Equivalence in Translation

The aim of this paper is to investigate Polish equivalents of English phrasal verbs as found in an English-Polish (E-P) parallel corpus PHRAVERB. Given the semantic idiosyncrasy exhibited by phrasal verbs, it is assumed that the equivalents generated by PHRAVERB will often differ from those found in E-P dictionaries. The qualitative corpus analysis aims to show that arriving at the desirable Polish counterpart involves a detailed semantic breakdown of the English structure, a careful analysis of the context in which it is used, as well as linguistic and translation skills, necessary to detect the nuances and subtleties of meaning in both languages. PHRAVERB is used to analyze the lexicographic potential (LP) of corpus equivalents. Four levels of LP have been established – high, average, low and zero – to evaluate which corpus-derived equivalents are eligible for inclusion in E-P dictionaries. To this end, 2,514 occurrences of PVs in the parallel corpus, with their equivalents, have been identified and analyzed.

In our  article we present the translation of English modal meanings in Hungarian target texts. We analysed English and Hungarian law and literal text from that point of view. The differences show the slight change or modification of modal meanings. The study after the theoretical dabate about modal meanings, presents the forms of modification of modal values in translation, and emphasizes that the differences are often rooted in the different modal categories at word level of Hungarian and English. Someteimes the modell meaning differences at syntax level can change the meaning of a whole passage of a text. The analyses show that in the translation the modal meanings are metainformation, which need extra attention in the translation activity.

This paper consists both of the translation of a medical research article from English into Polish and the critical commentary. Published in Thyroid Research in 2016, the article explores the development of a predictive model for malignancy in thyroid nodules. The anticipated translational challenges lie in the source text’s specialised medical terminology, tight texture and complex syntactical structures. The overall strategy for translating the text into Polish is determined by the hypothetical brief, indicating the target audience and the text’s functional goal. As a departure point, the commentary presents prevalent Translation Studies theories, followed by discussion of the source text’s intra and extratextual features in the light of possible translation challenges. Owing to different conventions of text production between cultures, the translator is bound to manage pragmatic divergences between the source and the target context to recreate textuality in all its dimensions.  Thus, the commentary further explores the lexical, phraseological, grammatical, textual and pragmatic challenges associated with translating a medical research article for a linguistically and culturally different readership. Subsequently, the procedures applied to overcome these problems are critically evaluated as a part of the translator’s decision-making process. The commentary also assesses translation technology tools as an aid in enhancing the translator’s productivity as well as the reliability of the resources employed in the rendering process.

The manual contains theoretical material and assignments envisaged by the course "Essentials of technical translation" for university students of linguistics and translation departments. Structurally, the manual consists of seven sections distributed among three main parts: "Lexical and grammatical units in translation", "Transformations in translation", "Text units in translation". Theoretical material, practical guidelines and 62 assignments contained in the manual are aimed at developing skills and techniques that are requisite for translating technical texts of different genres (academic papers, press and advertisement, patents) from English into Russian.

The main goal of the following thesis is to analyse the correctness of the audiovisual translation of the movie The Green Mile based on Stephen King's book of the same title and the leading theory for the analysis is the theory of equivalence in translation.
The paper consists of six chapters that are as follows: Introduction, Audiovisual Translation (AVT), Grounds for the main analysis: Theory of equivalence, The Green Mile, Analysis of Audiovisual Translation of the film The Green Mile, and Conclusion.
The second chapter includes the brief history and division of translation studies and their development as well as specification of manners and methods of translation, particularly the audiovisual translation including subtitling, dubbing, and voice-over which is typical for Poland.
The third chapter presents the list of key theorists in the field, namely – Roman Jakobson, John C. Catford, Eugene A. Nida and C.R. Taber, J.P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet, Juliane House, and Mona Baker. The aim of the chapter is to explore various approaches towards the notion of equivalence and provide the grounds for making the final choice.
Moreover, in order to introduce to the reader the nature of the movie in question, chapter four is entirely devoted to present the history of the Green Mile's author, director and plot, its leading and supporting characters as well as the comparison of the movie and the book.
The fifth chapter contains the main analysis which focuses on consistency and coherence of translation according to the four notions stated by Mona Baker. Each of the analysed 37 scenes has a title defining the scope of analysis, description of the scene in
order to introduce the context to the reader, source text (ST), target text (TT), and the analysis of the translation.
The final findings can be found in the chapter six including conclusions for the analysis in question.

