Translator and Interpreter Training

This paper focuses on the use of telephony and video-link technology in interpreting and firstly presents data from relevant contemporary research studies, and secondly from two surveys conducted with practising interpreters and/or examiners, on their own experiences using these technologies and on their suitability as components of training and testing for certification. Technological advances in the means of audio and audio+visual communication are now being trialled in interpreted interactions, but most research findings reveal that an increased use of technology accompanies rather than forms a part of inter-lingual transfer. Responses from two groups of interpreters – practitioners and examiners – show that there is widespread support for telephone and video-link interpreting to form components of training and certification testing, as these two communication channels become more popular with mediators (interpreting agencies) and end-users of interpreting services. These responses are collated and recommendatory guidelines for training and testing are provided in this paper.

The term strategy is increasingly mentioned in the interpreting literature. Individual strategies have been approached from various perspectives by a number of interpreting research scholars. Those strategies are used by interpreters to cope with cognitive constraints, interpreting mode-specific difficulties, and language- and culture-specific constraints. Given its importance, the author argues to include strategy training in interpreter education based on a synthesis of evidence from the current literature. This article firstly presents a state-of-the-art review of research on the defining features of strategies and their varieties. It then validates the contribution of strategy training to interpreter education in terms of overcoming cognitive constraints, combating interpreting mode-specific constraints, coping with language- and culture-specific constraints, conforming to interpreting norms, revealing problem-solution relations in the interpreting process, highlighting novice-expert differences for pedagogical use, and leading to interpreter competence development. The article also provides a brief demonstration of how to teach strategies to trainees. Hopefully, this article can inspire interpreter trainers to recognize the importance of strategies and include strategy training in their teaching.

"Teringettét!" - mondja Jourdain úr Molière Úrhatnám polgárában. "Negyven esztendeje beszélek prózában, de azt se tudtam, mi az!" Ugyanígy járhat a tolmács a hangidentitásával. Merthogy szükségszerűen van hangidentitása, csak esetleg nem tud róla. Sőt, a helyzet bonyolultabb: több hangidentitást is cserélgethet öntudatlanul. Hangilag át-átvedlik. Furcsa jelenség, ugye? Lehet a fonetika és a prozódia nézőpontjából szemlélni, de a pszichológiáéból is. Ez utóbbit ritkán teszik, mert kevés mű foglalkozik behatóan a tolmácsolás pszichológiájával. A jelen könyv éppen ezt a hiányt pótolja. A hangon kívül a tolmácsolás sok más releváns és érdekes vonását is elemzi a pszichológia nézőpontjából.

PICT “Promoting Intercultural Competence in Translators” is the name of a project of the European Union, which ran from 2011-2013.

The core aim of the PICT project was to produce a comprehensive toolkit making it easy for HE institutions within the EU to introduce Intercultural Communication into their postgraduate programmes in Translation. A set of ready-made lesson plans and assessment materials is now freely available on-line in several languages. I have got a number of requests to upload the document. Please note that all materials are available on-line if you follow  the  attached link.

Background: Inuit interpreters are key players in end-of-life (EOL) care for Nunavik patients and families. This emotionally intensive work requires expertise in French, English and Inuit dialects to negotiate linguistic and cultural challenges. Cultural differences among medical institutions and Inuit communities can lead to value conflicts and moral dilemmas as interpreters navigate how best to transmit messages of care at EOL. Objectives: Our goal was to understand the experience of Inuit interpreters in the context of EOL care in Nunavik in order to identify training needs. Design: In the context of a larger ethnographic project on EOL care in Nunavik, we met with 24 current and former interpreters from local health centres and Montreal tertiary care contexts. Data included informal and formal interviews focusing on linguistic resources, experiences concerning EOL care, and suggestions for the development of interpretation training. Results: Inuit working as interpreters in Nunavik are hired to provide multiple services of which interpretation plays only a part. Many have no formal training and have few resources (e.g. visual aids, dictionaries) to draw upon during medical consultations. Given the small size of communities , many interpreters personally know their clients and often feel overwhelmed by moral dilemmas when translating EOL information for patients and families. The concept of moral distress is a helpful lens to make sense of their experience, including personal and professional repercussions. Conclusions: Inuit interpreters in Nunavik are working with little training yet in context with multiple linguistic and cultural challenges. Linguistic and cultural resources and focused training on moral dilemmas unique to circumpolar contexts could contribute to improved work conditions and ultimately to patient care.

