Synonymy

With the emergence of the World Wide Web, analyzing and improving Web communication has become essential to adapt the Web content to the visitors’ expectations. Web communication analysis is traditionally performed by Web analytics software, which produce long lists of page-based audience metrics. These results suffer from page synonymy, page polysemy, page temporality, and page volatility. In addition, the metrics contain little semantics and are too detailed to be exploited by organization managers and chief editors, who need summarized and conceptual information to take high-level decisions. To obtain such metrics, we propose to classify the Web site pages into categories representing the Web site topics and to aggregate the page hits accordingly. In this paper, we show how to compute and visualize these metrics using OLAP tools. To solve the page-temporality issue, we propose to classify the versions of the pages using automatic classifiers.

Without exception everything is in vagueness. Would Socrates be the same we know today,
when his wife Xanthippe didn´t tormented his life and not expelled him from home? Perhaps
Aristotle would become a wrestler if he had no weak legs, small eyes and would not lisp?
Epicurus would probably not have to puke by twice as much food on the day when he was two
months living in Africa? Thomas Aquinas who walked several times about 1400 km from Rome
to Paris would not have had that much time to think if he had hitchhiked? What would have
happened if the twelve-year-old Pascal would get a slap from his father, because he draws
triangles on the floor in the house? What would have happened if it had come out that a large
part of Voltaire's letters, whose number exceeds twenty thousand, are dedicated to God and to
the world, and one would therefore put him in the loony bin? When Kant was a burly man and
had beaten his servant who is waking him up every morning with toil, in a fit of rage, so that she
no longer could have done her tasks? Or if Kierkegaard had lived for ten years longer and
Nietzsche had not lost his mind? Or if Wittgenstein hadn´t played tennis and there wouldn´t
have been a playfield on his way? The answers / probabilities to these questions are "vague".
Why does the day have twenty-four hours? Who has determined that a week has seven days?
What is beautiful? Who can be called stupid? Is death bad? It is not possible to give an
"absolute" answer on this and thousands of similar questions. The answers are vague. To deal
with the vagueness, first the vagueness must be understood in the language. To understand one
of the first and most important steps to the vagueness in the language is to understand the
"Sorites paradox".

This paper addresses the high sonic demands of alliterative metres, and the consequences of these demands for sense: the semantic stretching of common words and the deployment of uncommon (archaic, ‘poetic’) words. The notion of alliterative rank is discussed as an indicator of such consequences (examples are given from English and Estonian verse) and the range of onsets found for synonyms of key notions in verse
traditions is remarked upon.

В статье анализируется введенное в лингвистику А. Крузом понятие когнитивной синонимии, которое учитывает функциональную природу явления и ориентировано на носителя языка. Когнитивные синонимы занимают центральное место в словарях и на шкале синонимичности между абсолютными синонимами и плесионимами. В отечественной лингвистике лексическая синонимия изучается со структурной точки зрения, в связи с чем термин «когнитивная синонимия» не используется.

One of the least understood semantic relations is synonymy. While perfect synonyms are
rare, ‘‘near synonyms’’ are especially numerous. Near synonyms are words which are similar
in meaning, which tend not to be contrastive, but which are distributed differently. Following
up an earlier study of the adjective tall, this paper examines the near synonyms high and tall,
and argues that the words offer different construals of an entity’s verticality. Drawing on work
by MacLaury in the domain of colour—in particular, MacLaury’s discovery of what he calls
‘‘co-extensive’’ colour categories and his explanation of coextension in terms of a dominant
and a recessive vantage—it is proposed that the distribution of the English adjectives can be
insightfully analyzed in terms of the co-extension relation, with high designating the dominant
vantage, tall the recessive vantage.

