixes by which diminutives are derived and to their meaning.
Keywords: lexicalization, extent of lexicalization, diminutives, nouns, the Serbian language.

Етнолингвистичка истраживања српских говора Косова и Метохије, У: Резултати досадашњих и правци будућих истраживања српских народних говора Косова и Метохије (П. Пипер, Р. Младеновић, ур.), Београд - Косовска Митровица: САНУ, Институт за српски језик САНУ, Филозофски факултет у Приштини, 2021, 311-326.