In this interdisciplinary book, Juliane House breaks new ground by situating translation within Applied Linguistics. In thirteen chapters, she examines translation as a means of communication across different languages and cultures and provides a critical overview of different approaches to translation, of the link between culture and translation, and between views of context and text in translation. Featuring an account of translation from a linguistic-cognitive perspective, House covers problematic issues such as the existence of universals of translation, cases of untranslatability and ways and means of assessing the quality of a translation. Recent methodological and research avenues such as the role of corpora in translation and the effects of globalization processes on translation are presented in a neutral, non-biased manner. The book concludes with a thorough, historical account of the role of translation in foreign language learning and teaching and a discussion of the new challenges and problems of the professional practice of translation in our world today. Written by a highly experienced teacher and researcher in the field, Translation as Communication across Languages and Cultures is an essential resource for students and researchers of Translation Studies, Applied Linguistics and Communication Studies.
(This text was made available at the following website:
https://www.pdfdrive.com/translation-as-communication-across-languages-and-cultures-e175448456.html)

Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Vol.6. No.2 June 2015                         
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Lexical Problems in English to Arabic Translation: A Critical Analysis of Health Documents in Australia



Nidal Alhihi
German Jordanian University in Amman Jordan




Abstract
This study empirically examines lexical translation problems encountered by accredited translators in English Arabic Translations. Its main aim is to identify whether lexical errors occur in professionally translated documents and investigate the type of lexical errors occurring as well as identify the possible reasons for them. Five translated health documents in New South Wales were randomly, lexical errors were counted and then analyzed. The functionalist approach has been adopted in this research.  Analysis of the errors was mainly focusing on semantics. The lexical errors found were related but not limited to additions, omissions, compounds, synonyms collocations and inconsistencies. More extensive research is required to identify additional types of lexical errors found in professionally translated documents. This research has many limitations due to the paucity of data and its inability to accommodate for all types of errors and their related factors. Therefore, more research is required in this field in order to improve translation outcomes. The findings affirm the hypothesis that lexical errors are made by accredited as well as student translators. It does not reveal conclusively, however, that errors at the lexical level are due to complex and or new lexical items.

Keywords: equivalence, lexis, semantic, translation errors,

This paper, which I wrote as part of my Ph.D. study in Bible Translation at the University of the Free State (South Africa), provides an up-to-date historical and theoretical survey of the important notion of "equivalence" as used in contemporary translation studies, with special reference to Bible translating. The recent perspective of "complexity theory" is applied in a concluding comparative evaluation of the equivalence approach as applied by Eugene Nida and Christiane Nord.

I welcome any feedback on this paper.

This study posits that the translation of the Bible into the Igbo language engendered the elaboration of the language to enable it express the ideas and concepts borne in the Christian religion. Language elaboration, as used in this work, refers to the expansion of the functions of a language, i.e. use of the language in new domains, introduction of new lexical and semantic elements to the repertoire of the language. Four research questions guided the analysis carried out in the work: What lexical processes were adopted in creating new terms in Bible translation into Igbo? What strategies were employed in representing Christian concepts in the Bible translations? How have these lexical and conceptual innovations evolved across the different translations? How have the lexical and conceptual innovations spread among Igbo speakers? To answer these questions, two types of analysis are carried out: a textual analysis of a corpus of terms created and introduced into Igbo through eight Igbo Bible translations, and an analysis of a questionnaire survey on the spread of some of these new terms and concepts in contemporary Igbo usage. Findings show that the Bible translations enriched the Igbo lexicon mainly through the processes of compounding, descriptive phrases and lexical borrowing. Secondly, the translations introduced Christian concepts into Igbo mainly by appropriating existing terms for Igbo concepts and giving them new significations in the Igbo Bible. Thirdly, later translations lexically and semantically differentiated Christian concepts from traditional Igbo concepts. They also differentiated two Christian concepts by representing them with distinct terms where the earlier translations represented the concepts with the same term, thereby facilitating the emergence of an Igbo Christian register. Fourthly, some of the Biblical innovations are restricted to use within Christian religious contexts, thereby suggesting the emergence of an Igbo Christian register. However, many others have spread into Igbo beyond their use in the Bible and some have acquired new meanings in the language and also got entries in Igbo dictionaries

This study examines Equivalence, an approach that has been largely discussed, and Skopos Theory which was suggested by Hans J. Vermeer. To that end, scientific findings on this topic, as well as analogical and distinctive characteristics of the theories in question are disputed at length. Introduction of an objective and functional translational method that can be employed in Equivalence and providing Werner Koller’s Equivalence with an alternative perspective are among
the objects of this study. This is followed by the discussions of the functionality of Skopos theory, suggestions for possible implications of text-based methods and the introduction of alternative approaches to the theory. The procedural “Equivalence Pyramid” generated for the Equivalence approach is examined in terms of its functionality and applicability through the study of the Turkish translations of Bertolt Brecht’s selected works. On the other hand, theses and antitheses on
Skopos have also been analysed and based on a joint method for both Equivalence approach and Skopos theory, a text-based review has been carried out. The outcome of this study is that Equivalence Pyramid can be utilised for all types of translational texts. Finally, it has been concluded that Skopos theory does not substantially respond to the text-based descriptive methodology addressed within the scope of this study.