У монографії подано, обґрунтовано та розвинено комплексний пiдxiд до вживання і творення українських тeрмiнiв, заснований на використанні методів природничих наук і мовознавчих аспектів дослідження. Такий підхід створює передумови для того, щоб розглядати термінологію не лише як розділ лексики, сукупність термінів і вчення про них, а насамперед як науку про утворення, розвиток і функціонування термінів. За допомогою послідовного застосування статистичного та аналітичного методів досліджено теоретичні й практичні термінографічні проблеми, розкрито правописні аспекти відтворення запозичених та іншомовних слів. На основі методу акустичних інваріантів досліджено акустичні характеристики звуків української (а також англійської) мови та знайдено їх інваріантні акустичні параметри. У монографії відображено результати автора, одержані в процесі його наукової та викладацької роботи в Державній академії керівних кадрів освіти, Міжрегіональному інституті вдосконалення вчителів, Київському національному лінгвістичному університеті, Київському національному університеті імені Тараса Шевченка, Техаському університеті в Арлінгтоні (США), Єнському університеті імені Фрідріха Шіллера (Німеччина), Гіссенському університеті імені Юстуса Лібіга (Німеччина), Лейпцізькому університеті (Німеччина), Дрезденському технічному університеті (Німеччина), Університеті Країни басків (Іспанія), Українському мовно-інформаційному фонді Національної академії наук України.

Для науковців, викладачів, аспірантів і студентів філологічних факультетів вищих навчальних закладів, а також для лексикографів, фонетистів, перекладачів і фахівців у галузі прикладної лінгвістики, української термінології і термінографії.

CONTENTS
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
INTRODUCTION 9
PART 1
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF TERMINOLOGY 18
1.1. Term and terminology: underlying statements 18
1.2. Successful term criteria 30
1.3. General tendencies of development of terminological systems 30
1.4. Main lexical semantic relations in term vocabulary (polysemy, homonymy, paronymy, synonymy) 40
1.5. National and international trends of term fund updating 62
PART 2
SEMANTIC, GRAMMATICAL, AND PHONETIC PROBLEMS OF
UKRAINIAN TERMS CODIFICATION 75
Section 2.1. Semantic and morphological qualities of Ukrainian
term vocabulary 75
2.1.1. Alien borrowings as a linguistic and terminological problem 75
2.1.2. Semantic and stylistic features of use of paronyms and pseudosynonyms in the professional language 83
2.1.3. Scientific approach to  terminological use of verbal nouns 112
2.1.4. Principles of representation of active participial forms in the Ukrainian scientific language 125
2.1.5. Possibilities and prospects of national word coinage
in terminology 127
Section  2.2. Acoustic characteristics of Ukrainian speech sounds as a ground
for scientific approach to render the borrowings 135
2.2.1. Phonetics, acoustic analysis, speech recognition 135
2.2.2. Phonetical and phonological language elements 138
2.2.2.1. Basic concepts of phonetics and phonology 138
2.2.2.2. Nonlinearity and non-invariance of speech elements 147
2.2.3. Speech acoustics 152
2.2.3.1. Acoustic theory of speech production 152
2.2.3.2. Speech sounds formants 157
2.2.3.3. Resonators in a human speech tract 159
2.2.3.4. Invariant acoustic speech analysis 162
2.2.3.5. Acoustic characteristics and invariants of
speech sounds 165
2.2.3.6. Interaction between sounds 179
PART 3
PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC NORM APPLICATION IN SCIENTIFIC LEXICOGRAPHY AND WAYS TO PERFECT
MODERN SPELLING 189
3.1. Modern spelling strategy problems 189
3.2. Problems of modern spelling of terminological
and common vocabulary 191
3.2.1. Genitive case of masculine nouns of second reversal 181
3.2.2. Use of genitive and accusative cases 195
3.2.3. Spelling of compiled adjectives 196
3.2.4. The features of use of Ukrainian prepositions “в” (“у”) and
“до” for denotation of motion aim and direction 198
3.2.5. Stress problem in three-syllable nouns with the prefix “за ” 202
3.3. Denotation of time moments in Ukrainian 206
3.4. Problem of adaptation of alien terms to Ukrainian spelling 211
3.4.1. Study of phonemes /ґ/, /г/, and /х/ 211
3.4.2. “The nine” (“dev’jatka”) rule in the context of Slavic and non Slavic parallels of the Ukrainian language 214
3.4.3. Doubling simplification problems 220
3.4.4. Some “trifles” of spelling perfection 221
3.4.5. Discussion suggests to spelling 222
3.5. Scholar principles to render borrowed and foreign words:
invariant transcription and transliteration 229
3.5.1. Pronunciation and transcription 229
3.5.2. Writing and transliteration 234
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS 255
LIST OF LITERATURE 260
APPENDIX A: Visual representation of speech sounds
(spectrograms, oscillograms) 397
APPENDIX B: Inculcation of the research results
(main documentation) 337
APPENDIX V: Use of the term Χυμεία in Greek 361