Los cambios de paradigma en los Estudios de Traducción, descriptos como giros en la literatura del área, fueron el resultado de la influencia de los desarrollos producidos en disciplinas afines (Snell Hornby, 2006), y producto de la ampliación de intereses en cuanto al objeto de estudio —del estudio del producto a la investigación del proceso en su doble vertiente, cognitiva y ejecutiva (Tolosa, 2013), y a los estudios sociológicos del traductor (Chesterman, 2009). Con el advenimiento de las nuevas tecnologías e Internet, la traducción transita la etapa del giro tecnológico (Cronin, 2010), visible en un cambio radical en los modos de trabajo de los profesionales de la traducción. Los efectos de la era digital se manifiestan también en las innovaciones en los métodos de investigación y, en consecuencia, en las competencias necesarias para investigar. Ante este estado de situación de la profesión y de la investigación en los Estudios de Traducción, planteamos la necesidad de analizar los planes de estudios, a fin de evaluar el tipo de formación que reciben traductores e intérpretes de nuestro país. Presentamos datos cualitativos y cuantitativos que surgen del análisis de contenido de los planes de estudios de las carreras de grado y de postgrado para la formación de traductores e intérpretes, de universidades públicas y privadas. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, analizados a la luz del estado de situación de la profesión y de la investigación, nos permiten anticipar conclusiones acerca de las fortalezas y las ausencias en la formación de traductores e intérpretes argentinos.

Over the last decade, telephone interpreting (TI) has consolidated its presence in the public services of many countries around the world, including Spain. That is why increased attention is being paid to the need for training TI professionals who are able to face the challenges that this type of remote interpreting entails. Despite TI's specificities (the use of the telephone as the channel of communication, the interpreter's physical absence from the place of interaction, the lack of visual information and the immediacy with which the interpreter is accessed), it shares many features with face-to-face dialogue interpreting, one of them being the role of the interpreter as interaction coordinator to ensure communication flow between the primary parties. Nonetheless, the way coordination is performed when interpreting over the phone necessarily differs from on-site interpreting. This article aims to identify and describe the specific skills needed by telephone interpreters to manage interaction between participants in conversation. Some of them are not exclusive to TI, but must be readapted for use with the telephone. These skills could potentially be used as the starting point to design a specific comprehensive training in TI.

The University of Bologna/Forlì offers students of the MA in Interpreting a course in Methods and Technologies for Interpreting. A recent addition to the software presented to students is InterpretBank, a CAI tool designed to assist interpreters during the entire workflow of an interpreting assignment. We conducted a pilot study to collect information on the students’ use of CAI tools to look up terminology in the booth. The aim was to verify how such tools can be integrated in the curriculum by identifying potential issues and suggesting solutions. We ran an experiment with 12 MA interpreting students to observe their behaviour during the simultaneous interpreting of terminology-dense texts. Experience seems to play a key role in helping students integrate the tool in their workflow in the booth. Some students, however, tend to excessively rely on the software program, while others see it as a source of distraction and find it hard to focus on the delivery. There is reason to belie...

Parallel texts seem to constitute a contested notion within the framework of disciplines using the term (e.g. Translation Studies, Interpreting Studies, Corpus Linguistics, Computational Linguistics). Based on an extended view on the notion of " comparability " which underlies the definition of parallel texts, this paper will attempt a broader conception of parallel texts, based on their intra-and interlingual dimension, and it will show their relevance for Translation and Interpreting didactics. An overview of the definition of parallel texts will be given in the first section, followed by the presentation of an extended definition with applications in the didactics, and thus the process, of both Translation and Interpreting.