Keywords: Translation Studies, Equivalence, Equivalence Pyramid, Skopos Theory, Method.


ÖZET
Çalışmada, Çeviribilim alanında tartışıla gelmiş Eşdeğerlik yaklaşımı ve yine bu alanda Hans J. Vermeer tarafından ortaya atılmış olan Skopos Kuramı konuları ele alınmıştır. Bu konulara dair bilimsel tespitler tartışılmış, benzer ve farklı yönleri ele alınmıştır. Amaçlar arasında öncelikle Eşdeğerliğe çeviri için başvurulabilecek nesnel ve işlevsel bir yöntem getirebilmek, Werner Koller’in Eşdeğerlik sınıflandırmasına farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırabilmek yer almaktadır. Sonraki hedefler ise, Skopos kuramının işlevselliğini tartışmak, metne dayalı yöntemle ne gibi
çıkarımlarda bulunulabileceğini ortaya koymak ve bu kurama yönelik farklı yaklaşımlar getirebilmek olmuştur. Eşdeğerlik yaklaşımına yönelik yöntemsel bir “Eşdeğerlik Piramidi” belinlenmiş, belirlenen bu piramidin işlevselliği ve uygulanabilirliği Bertolt Brecht’in seçilmiş eserlerinin Türkçe çevirilerinden örnekler üzerinde tartışılmıştır. Bunun neticesinde, Eşdeğerlik piramidine her türden çeviri metni için başvurulabileceği öngörülmüştür. Skopos kuramında ise savlar ve karşı savlar ele alınmış, mevcut bilgiler üzerinde farklı saptamalar yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Hem Eşdeğerlik yaklaşımı hem de Skopos kuramı için alternatif yöntemler
geliştirilmeye çalışılmış ve metne dayalı betimsel bir yöntemle eleştirel bir inceleme yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca Skopos kuramında belirlenen yönteme dayalı cevaplanması planlanan sorular bağlamında, salt metne dayalı betimsel bir yöntemin tam olarak yeterli olmadığı tespit
edilmiştir. Seçilen örnekler üzerinde yapılan incelemeler neticesinde, çalışmanın amacına yönelik sorular tartışılmış, sonuç bölümünde elde edilen çıkarımlara yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Çeviribilim, Eşdeğerlik, Eşdeğerlik Piramidi, Skopos Kuramı, Yöntem

ÖZ:
Çeviribilim bağlamında yapılan eşdeğerlik tanımlamaları ve sınıflandırmaları, genellikle kesin bir sonuç ve çıkarım içermemekle birlikte, hâlihazırda en çok tartışılan konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Muallâkta kalan ve belki de tartışmaların odak noktasını oluşturan husus, eşdeğerliğin çeviri çalışmalarında uygulanabilir olup olmadığıdır. Bunun yanı sıra, uygulanabilir kabul edilen sınıflandırmalar ise, genel geçer bir kabul görememekte ve bu yüzden uygulamada nasıl bir yol çizileceği ile ilgili tereddütleri beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Çeviribilim alanı çerçevesinde eşdeğerlik tanımlamalarına imkân dahilinde yer verilmeye çalışılmış, Werner Koller’in Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft (Çeviribilime Giriş) kitabında yapmış olduğu tanımlama ve sınıflandırma üzerinde durulmuş, yapılmış olan sınıflandırmanın ise çeviri işleminde kaynak dil ve hedef dil bağlamında uygulanabilirliği tartışılmıştır. Amaç, Koller’in sunmuş olduğu eşdeğerlik sınıflandırmasını çeviri çalışmaları için daha fazla uygulanabilir hale getirmek ve başvuru niteliğinde genel bir sınıflandırma yaklaşımı sağlayabilmektir. Burada tartışılmış olan kuramsal nitelikteki sınıflandırma, metne dayalı yöntem kullanılarak belirlenmiş olan edebi metinlerden seçilen alıntı bölümlerle örneklendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Koller eşdeğerliği beş ana grupta sınıflandırmıştır. Onun yapmış olduğu bu sınıflandırma, büyük ölçüde adı geçen sınıflandırma türlerine ait çeviri metinlerde uygulanabilir durumdadır. Ancak bir tek çeviri metni için beş ayrı sınıflandırmanın her birinin uygulanabilir olması maksadıyla, bir eşdeğerlik piramidi oluşturulmuştur. Yapılan incelemelerle ve örnekler üzerinde gösterilen uygulamalarla, eşdeğerlik piramidinin çeviri işlemi esnasında başvuru niteliğinde kullanılabileceği, kaynak metni hedef dile aktarırken ise uygulanabilir olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Çeviribilim. Werner Koller, Eşdeğerlik, Eşdeğerlik Piramidi