Книга посвящена проблеме когнитивных истоков языковой катего-ризации; в ней рассматривается комплекс вопросов, связанных с общей проблемой представления знаний в языке. На конкретном материале показывается феноменологический характер базовых когнитивных структур пространства и времени, участвующих в формировании языковой картины мира. Предлагается когнитивная модель категории вида в русском языке, анализируется эпистемическое соотношение именной и местоименной систем.

In this paper, I have studied the associations that exist between the meanings of words, between the meanings of phrases, or between the meanings of sentences. Semantic relations constitute of synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, polysemy, and metonymy. It is the amalgamation of examining the semantic relationships between words.

In this paper, I develop a composite methodology for handling and visualizing measures of significant attraction between lexical items in a set of near-synonyms. I aim to uncover revealing aspects of the conceptual structure of four English moderators (rather, quite, fairly, and pretty) and shed new light on previous studies on degree modifiers. This methodology combines univariate and multivariate statistics. Collexemes are used as input for hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis, and multiple distinctive collexemes are used as input for correspondence analysis.

У раду се посматра статус присвојних придева пасји и псећи у савременом српском језику. У првом делу рад се испитује појава суфиксне синонимије у придевским изведеницама пасји и псећи кроз творбену анализу. Како би била извршена творбена анализа, испитане су граматике и речници српског (српскохрватског) језика, са фокусом на мотивацији изведених придева. У раду се утврђује појава суфиксне синонимије уочавањем да су посматрани придеви изведени различитим суфиксима, суфиксом -ји и суфиксом -ећи, а којима се творе изведенице једне лексичко-семантичке категорије.
У другом делу рада даје се преглед данашњег статуса ових придева у употреби у српском језику, са фокусом на питању да ли је један члан пара фреквентнији од другог. Аналитички корпус издвојен је претрагом Електронског корпуса и чине га одломци из књижевноуметничких дела и из новинских текстова, затим лексикографске дефиниције, а такође и подаци анкете са изворним говорницима српског језика. На основу њега је уочено да је један облик, придев псећи, знатно чешћи у употреби.
Грађа је показала да се псећи најчешће јавља у значењу „који припада псима, који се односи на псе“, а пасји у значењу „врло тежак, тешко подношљив“. Примећено је да у употреби ових придева у одређеним контекстима говорник чини избор, због чега се претпоставља њихова стилска раслојеност и могућа семантичка диференцијација. За будућа истраживања остављено је отворено питање узајамне заменљивости ових придева у истом контексту уз предлог да би оно могло да се спроведе на обимнијем корпусу и уз помоћ нове анкете.