English abstract
This book is the first worldwide handbook of Portuguese Technical Translation. It covers theoretical texts on writing, translating and creating terminological neologisms; it also covers practical subjects in technical translation, such as internationalization, localization, and project management, CAT tools, QA issues, checklists, and international standards. It also presents the largest Portuguese terminological vocabulary in this domain.

Resumo em Português
Este livro é o primeiro manual de tradução técnica em toda a Língua Portuguesa. Abrange textos teóricos acerca de escrita, tradução e criação de neologismos terminológicos; abrange também temas práticos em tradução técnica, tais como questões sobre internacionalização, localização e gestão de projetos, ferramentas CAT, procedimentos de garantia de qualidade, listas de verificação e normas internacionais. Apresenta ainda, neste domínio, o maior vocabulário terminológico em português.

This is a study about the integration of translation technology in a course named Translation of Specific Fields IV given at the Division of Translation and Interpreting in English of Istanbul University. The educator of the course decided to make use of a ‘cloud-based translation management system (TMS)’. The term can be defined as a translation management system where the translation memory system and all other resources for translation are hosted on a remote server and can be accessed via Internet. The purpose of study was to find out whether the use of this type of translation tool in translation courses can help students become self- and life-long learners and what advantages and disadvantages this practice can offer. For this purpose, the author (who was also the educator) made use of her observations on her own course practices. It was seen that cloud-based TMSs could easily be integrated in translation courses. Advantages are more than disadvantages. The advantages are not only for the students but also for educators and
departments. These systems could be used in a way that contributes to self-learning and self-discovery skills of students.
Keywords: Cloud-based translation management systems, IT translation, technology
integration, translation technology, translation education.

Camayd-Freixas, Erik. “Court Interpreter Ethics and the Role of Professional Organizations.” Christina Schäffner, Krzysztof Kredens, and Ivonne Fowler, eds. Interpreting in a Changing Landscape: Selected Papers from Critical Link 6. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2013. 15-30.

The changing landscape in interpreting includes a recent trend toward criminalizing unauthorized immigration, giving rise to a procedurally and ethically ambiguous area of the law: " crimmigration. " Its contradictions in terms of constitutional, civil, and human rights came to the fore in the 2008 Postville, Iowa immigration raid and mass felony prosecutions, a landmark case that challenged interpreter codes of ethics and the role of professional organizations in responding to such challenges. This paper examines both the intrinsic and interpretive limitations of existing ethical codes through a historical analysis of their development in relation to the main traditions in ethical theory – deontology, consequentialism, moral sentiments, and virtue ethics – and using Postville as a practical case study. Recommendations are made for an in-depth revision of interpreter codes and the proactive leadership role of professional organizations, proposing as model the interpreter code of ethics of the Massachusetts Trial Courts.

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

In the past, the working conditions of audiovisual translators in general, and subtitlers in particular, have tended to be veiled in mystery, with very few works written on the topic. In the case of subtitling, this is mainly because the majority of subtitlers tend to work on a freelance basis. Since contractors work alone, independently and very frequently in isolation, it is difficult for outsiders to gain an understanding of their profession and working conditions. This has also restricted the circulation of information among the professionals themselves. In order to present a clearer picture of the working environment in which subtitlers operate, as well as an overview of the realities defining the interlingual subtitling industry, an online survey was distributed among subtitlers across the world.