This chapter aims at comparing two main kinds of equivalence in translation: semantic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. In contemporary translation theory, the concept of equivalence has played a central role in clarifying the relationship between an original (source text) and a translation (target text). This chapter also aims at understanding whether it is possible to reconcile semantic and pragmatic equivalence in translation and how it could be done in legal translation.

AWEJ Volume.5 Number.2, 2014   
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Translation of Legal Texts between Arabic and English:
The Case Study of Marriage Contracts
Mohammed H. Al Aqad
Humanities Research Cluster, Research Management & Innovation Complex
University of Malaya, Malaysia






Abstract
Over decades, there used to be a number of studies on Legal translation since it was one of the most challenging issues for translators and it still a critical and authoritative translation produced by legal bodies. Actually, translating legal texts might raise some problems in translation pertaining to the differences between the Source and Target Texts. Thus, it can result in a certain amount of ambiguity with respect to the legal texts, as it belongs to people’s beliefs and cultures. This study investigates the quality of the translated message from Arabic into English. Hence, the focus is on the changes of the message in the translation process that is attributable to functional & verbal equivalence in Arabic and English as well. The study will rely on Baker’s theory (1992) to examine whether the semantic changes affect the quality of the translated message in terms of equivalence, along with Newmark methods (1988) in translation. The study will analyse as well five different forms of marriage contracts translated by different native translators in the Arabic as a source language and their correspondence into English as a target language, in order to identify the cultural and linguistic equivalence by using functional comparisons between the Arabic and English legal systems.
Keywords: Marriage Contracts, Translation Shift, Problems of Equivalence, Semantic Change.

Urdu  and English are two vastly different languages and deceptive equivalence is not uncommon in fictional translation. The paper focuses on the Literary stylistics as  an intermediary discipline mediating between linguistics and literary criticism. With the precision of linguistics, it can help fend off the general impressionistic comments and intuitive analysis.  Literary linguistics is an effective tool in  fictional translation to help identify the “artistically or thematically motivated stylistic choices” in the original and thus help avoid deceptive equivalence and reduce stylistic losses in the translation.

Despite the pervasiveness of equivalence in most linguistic translation theories, the notion has been criticized on many grounds for plausible reasons. One could even argue that equivalence is a theoretically obsolete paradigm of translation. Yet, in actual practice there are many areas in which equivalence is predominantly resorted to. Terminology translation is an area that seems to have been traditionalized in the discourse of equivalence, as it basically relies on textual units postulated by sub-branches of linguistics (e.g. morphology, syntax, semantics). The purpose of this brief essay is to answer the question whether equivalence is indeed a valid theory in terminology translation, by investigating Vinay and Darbelnet’s model in a bilingual corpus. The study reveals several theoretical flaws in the model, especially from a post-structuralist perspective. The most serious shortcoming is that, contrary to the idea of scientificity taken for granted in linguistic models (including Vinay and Darbelnet’s), they seem to lack an explanatory function and ignore many important factors.

Proverbs are folklore texts particularly valuable for studying a culture, as they are based on the mechanisms of conceptualization which reflect the so-called Linguistic View of the World (Underhill 2011; Bartmiński 2006). The aim of this article is to analyse Hausa proverbs from the perspective of languages representing other cultures (English and Polish). The methodological approach is based on an extended version of Lakoff-Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory in which the metaphorical concept is identified with the proverb concept of figurative sayings (Lewandowska et al. 2014). Thus, the cross-linguistic comparison of proverbial statements is based on the idea of conceptual metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson 2003) and its constituent elements of the source and target domain (Szpila 2003). The objective of the article is to present equivalent set phrases (in Hausa covered by the term karin magana) which indirectly refer to the universal conceptual target domain of LIFE. The article also discusses the question of culturally relevant key words as the constituents of source domains of proverbs in Hausa and indicates their counterparts in Polish and English while encoding the same target domain. The data are taken from the published collections of Hausa proverbs (Kirk-Greene 1966; Yunusa 1977) and a dictionary (Abraham 1962). The comparison of karin magana with the English and Polish equivalents enables the identification of the lexical exponents of cultural distance between languages and cultures.