The paper focuses on the adjectives pasji and pseći (of a canine), their generative analysis and use in the contemporary Serbian language. The first objective of the paper is to examine if there is suffix synonymy between the adjectives pasji and pseći. The second objective is to provide an overview of the current status of usage of these adjectives in the Serbian language, focusing on the issue of the usage frequency – if one member of the couple is more often used than the other one. Material was obtained by searching the Electronic Corpus. The analytical corpus is consisted of passages from literary and artistic works and newspaper articles, lexicographical definitions extracted from the dictionaries of the Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) language, as well as data of the survey made with native speakers of the Serbian language.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les relations sémantiques de synonymie, polysémie, homonymie et paronymie dans le cadre de la langue du droit qui insiste sur la monoréférence du texte du départ et sur sa traduction précise. L’analyse porte d’abord sur la manière dont les termes sont représentés dans les ressources terminologiques car ces ressources représentent les outils principaux des traducteurs juridiques, obligés de surmonter de nombreux obstacles dus à ces phénomènes.
Mots-clés:langue du droit, synonymie, polysémie, homonymie, terminologie, traduction

Опубликовано: Шиян Т.А. Скобки в математике: логико-семиотический анализ // Философия. Язык. Культура. Вып. 2 / Отв. ред. Ю.В. Горбатова. СПб.: Алетейя, 2011. С. 90–104.
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Статья посвящена логико-семиотическому анализу скобок как одному из классов математических символов. В статье вводится ряд семиотических различений, необходимых для анализа и описания разных случаев употребления скобочных знаков, систематизируются основные способы употребления скобок в математике, рассматриваются такие семиотические отношения между скобочными знаками и свойства, как синонимия, омонимия, полисемия.
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The article deals with logical-semiotic analysis of brackets as one of the classes of mathematical symbols. It is introduced in the paper a number of semiotic distinctions requiring for analysis and descriptions of different cases of usage of bracket symbols, it is systematized the basic means of bracket usage in mathematic, it is considered such predicated as synonymy, homonymy, polysemy of bracket symbols.

У раду је посматран процес десинонимизације међу именичким деминутивима изведеним од једне основе. Циљ истраживања је да се, у оквиру аналитичког корпуса, укаже на оне примере у којима се од синонимног односа одступа. Према постављеном циљу, да би се уочили елементи (семантичке) диференцијације, испитивани су: творбени процес и морфолошке одлике чланова синонимског низа, полисемија неких деминутива, као и њихова стилска функција, а истраживање је употпуњено и анкетним подацима у вези са одабраним корпусом. Корпусно и анкетно истраживање показало је да десинонимизација представља, пре свега, резултат обличке варијативности деминутива изведених од једне основе, као и процеса лексикализације.

In this paper, the process of desynonymization was observed among the noun diminutives derived from one generative basis in the Serbian language.
The objective of the research is to point to those cases in which the synonymous
relation is deviated. In order to observe the elements of (semantic) differentiation,
we have examined: the process of formation and the morphological features of the
diminutives, their polysemy, and their stylistic function. The research is completed
with survey data based on the selected corpus. Corpus and survey research have
shown that desynonimization is primarily a result of the variability of formation of
diminutives derived from one generative basis, as well as the lexicalization process.

A new approach to numerically measure the semantic distances between lexical units (words and collocations) based on the geometric analogies and analytical calculations, is put forward. Having considered the cases of equal and different weights of semes, we obtained exact algebraic formulas describing different levels of the meanings proximity, ranging from absolute synonymy to full antonymy. It was emphasized that absolute synonymy arises when the compared units contain equal numbers of semes that fully coincide and have equal weights in the corresponding pairs. Calculation of the semes weights helps to locate the unit more precisely on the semantic sphere. It was shown that the level of synonymy and antonymy decreases if different semes are accentuated, while the semantic distance between the units without identical semes cannot be influenced by seme boosting. It was observed that depending on the context, a word may wander over this sphere, thus modifying its lexical semantic relations with other units. As the proposed approach contributes to formalization of the units comparison procedure, it is advisable for relevant automatic tools, particularly for WordNets and FrameNet. The obtained results may be useful for various linguistic and associated studies including automatic text analysis and processing, computer lexicography, information search and retrieval, machine translation and other NLP applications that are related to the artificial intelligence problem.