The present paper reports the researchers’ recent experience of developing a new undergrad program for translator education, traditionally known as the English Language Translator Training program in Iran. The new program is expected to
replace the old one which was initially developed as the result of the Cultural Revolution after the establishment of the Islamic Republic, modified and nationally implemented in 1990 and again partially modified in 1995. The aim of the new
program is to localize this brand of knowledge and practice, improve and update it. The huge time lapse since the last modification means a huge distance from present day teaching materials, teaching methods and market requirements. The
gap seems to have forced many translator trainers away from the program and its outdated goals, course descriptions and textbooks into uncertain idiosyncratic syllabi based on diverse personal experiences or expectations, copied and transferred
from other disciplines such as EFL and linguistics. To develop the program, first a list of 61 required and elective courses was prepared based on the existing experience and the most recent trends in translation pedagogy. 82 university lecturers and
professors were contacted through a general call, of whom about 40 agreed to write course descriptions, based on a guideline provided by the researchers. The course descriptions were collected and then reviewed in terms of content,
teaching materials, methods, textbooks and references, finalized and approved by a group of curriculum developers and specialists in the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The new program developed in line with insights
from PACTE (2003/2011) translation competence model. The focus on competences is apparent in the courses, syllabi and suggested methods for teaching. One major finding of the project was that to implement the program and to train more
qualified and cognizant translators, we need more proficient educators, thus a teacher education plan, together with new teaching materials and textbooks is required. The new program is expected to snowball into a translator education movement in the country in the next few years.

This introduction to the ITT special issue on Ethics and the Curriculum argues the need to engage more systematically with ethical issues in the context of translator and interpreter training, particularly in view of recent technological, social, political and professional developments that are yet to be explored in the literature in terms of ethical implications. The authors argue that accountability is now a key issue in all professions, and that the responsibility of translators and interpreters extends beyond clients to include the wider community to which they belong. In order for students to embrace this responsibility and develop an awareness of their impact on society, the classroom must be configured as an open space for reflection and experimentation. The article proposes types of activity that may be incorporated in the translation and interpreting curriculum in order to provide students with an opportunity to reflect on ethical questions in their own work and in the work of other translators and interpreters and it outlines some of the challenges posed to educators in this context.

As a crucial communication material, the brand name exhibits its growing importance in the worldwide communication. It is a special text with a strong function and a clear persuasive purpose. This paper aims to explore the translation strategy and methods of English brand names from the perspective of culture. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. The translation methods should be based on the text's function and the target culture. This paper is a tentative study of the guiding strategy and possible methods used in English brand names translation by analyzing the Chinese and English brand names, and how they fulfill the function of promoting products and enhancing the cultural exchange in the hope of offering a new perspective in the brand name translation practice. The study used the Skopostheorie as the guiding theory and strategy to analyze English brand names, which were selected from the brand names database " brandirectory ". It is found that the translation should follow the target-culture oriented strategy to conform to the habitual use of target language, social culture and aesthetics in target market.

This paper presents partial results of a multiple-case study of English to Polish translation students who enrolled in a three-semester undergraduate translation course in western Poland. The author analyses the students’ web searching skills before and after a 4-month intervention. The research question the author addresses is whether and how the increased expert searching skills developed by the students influence their search speed and accuracy. In a broader context, this paper constitutes a part of a research project that examines the development of information competence in undergraduate translation students.

V práci predkladám konkrétny návrh hodnotiaceho formulára na hodnotenie vlastného tlmočníckeho výkonu študentov, ktorý sa dá využiť vo výučbe tlmočenia, ale aj v samostatnej práci študentov. Detailný popis tvorby formulára, ako aj iné zaujímavé zistenia nájdete v mojej dizertačnej práci s názvom Hodnotiaci formulár ako nástroj tlmočníckej sebareflexie u študentov: didaktické východiská.

Шлепнев Д.Н. Теория перевода: введение в ремесло. Учебник. — М.: «Р.Валент», 2020. 528 с. ISBN 978-5-93439-579-8

Настоящее издание призвано ввести начинающего переводчика в профессию. В пособии отражены базовые представления о профессиональном переводе как специфической деятельности, осознание которых необходимо прежде всего для качественной работы, но также (если возникнет желание) и для последующих научных изысканий.
Пособие в первую очередь адресовано переводчикам-дебютантам – тем, кто начинает свой путь в мир перевода.
Пособие может использоваться на занятиях по теории перевода, а также для самостоятельного изучения.
Направления подготовки: 45.03.02 - Лингвистика, 45.04.02 - Лингвистика 45.05.01 - Перевод и переводоведение.