Ekwiwalencja w tłumaczeniu terminologii odszkodowawczej z polskiego na angielski i z angielskiego na polski
Temat niniejszego artykułu stanowi problem ekwiwalencji w tłumaczeniu terminologii odszkodowawczej z języka angielskiego na polski i z polskiego na angielski.
System anglosaski oraz kontynentalny system prawa stanowionego posługują się zupełnie odmiennymi siatkami pojęciowymi. Przedstawione tutaj zestawienie terminów i ich odpowiedników w językach polskim i angielskim pozwala zrozumieć, dlaczego zdecydowana większość teoretyków jest skłonna stosować „skalę” podobieństwa zamiast mówić o podobieństwie bądź jego braku. Z analizy wynika, iż najczęściej mamy do czynienia bądź z ekwiwalencją fakultatywną bądź zbliżoną. Porównywanie obu systemów prawnych dowodzi, iż w tłumaczeniu terminów prawnych i prawniczych trudno doszukać się pary pojęć, w przypadku których mówilibyśmy o ekwiwalencji absolutnej bądź całkowitej. Dla tłumacza tekstów prawnych najdogodniejszym rozwiązaniem jest zastosowanie ekwiwalentu funkcjonalnego.
Słowa klucze: ekwiwalencja, termin, szkoda, odszkodowanie, odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza

Bu yazıda Amerikalı şair Edgar Allan Poe’nun (1809-1849) “Annabel Lee” adlı şiirinin Melih
Cevdet Anday (1915-2002) tarafından Türkçeye yapılan çevirisi, doküman inceleme tekniği
kullanılarak ve orijinal metinle karşılaştırmak suretiyle anlam ve üslup eşdeğerliği açısından
incelenmiştir. Bunun için, incelenen şiirin çevirisine özgü zorluklar ve Anday’ın bu zorlukları
aşmak için çeviri sürecinde başvurduğu yerlileştirme stratejisi ayrıntılı şekilde betimlenmeye
çalışılmıştır. Özgün metne kıyasla çeviri metinde gözlemlenen farklılıklar ve bunların oluşma
sebepleri üzerinde de ayrıca durulmuştur. Buna göre erek metinde, kaynak metne göre anlam
ve üslup açısından meydana gelen değişiklikler “deyiş kaydırmaları” olarak değil, “kayıp” olarak
değerlendirilmiştir.
In this study, the Turkish translation by Melih Cevdet Anday of the poem “Annabel Lee” by the
American poet Edgar Allan Poe has been examined in comparison with the original text in terms
of semantic and stylistic equivalence using the document review technique. To this purpose, an
effort has been made to describe in detail the difficulties peculiar to the translation of this
poem as well as Anday’s translation strategies to cope with these difficulties. The differences
observed in the translation in comparison with the original text and the reasons for them have
further been elaborated. The changes in the target text as compared with the source text have
consequently been considered to be “losses” rather than “shifts of expression”.

„Tabernacle” or „Dwelling”. Hebrew term miškān משכן and principle of equivalence in Bible translating" -

Tabernacle in the desert, described in the Priestyly Source (P) of the Pentateuch, recives its Hebrew term: miškān. This hebrew word in every Polish translation (beside new „Biblia Paulistów”, where we read „Holy Dwelling”) is rendered as „Tabernacle”. Article explains the principle of equivalence (formal and dynamic) in Bible translating and demonstrate that the most adequate term for Hebrew miškān is Polish „mieszkanie” (Dwelling) and not „przybytek” (Tabernacle).

Nowadays, one of the important problems in translation field will be Translation of Proper Nouns. This is an arduous task in Translation Studies to convey the main essence of the nouns amongst cultures. This is somehow due to the fact that every culture has its own system of rendering of proper nouns. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (Richards & Schmidt, 2002, p.429) defines the proper name as "a name which is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns have disparate allusions such as age, sex, specific connotations, and geographical regions. This study scrutinized two major translations of Animal Farm of George Orwell. The first rendering is pertained to Amirshahi (2010) and the second one Firuzbakht (1988). Finally, this study seeks to investigate the translation procedures of proper nouns in accordance with Newmark and Vermeer’s (Skopos) theories of translation. This study shows that Newmark mostly peruses proper noun artificially to saturate the taste of the reader. While, Vermeer sets up the mutual agreement between the reader as the client and the translator in this process.