This nomenclator provides details on all published names in the family-, genus-, and species-group, as well as for a few infrasubspecific names introduced for, or attributed to, the family Melanopsidae. It includes nomenclaturally valid names, as well as junior homonyms, junior objective synonyms, nomina nuda, common incorrect subsequent spellings, and as far as possible discussion on the current status in taxonomy. The catalogue encompasses three family-group names, 79 genus-group names, and 1381 species-group names. All of them are given in their original combination and spelling (except mandatory corrections requested by the Code), along with their original source. For each family- and genus-group name, the original classification and the type genus and type species, respectively, are given. Data provided for species-group taxa are type locality, type horizon (for fossil taxa), and type specimens, as far as available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Baumgartens Versuch, rhetorische Figuren außerhalb der redenden Kunst anzuwenden. Dadurch soll Baumgarten als Wegbereiter einer Theorie der „visuellen Figur“ dargestellt werden, obwohl man bisher annahm, dass eine solche erst in der gegenwärtigen Rhetorik entwickelt worden ist.
Baumgartens Begriff der „Figur in der Bezeichnung“ wird nicht auf Sprache eingeschränkt, sondern ist in Bezug auf Bild und Ton erweitert. In der Nachschrift zu seinem Kollegium über die Ästhetik macht er fragmentarische Bemerkungen zur Figur in der Malerei. Durch die Analyse dieses Textes wurde Folgendes expliziert: „Synonymie“ deutet Baumgarten in der Malerei als die Ausdrucksmethode, einen Gegenstand mit ähnlichen Farben zu malen. Er hat, inspiriert von A. v. Hallers Gedicht Morgen-Gedanken, dabei ein Gemälde mit der Darstellung des Morgenrots vor Augen. „Ellipse“ deutet er dagegen als die Ausdrucksmethode, eines von ähnlichen Bildern auszulassen. Als Beispiel greift er einen Topos aus Timanthes‘ Gemälde Die Opferung der Iphigenie auf. Als Ergebnis der Analyse steht die Einsicht, dass Baumgarten durch eine solche Modifikation der rhetorischen Figur eine konkrete Methode entwickelt, die Rhetorik auf andere Gattungen zu übertragen.

La thèse d'indétermination de Quine est essentiellement une critique du mythe de la
signification. Mais en quoi consiste exactement ce mythe ? Qu'est ce qui est critiqué par W.V. Quine (né en 1908) ? Ce n'est pas seulement la signification en tant qu'entité mentale qui est rejetée, mais très précisément l'idée d'un noyau d'invariance commun aux langues et aux cultures, dont elles ne seraient que l'habillage. L'enjeu de la thèse de W.V. Quine est donc, en un sens qu'il faudra préciser, anthropologique — mais une anthropologie qui a ses enjeux aussi bien dans l'épistémologie et dans l'histoire, et qui objecte de manière radicale à certaines formes de relativisme (l'idée de prélogicité) comme à certaines formes « pasteurisées » de rationalisme (le principe de charité), comme nous tentons de le montrer en défendant pour finir une position qui, sans être relativiste ni irrationaliste, n'en est pas moins « anti antirelativiste ».

This article concerns medico-botanical synonym lists compiled by Jews in  the  period  from  the  13th  to  the  15th  centuries.  More  particularly,  the  article  presents, for the first time, an overview of such lists containing lexical material in  Catalan  written  in  Hebrew  letters.  After  a  summary  of  Jewish  medicine  and  the  translation  activities  of  Jews  in  Catalonia  and  Aragon,  the  article  first  deals  with  the  state  of  research  in  the  field  of  medical  glossaries  and  synonym  lists  in Hebrew script, mentioning all glossaries and lists known to date that contain lexical items in Catalan. These appear in the context of Arabic medico- botanical terms, which provide the lemmas or appear as equivalents to the Catalan or other Romance  or  Latin  terms.  The  reason  for  the  existence  of  this  kind  of  list  is  that  the Jews continued to study and practice Arabic medicine even after having left Al-Andalus. The main part of the article is dedicated to the Arabic-Catalan glossary  of  Ms.  Parma,  Biblioteca  Palatina  2279  (ff.  280v–286r),  of  which  the  first  20 entries are edited and commented upon with respect to the lexical items contained therein. The article finishes with a summary and some perspectives.