This paper examines conference preparation (CP) as a skill which veteran interpreters learn and perfect over time. It sets CP in the context of processing models and expertise studies, and identifies the centrality of acquiring knowledge to both subject matter and meeting context and dynamics. Components of CP are identified and discussed. A proposal for a short course on CP is outlined and illustrated in the framework of a simulated session based on an actual conference. While a flexible structure is suggested to make the course adaptable to different curricular and student needs, core ideas are discussed on how CP skills can be introduced to students to facilitate their transition to the world of work.

Este artículo presenta un panorama de la situación actual de la formación de intérpretes y la investigación en el campo de la interpretación en Chile y los principales desafíos y oportunidades que se presentan para el desarrollo de los estudios de interpretación en Chile. La formación de intérpretes en Chile se imparte mayoritariamente a nivel de pregrado, en planes curriculares en los que las habilidades para la interpretación se desarrollan en simultaneidad con la adquisición de la segunda lengua; y la combinación lingüística más frecuente es el inglés-español. En particular, los desafíos que enfrenta la formación de intérpretes son principalmente la adecuación a las necesidades de comunidades locales, como los pueblos originarios y los inmigrantes. Asimismo, los profesionales del país cuentan con escasas oportunidades de perfeccionamiento profesional y no hay aún oferta de programas a nivel de postgrado, lo que impide el desarrollo de una comunidad profesional más cohesionada. En el ámbito de la investigación, se están desarrollando líneas de investigación muy pertinentes en áreas como la historia de los intérpretes en el contexto colonial chileno y el estudio psicolingüístico del proceso de interpretación. Sin embargo, surge la necesidad de fortalecer la disciplina con una masa crítica de académicos que impulsen su desarrollo a través de investigaciones interdisciplinarias, arraigadas en las necesidades locales. Estos vacíos presentan una excelente oportunidad de crecimiento para los estudios de interpretación en Chile.

[SLOVAK] Autorka sa v teoretickej časti zaoberá otázkou hodnotenia kvality tlmočenia a otázkou tlmočníckej sebareflexie, ponúka prehľad poznatkov v domácej aj zahraničnej literatúre na obe témy a predstavuje existujúce hodnotiace formuláre ako nástroje tlmočníckej sebareflexie. Na základe preštudovanej literatúry autorka predstavuje vlastný návrh hodnotiaceho formulára určeného na tlmočnícku sebareflexiu študentov, ktorý je založený na kombinácii kvantitatívneho a kvalitatívneho hodnotenia tlmočenia. Na základe hodnotiaceho formulára sa tlmočenie hodnotí najskôr kvantitatívne – pomocou kritérií rozdelených do troch sekciií: prednes, jazyka a obsah, a následne dáva formulár priestor aj na kvalitatívne ohodnotenie tlmočenia stručným slovným popisom. Formulár je určený na dlhodobú tlmočnícku sebareflexiu, v rámci ktorej študent systematicky pracuje na svojich nedostatkoch. Dizertačná práca prináša okrem výsledkov troch etáp testovania formulára aj porovnanie tlmočníckej sebareflexie s troma objektívnejšími typmi hodnotenia tlmočenia (hodnotenie spolužiakmi, hodotenie príjemcami, a propozičná analýza). Autorka prichádza k záveru, že pomocou tlmočníckej sebareflexie môžu študenti spozorovať viditeľné zlepšenie svojho tlmočenia už počas niekoľkých týždňov.
Kľúčové slová: tlmočnícka sebareflexia, sebahodnotenie tlmočenia, kvalita tlmočenia, hodnotiaci formulár, didaktika tlmočenia