Öz
Bu çalışmada Friedrich von Schiller’in “Die Bürgschaft” adlı baladının Ali Bey Hüzeyinzâde (Turan) tarafından Türkçeye aktarılmış olan ve 1923 yılına tarihlendirilebilen “Kefalet Yahud Vefadar Dost(lar)” adlı çevirisi, çeviride yerlileştirme stratejisi bakımından ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca günümüz Türk Diline daha yakın bir söylem ve üslup kullanılarak aynı baladın alternatif bir çevirisi de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hüseyinzâde Turan'ın, çevirisinde bilinçli veya bilinçsiz olarak yerlileştirme stratejisini uygulamış olduğu görülebilmektedir. Gerek çeviride yerlileştirme stratejisine uygun bir örnek olması gerekse Schiller'in "Die Bürgschaft" baladının ilk çevirisi olma iddiasından dolayı Hüseyinzâde Turan'ın çevirisi örnek erek metin olarak bu çalışma için seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın içerisinde kaynak ve erek metin ve çevirmen hakkında bilgi verilmekte, kuramsal açıdan ise çeviride yerlileştirme stratejisine ve Balat edebi türüne ilişkin açıklamalarda bulunulmaktadır. Eldeki metinlere çalışmada aynen yer verildikten sonra kaynak metinden, erek metinden ve sunulan alternatif çeviri metinden alınan örnekler üzerinde bir inceleme (analiz) yapılmaktadır. Söz konusu inceleme sayesinde örnekler aracılığıyla çeviride yer alan yerlileştirici unsurlar gösterilmekte, çeviri süreci ve eşdeğerliği açısından bu durum irdelenmektedir. Elde edilen çıkarımlar ise örnekler altında detaylı bir biçimde tartışılmaktadır. Değerlendirme kısmında örnek erek metinde tespit edilen çeviride yerlileştirici unsurların daha ziyade hangi alanları ve/veya terminolojileri kapsadığı vurgulanmaktadır. Sonuç ve önerilere yine bu kısımda yer verilmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Die Bürgschaft, Ali Bey Hüseyinzade Turan, Yerlileştirme Stratejisi, Çeviri İncelemesi, Balat.

Abstract
The translation of Friedrich von Schiller's ballad named "Die Bürgschaft" into Turkish by Ali Bey Hüzeyinzâde (Turan), dated to 1923, is discussed in the current study in terms of the domestication strategy. In addition, an alternative translation of the above-mentioned ballad has been made by using a familiar discourse and style to the usage of today's Turkish Language. In Hüseyinzâde Turan’s translation, it can be presumed that he has applied the domestication strategy consciously or unconsciously. His translation has been chosen for this study because of the fact that it is a suitable example for the domestication strategy in translation and due to the argument that it is the first Turkish translation of Schiller's ballad "Die Bürgschaft". In the study information is given about the source and the target texts and also about the translator. Moreover, some explanations are made theoretically on the domestication strategy in translation and the Ballad as a literary genre. After the original texts are literally included in the study, an analysis is held on the examples cited from the source text, target text and the presented alternative text. In virtue of the mentioned analysis the domesticating elements in the translation are denoted through the given examples and this is scrutinized in terms of translation process and equivalence. The inferences obtained are discussed in detail under the given examples. In the evaluation part (also in the conclusion) domesticating elements in the target text are emphasized and then fields and/or terminologies which include the domesticating elements are clarified. Results and suggestions are included in the last part as well.
Keywords: Die Bürgschaft, Ali Bey Hüseyinzade Turan, Domestication Strategy, Translation Analysis, Ballad.

Since the era of Eugene Nida, Evangelical Bible translation has been revolutionized by his notion of dynamic or functional equivalence. Powerful theological and theoretical concerns, however call into question its usefulness and its catholicity. This article explores and questions the usefulness of the equivalence model of translation in Christian mission from the stand point of incarnation.

This dissertation investigates the translationality of missionary linguistics through an examination of the Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala [Art and rules of the Tagalog language], or Arte, and its role in the transcultural commemoration of Christianity as a colonial religion in the early modern Philippines. Published in Castilian by the Dominican friar Francisco Blancas de San José at the outset of the Spanish colonial period in this Southeast Asian archipelago, the Arte served as the primary model for many subsequent grammars of Tagalog, the basis of the modern-day Philippine national language called Filipino. These grammars were used primarily by Catholic missionaries to study indigenous languages for the purposes of proselytization and colonial administration. It is argued that beyond the Arte's contributions to a linguistic analysis of Tagalog, it should also be read as a grammar of God because its prescriptivist tendencies in formulating grammatical rules provided modes with which the colonial conceptualizations of divinity were to be articulated in the indigenous tongue. Historical, textual and thematic analyses of civil and ecclesiastical records have been used in this dissertation to reconstruct the sociocultural and epistemological contexts of missionary linguistics, as well as to develop a corpus-based method for translating parts of the text into English. Translation has been considered in both the theoretical and practical sections as a process inherent in missionary grammatization that commemorated the problematic equivalences of the colonial encounter. It is through this process that Tagalog was endowed not only with the structures and appearance based on the grammatical categories of Latin, but also with historicizing themes constituting a hybridized pastoral discourse on colonial Christianity.