Öz Eş anlamlılık kavramı ve eş anlamlılığın mümkün olup olmadığı uzun süredir tartışılmaktadır. Araştırmacılar farklı yaklaşımlar sonucunda farklı eş anlamlılık tanımları yapmış ve konuyla ilgili hemen her yeni çalışma, yeni bir eş anlamlılık yaklaşımını beraberinde getirmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak, farklı yaklaşımların eş anlamlı olarak belirttiği sözcüklerin benzerlik seviyelerini belirlemek adına eş anlamlılık sınıflandırmaları hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, dil ve söz düzlemleri üzerinde yapılacak anlambirimcik çözümlemesi, anlam alanı ve anlam ezgisi incelemeleri ile Cruse ve Murphy"nin sınıflandırma yöntemlerinden yararlanarak bütüncül bir eş anlamlılık yaklaşımını ortaya koyma amacındadır. Çalışma, eş anlamlı olduğu varsayılan durum sıfatları üzerine temellenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, "muhtemel" ve "olası" sıfatları incelenmiştir. Giriş bölümünde anlam ve anlambilimle ilgili giriş bilgilerine yer verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde, temel konular ve kavramlar hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde uygulanacak eş anlamlılık değerlendirme yöntemi belirtilmiş ve yöntem doğrultusunda "muhtemel" ve "olası" sıfatları incelenmiştir. Son bölümde, elde edilen bulgular eşliğinde değerlendirmelere ve sonuca yer verilmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Anlam alanı, anlam ezgisi, derlem dilbilim, durum sıfatı, eş anlamlılık. SYNONYM SITUATION ADJECTIVES IN TERMS OF SEMANTIC FIELD AND SEMANTIC PROSODY: "MUHTEMEL" AND "OLASI" EXAMPLE Abstract The concept of synonymy and whether synonymy is possible or not are have been discussing for a long time. Researchers have made different synonymy definitions as a result of different approaches, and almost every new study on the subject has brought a new synonym approach. Accordingly, have developed a classification of synonymy in order to determine similarity levels of words that different approaches indicate synonyms. This study aims to present a holistic synonymy approach by using Cruse and Murphy's classification methods with semic analysis, semantic field analysis and semantic prosody analysis on langue and parole plane.  Bu makale yazarın, Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Boz danışmanlığında hazırlanan "Anlam Alanı ve Anlam Ezgisi Açısından Eş Anlamlı Durum Sıfatları (Derlem Tabanlı Bir İnceleme)" başlıklı doktora tezinden üretilmiştir.  Dr.; Öğretmen, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, gokselsert@gmail.com.

Min Woo Lee (2017), An Analysis of Meaning Usage of Synonymous Words. Studies in Linguistics 44, 135-154. The purpose of this study is to examine multiple segmentation patterns of synonyms and to identify the aspect of their usage. To do this, we quantitatively investigate the use ratio of 62 synonyms according to their multiple meanings. Through this, we could confirm the degree of synonymic rate, directionality, and characteristics of use by objective values. Findings of this study are as follows. First, meaningful semantic correspondence shows one-sided directionality. Also, the semantic correspondence shows a relatively higher degree of similarity on the lower frequency side. The asymmetry of synonymic relation is not simply the asymmetry of quantitative use but the asymmetry in the direction of meaningful correspondence. In addition, it is found that the asymmetry of usage increases when the directional identity is greater. This study presented the similarity of synonyms as an objective measure. It is meaningful in that it provides a basis for objectively explaining the degree of similarity and the characteristics of the meaningful relationships, which were only intuitively grasped.
lexical meaning, synonymy, synonym, analysis of meaning usage, degree of synonymic rate, asymmetry of synonym

Pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, la synonymie suscite plusieurs intérêts de connaissance. Cet article analyse le traitement de ce phénomène à la frontière de plusieurs domaines disciplinaires qui abordent la signification lexicale : lexicographie, lexicologie, sémantique et linguistique générale. Tout en étant contigus et malgré la généralisation de l’approche distinctive de la synonymie, ces domaines présentent, néanmoins, des différences majeures dans l’appréhension de ce phénomène. Si pour la lexicographie, la synonymie est un problème à résoudre, les approches pédagogiques en font un dispositif pour stimuler l’intelligence lexicale des apprenants et pour les amener à la connaissance de la juste valeur des mots. Les approches théoriques, quant à elles, la considèrent comme une dynamique du système qui a son fondement dans la faculté cognitive d’opérer des répartirons des sujets parlants. À cette époque, l’instabilité de la notion – qui recouvre plusieurs types d’objets linguistiques – tient au double critère qui entre en ligne de compte pour déterminer l’identité de signification et l’écart qui sépare les séries synonymiques : le sens et la forme. La formalisation d’une nouvelle notion (la polysémie) détermine, néanmoins, une reconfiguration des faits de synonymie et un découpage différent dans la matière lexicale. Le critère formel, quant à lui, fait intervenir des considérations diachroniques fondées sur l’étymologie, qui sont en contradiction avec le point de vue synchronique que la différenciation des synonymes suppose et qui est à l’origine de la valorisation du savoir épilinguistique du locuteur.

Palaearctic species of the weevil genus Mecinus Germar, 1821 are revised. A total of 47 species are recognized, one of which, M. baridioides sp. n. is new to science. Mecinus dorsalis var. tavaresi Hoffmann, 1958 (stat. rev.) is considered as a distinct species, whereas M. alboscutellatus var. atratulus (Solari, 1933) is maintained as a subspecies of M. alboscutellatus (Hustache, 1913). The following new synonymies are proposed: Mecinus barbarus Gyllenhal, 1838 (= M. longiusculus var. subcylindricus Pic, 1896 syn. n.); M. caucasicus (Reitter, 1907) (= Gymnetron caucasicum var. rubricum Reitter, 1907 syn. n.); M. comosus Boheman, 1845 (= M. setosus Kiesenwetter, 1864 syn. n.; = M. hesteticus Vitale, 1906 syn. n.; = M. pici Reitter, 1907 syn. n.; = M. pici var. theresae Reitter, 1907 syn. n.); M. elongatus (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862) (= G. pyrenaeum H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862 syn. n.); M. haemorrhoidalis (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862) (= M. fairmairei Tournier, 1873 syn. n....

La sinonimia en las locuciones ha sido un tema ligado estrechamente a la variación fraseo-lógica, sin embargo, existe una diferencia entre ambos fenómenos. ¿Cuáles son los criterios lingüísticos que nos permiten determinar que dos o más locuciones léxicas son unidades sinonímicas y no variantes? Para contestar esta interrogante he decidido analizar veintitrés locuciones del español de México a través de una serie de criterios lingüísticos, desprendi-dos del análisis de varias posturas teóricas fraseológicas, con el fin de esclarecer la diferencia entre estas relaciones. Los resultados sugieren que son necesarias cuatro condiciones para considerar sinónimas dos locuciones léxicas: ser semejantes en significado, pertenecer a una misma categoría gramatical, poseer estructura sintáctica distinta y ser intercambiables en sus contextos de uso sin alterar el significado global del enunciado.

Synonymy in idioms has been closely linked to phraseological variation, however there is a differentiation between both phenomena. What are those linguistic criteria that allow us to determine that two or more idioms are synonymous? To answer this question, I decided to analyze twenty-three lexicological idioms from the Mexican Spanish through a series of linguistic criteria that clarify the difference between these relations. These criteria have been derived from several theoretical phraseological analysis. The results suggest that four conditions are necessary to consider two or more idioms synonymous: being similar in meaning, belonging to the same grammatical category, possessing distinct syntactic structure and being interchangeable in their contexts without altering the overall meaning of the sentences.