[ENGLISH] The theoretical part of the thesis deals with quality assessment in interpreting as well as with interpreters‘ retrospection. It provides an overview of Slovak and foreign literature on the topic and presents existing self-assessment sheets. The author then proposes a new self-assessment sheet for simultaneous interpreting which consists of a combination of quantitative and qualitative evaluation. An interpreting output is first assessed quantitatively based on assessment criteria in three sections – delivery, language and content, and then it is assessed qualitatively using words. The sheet is meant for a long-term self-assessment which enables students to work on their deficiencies in interpreting. Besides three stages of testing of the self-assessment sheet, the thesis also presents a comparison of self-assessment of interpreting with three other, more objective types of assessment (peer review, user evaluation and propositional analysis). The research has shown that a regular process of interpreters‘ retrospection with students can lead to a visible improvement of their interpreting skills within as little as a few weeks.
Key words: interpreters‘ retrospection, self-assessment of interpreting, interpreting quality, self-assessment sheet, didactics of interpreting

We live in a world which is globalized and where international relations are much more active than ever. As people do not speak common language, need for translation and interpreting is more crucial in this regard. We cannot think of close contacts among states, societies, people and businesses without the mediation of translation and interpreting than before. Thus, translation and interpreting have became crucial and are playing a very important role in human interactions. International law, which regulates relations between organizations and states, has also gained importance. Thus, it can be said that international law (as a result of this translation and interpreting as well) has also become more crucial. Thus, legal translation has also become important among the other domains of translation. However, translating and interpreting are not easy at all. There is no room for error in translation and interpreting as legal consequences may follow. Legal translation involves very complex matters and specialized terminology. This is why it is extremely important to assign the legal translation task to a translator who is well qualified and specialized to handle translation of legal documents. The field of legal translation in Kosovo is not so much developed. There is a limited work and study done in this regard. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a modest contribution in this regard with description and discussion of the issues regarding translation of legal texts. Solutions offered herein may be taken as a basis for further research.

The study aimed to correlate the reading comprehension and translation performance of English linguistic students, then inform some pedagogical implications for the teaching of reading comprehension in translation classes in order to enhance the translation quality performed by the students. To this end, 45 junior students of English linguistics specialization of Hung Vuong University, including 5 males and 40 females, aged from 20 to 22, were subject to a TOEFL reading comprehension test and a translation performance test (ATA guidelines, 2011). Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation, SPSS version 20.0. The coefficient correlation of students' reading comprehension and their translation performance was noted 0.721 at the significant level of 0.01. It was found that the Reading comprehension was closely related to translation performance. Along the reading comprehension question types, translation performance was affected by the ability to determine gist and main ideas of the text, identify the vocabulary, infer the implied meanings and identify the writer's style and attitudes. The results were discussed, and implications for teaching reading comprehension to enhance translation performance were presented.

Sight translation is widely used in the T&I classroom as a pedagogical tool to enhance trainees’ acquisition of interpreting skills and as a communicative tool to prepare trainees for the translation market. Sight translation, as a separate course, or at least as a necessary component of an interpreting course, is increasingly visible in most T&I programs. However, the pedagogy of sight translation is a rarely touched upon topic in the current literature. This article discusses the design of a sight translation course as a stepping stone for interpreting courses in an undergraduate program. Graves’ course development model (2000) is adapted to serve as the framework of course design. Drawing on findings from previous research, the author describes the five initial elements of course design: context definition, articulation of beliefs, content conceptualization, goals and objectives formulation, and course organization. This article aims at inspiring fellow trainers to design sight translation courses and other T&I courses in a scientific and systematic way.

Technological developments affecting translation industry from several perspectives have recently started to catch the attention of translation scholars as well. This study investigates the place of translation technologies in Turkish translation education context. Besides, the current thesis describes the final point arrived at the use of computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools in academic translation education in our country and presents pedagogical suggestions in this regard. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used in the thesis.

Çeviri sektörünü birçok açıdan etkisi altına alan teknolojik gelişmeler son yıllarda çeviribilimcilerin de ilgisini çekmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye örnekleminde çeviri teknolojilerinin çeviri eğitimindeki konumunu sorgulamaktadır. Bunun yanında bu tez, akademik çeviri eğitiminde ülkemizde bilgisayar-destekli çeviri (BDÇ) araçlarının kullanımı adına gelinen son noktayı betimlemekte ve bu bağlamda pedagojik tavsiyeler sunmaktadır. Tez içerisinde hem nitel hem de nicel veri toplama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır

This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets were analyzed based on House's functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of " mistranslation " , 15 instances of " grammatical mistakes " , six instances of " addition " , six instances of " omission " and four instances of " substitution ". The only covert error was " tenor mismatch " in all sample sentences. The study findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students' translation. Moreover, awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective way.