Despite the progress of the pragmatic approach in linguistic studies, the analysis of the idioms is mainly a grammatical and structural measure, with the level of system as a backdrop. The purpose of this paper, is to provide an overview of the possible contributions that the pragmatic studies of the idioms make at the level of parole, for which we will focus on the parallel corpus provided by the script of the film P. Almodóvar All About My Mother (1999) and its German version. The main purpose of the article is to find out some of the mechanisms of the German language to reproduce the meaning of dialogues where idioms are involved in the original text (functional equivalence).

Oksana Polyakova. Challenges of translation and equivalence: European Higher Education Area diplomas. Estudios de lingüística aplicada II. 4, pp. 37 - 49. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. ISBN 978-84-9048-616-0

Wide geographical layout of the European territories spreading new Bologna approach towards the community of lifelong learning is proved by the Eurydi-ce Report (2014:15), focused on “supporting the development of mass higher education systems in response to increasingly knowledge-based societies is a key policy at both national and European levels”. Current higher education model approved in Europe at the beginning of the XXI century called Bologna Process - European Higher Education Area manages an ambitious purpose: to set up a uniform academic background both in terms of processes and results. Nevertheless, in different countries, such as Germany, France, Italy, Luxem-burg, Belgium and Holland (founders of the European Union) and Spain, Aus-tria, Poland or Estonia (participants of the European Union and its recent inte-grants) or Azerbaijan, Belarus, Ukraine or Russian Federation (countries out-side Europe, signatory members of the European Higher Education Area) a considerable variation of academic systems and diplomas awarded could be found.

Prezentacja została wygłoszona podczas konferencji w Rybnej pod Krakowem "Języki specjalistyczne" 22 listopad 2018 r. Tematem było omówienie zakresu pojęciowego terminów "adekwatność" oraz "ekwiwalencja" w polskiej oraz rosyjskiej nauce o przekładzie.

En el presente estudio se investiga la influencia de la estructura de entrenamiento en la formación de relaciones de equivalencia y de “equivalencia-equivalencia”. Se estudiaron tres grupos de sujetos los cuales fueron entrenados con las estructuras: Muchos a Uno, Uno a Muchos o Serie Lineal para las relaciones condicionales. Se verificó el efecto de estructura de entrenamiento sobre la variable porcentaje de aciertos en el test de relaciones de equivalencia. Sin embargo, este fenómeno no se replicó en el test de relaciones de equivalencia-equivalencia. Los resultados indican que la estructura de entrenamiento influye cuando se forman relaciones de equivalencia, pero no cuando se forman relaciones de equivalencia-equivalencia. Se analizan los hallazgos considerando los requisitos para la formación de relaciones de equivalencia-equivalencia.The influence of training structure on the formation of equivalence relations and equivalence-equivalence relations was assessed. Three groups le...

ТОСКА, or how to talk about sadness in Russian and Polish (on some literary examples) Abstract
The article focuses on ways of expressing sadness in Russian and Polish, particularly on the features of the linguo-cultural concept of ТОСКА, which is difficult to express in translation. Selected translation decisions are analysed of quotations from literary classics from various epochs, such as Maria Dąbrowska, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz or Aleksander Wat – as translators of Chekhov. Some examples from Old Russian and Romantic epochs are discussed too in Julian Tuwim’s translation into Polish and Wilhelm Lewik’s into Russian.

The present paper aims to discuss the controversy of the concept of ‘equivalence’ among the different EU institutional texts. Some proposals have been suggested by relevant EU professionals who paid attention to different aspects such as the ST role, translation as an 'acultural communication’ process or the ‘existential’ equivalence. Once the topic has been introduced, the Regulation 1/1958 is presented as the most important legal instrument that stablishes Multilingualism as the official language policy. It means that all the accessible documents must be available in the official languages (drafted or translated). On the other hand, the ‘EU acquis (communautaire)’, considered as a concept where languages and legal systems are in contrast each other, takes into account that diversity does not only deal with language but legal
systems or cultures. It is demonstrated with some jurisprudence cases controversies where language versions get involved.