The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti " s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target-language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place. Other procedures " frequencies show no meaningful difference. Once implemented on more cases, the findings of this study have the potentialities of generalization to identify the most frequently occurred errors in movie translation industry and henceforth suggesting translation solutions for rendering dubbing and subtitling with more degree of naturalness.

An interaction between a mental health professional and a person with a mental illness is in many ways different from an interaction between a general healthcare professional and a person with a physical condition. In a mental health interaction, elicitation and demonstration of symptoms, monitored testing, initial diagnosis, therapy, recovery and/or management of symptoms all occur via interactions where the ability to openly communicate, to build rapport and to gain the trust and confidence are critical. Where the mental health professional and the person with a mental illness do not have a common language, the work of the interpreter in building this relationship is critical. The mental health interpreter's renditions therefore play a key role in the work of the mental health professional, as s/he is reliant on these to work effectively with the patient.

The guidelines in this document provide the following: definitions of key terms, protocols, a discussion of ethical considerations, self-care in mental interpreting, content knowledge, and patients’ rights and legal terms. Information on medico-legal tribunals and legislation is also provided. These guidelines are intended to assist interpreters so that they can work optimally in mental health interactions with both mental health professional and patient.

Translation quality assessment is at the heart of any theory of translation. It is used in the academic or teaching contexts to judge translations, to discuss their merits and demerits and to suggest solutions. However, literary translations needs more consideration in terms of quality and clarity as it is widely read form of translation. In this respect, Persian literary translation of Kite Runner was taken for investigation based on House's (2014) functional pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. To this end, around 100 pages from the beginning of both English and Persian versions of the novel were selected and compared. Using House's model, the profile of the source text register was created and the genre was recognized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The results were minute mismatches in field, tenor, and mode which accounted for as overt erroneous expressions and leading matches which were accounted for as covert translation. The mismatches were some mistranslations of tenses and selection of inappropriate meanings for the lexicon. Since the informal and culture specific terms were transferred thoroughly, the culture filter was not applied. Besides, as the translation was a covert one. The findings of the study have implications for translators, researchers and translator trainers.

Sembolik formlar sosyolojisi, toplumsal soyutlukların değil, somut ve yaşadığımız dünyanın sosyolojisidir. Sembolik formlar, yaşadığımız kültürlerdeki sembollerin, sembollere yüklenen anlamların, davranışlarımızı ve metinleri etkileme biçimidir. Metinler üzerinden sosyolojik bir çözümlemeden söz edecek olursak; söz konusu sembol değerler bize, toplumsal kültürün canlı yaşama yüklediği anlamlar ve insanların bu anlamlarla hayata bakışını ifade ederler. Her toplumun kendi kültürüne özgü sembolik değerleri ve bu değerlerin toplumdan topluma kesin çizgilerle farklılaşması, hatta kendi içinde bile farklılaşması, toplumların durağanlığından çok dinamizmini göstermektedir. Özellikle, çeviri aracılığıyla sembol aktarımı, sembollerin birbirleriyle karşılaşmalarını, kültürlerin kendi sembol değerlerinin farkına varmalarını sağlamakla, toplumsal örgüyü daha değerli hale getirmektedirler. Örneğin, spor müsabakalarında çalınan ulusal marşlar, ulusların sembolik değerlerinin canlılığını gösteren ve her ulusun kendine özgü, farklı fakat aynı derece değerli, anlam yüklü formları olarak ortaya çıkarlar.

Rezumat În această lucrare, ne propunem să abordăm diferite teorii ale specialiştilor din domeniul traducerii cu scopul de a realiza o sinteză a concepţiilor referitoare la noţiunea de competenţă a traducătorului, dintr-o dublă perspectivă: comunicativă şi interpretativă.

Subtitles are a transcription or translation of a film, video and television presentations displayed as text on the lower part of the screen. An emotion is basically defined as a mental and physiological state associated with thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The preparation of film subtitles imposes certain requirements that make this type of translation complex. One of the constraints with subtitles is the failure sometimes to indicate the emotional nuances of dialogue, such as intonation, volume, and other vital information which may be required to fully comprehend the message conveyed. Consequently, the wrong use of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) techniques and strategies may lead to communication problems for the receiving audience. The aim of this article was therefore to i) identify the difficulties faced by the translator/subtitler in the translation of emotions in the subtitling process of the film Paris à tout prix from French into English for multilingual context viewers in Cameroon and ii) establish the strategies used in this process and propose solutions where necessary. The methodology involved the viewing of the two versions of the film [French version (Paris a tout prix) and its subtitled English version (Paris at any cost)], identification of emotions cases in the two versions, examination of the subtitling strategies used to translate the identified emotions in the films and highlighting inherent difficulties in rendering them into the target language of the audience. Findings revealed that the translator/subtitler used the strategies of modulation and adaptation to improve understanding of emotions in the film and thereby facilitating communication issues in the target language of the viewers. Proposals aimed at improving the quality of the subtitles of the film in particular and, the quality of Cameroonian audiovisual products in general are made where necessary.

This descriptive, library research considers the effects of globalization on the cultural acceptability of words and expressions transmitted to different linguistic-cultural communities via audiovisual materials through mass media such as movies industry, satellite channels or the internet. As words and expressions carry overlays other than lexical, the early assumption is that they have associations which are not acceptable in the culture of recipient communities. This is especially true about audiovisual texts that are highly culture-bound in form and communication style. The first question is whether globalization has positive or negative impact on translation as a whole. The second question is whether globalization can improve cultural acceptability and tolerance of cultural differences demonstrated in audiovisual products translated through various languages. The hypothesis is that due to technological advancement and globalization, mass media has acted as a facilitator among cultures in recent decades. The findings of the study show that the growing trend of globalization together with the fast pace of information technology and access to transnational satellites has brought cultures closer together. As well, introducing culture-specific terms to global viewers or readers has created linguistic connections among communities and many of such terms are now accepted and used by different people around the globe. Consequently, translation has become an easier task and a higher acceptability of translated audiovisual texts is achieved helping communities share cultures. Based on the findings, less known languages and cultures are encouraged to produce high-quality audiovisual products for global media and provide translations into different languages to have a share in global circulation of culture. Translators are also advised to make smarter choices for translation into/from their languages because they are assumed a higher status in the transfer of culture in a globalized world.

Translation profession has witnessed some technological innovations in recent years. The triggering reason behind these innovations has been the ever-increasing workload. Translation tools came to be seen as an aid to handle this workload. To this end, emerging translation technologies have come to front. There are many studies that take professional translators' views about these technologies into consideration. However, the studies dealing with the acceptance of these tools by translation students or investigating their attitudes towards these tools are limited. In this study, translation students' attitudes towards translation technologies are analyzed with pre-and post-test questionnaires based on some research questions. The analysis shows that there are some statistically significant differences between pre-and post-test scores obtained with the questionnaires applied before and after the training. This result supports the view that students develop a positive attitude...

Many techniques have been applied in the interpretation and translation in the field of tourism guiding. This research paper focuses on the interpreting techniques of tour guides in North Sumatra. It seeks the types and the capabilities of tour guides in interpretation of the meanings of heritage of tourist destinations in North Sumatra. Data of this research were collected through document analysis, interviews, and analyzed using interactive data analysis in ancient tombs of Kings Sidabutar and the traditional house of Karonese Siwaluh Jabu at Dokan village in Karo district. The findings of this study showed that there were eight interpreting techniques applied by the tour guides in consecutive and liaison interpreting modes. The summarizing was the dominant technique. It was applied in order to clarify the objects.