Translation of children’s literature has always been a crucial concern for professional and trainee translators. This is due to the alleged vulnerability of its reader in terms of understanding of both developmental factors and the world of childhood. And the central issue in translation for the intended ilk of people is the adult-child duality (Klingberg, 1986, p.10) that sparks the question of what counts as children’s literature. However, in this article we are mainly concerned with children’s literature. Translator as a powerful mediator should consider all facets of translation when dealing with children’s literature as well. Nida (1964, pp.164-71) points out decoding ability is categorized into four subgroups of which the first group belongs to children. To this effect, translator should consider the taste of children in translation with the purpose of fulfilling their needs thoroughly. The present study concentrates on challenging the two prominent paradigms in children’s lit...

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the effect of an implicit, equivalence-based concept of translation on the translator’s decision-making by examining the Serbian translation of the non-literary work Made in America by the famous American travel writer Bill Bryson. The translation does not contain any binary errors that would suggest an incompetent translator, but it shows problems with intratextual coherence for the target reader. The reasons for this can be linked to an underlying concept of translation which is based solely on the search for equivalence to the source text, disregarding the purpose of the translation and the viewpoint of the target reader. The paper contrasts the effect of this approach to the effects of a functionalist approach to translation and discusses its implications for a more visible role for the translator.

This article offers regularised translation strategies from Welsh into German for personal names in prose. It was published by Wacior, Slawomir; Grzegorz, Maziarczyk (eds.) in Literature and/in Culture. Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, 2008.

This chapter reviews how culture has been understood and integrated in the contributions dealing with legal interpreting and translation (LIT) studies referring to disciplines related to language and law. It critically reviews the evolution of central notions, addresses key issues, discusses the methods employed in the study of LIT, and identifies open questions for future research. The review highlights different conceptions of what it means to practice and study LIT and the location of these differences at the basis of the developments of the notion and application of culture in different schools in legal and translation studies. Notions, paradigms, and methods are linked to the conceptions of LIT and culture that underlie the studies and ways of engaging in dialogue between the different perspectives are suggested in order to further advance the understanding of LIT from an integrative perspective. It is argued that the conceptualization of culture is at the root of long-standing positions in the field of LIT, including the professional profile of practitioners, which is understood in dichotomous terms (translators or law experts, regardless of other external factors) or contextualized (in localized trade-offs of priorities and constraints correlated with competencies). The dual character of LIT, symbolic and communicative, is analyzed as the basis of different translation policies in institutional settings and also of disciplinary discrepancies in advocating for different translation methods (on a continuum between free and literal), which has remained a major debate in LIT studies but also in the struggles between legal and translation studies to establish their jurisdiction over LIT. This debate is linked to another major issue in LIT studies, that of the role of those who practice, and it is argued that the definition of that role is closely linked to how legal systems, as cultural systems, define and organize justice and embrace the myths of law (such as the universality of norms or authorlessness) that affect key notions such as translatability and equivalence. The latter concept is reviewed as a mechanism of cross-cultural transfer from the perspective of the evolution of law, which is presented as an ontological network. The contributions that have studied this evolution in legal studies are articulated in two schools: one that looks at transfers as a form of communication between networks while maintaining the integrity of the links between existing nodes, and another that focuses on transplants or irritants, whereby these links are altered by the entry of new nodes in unforeseen ways due to a mismatch between the new node and the ontological network that hosts it. It is argued that the study of these alterations, of how translation between legal cultures affects legal systems is a field yet to be explored, as well as the historical and intercultural revision of the translation method and the norms of translation in LIT through a description of the genres of translation or transgenres, of the roles and habitus of translators and interpreters, and of the symbolic value of LIT in legal-political systems. Along with these, other more frequent topics in the current research landscape, such as textual and terminological studies, require reiteration due to the evolution of law and society. The article concludes that the constant evolution of notions, methods and perspectives offers a positive diagnosis of LIT studies and their capacity for adaptation. In sum, the chapter reviews how the notion of culture underlies the major debates in LIT studies, problematizes key assumptions, and articulates the current and future discussion on the cross-cultural communication of law, thus laying the groundwork for an integrative view of the different approaches that coexist in this interdisciplinary field. / Este capítulo analiza la concepción de cultura en los estudios de la traducción e interpretación jurídicas (TIJ) desde disciplinas vinculadas al lenguaje y al derecho. Se revisa críticamente la evolución de las nociones centrales, se identifican temas clave y se analizan los métodos empleados en el estudio de la TIJ, así como interrogantes abiertos para investigaciones futuras. En la revisión, destaca la identificación de concepciones distintas de lo que supone practicar y estudiar la TIJ y la localización de esas diferencias en la base de los desarrollos de la noción y la aplicación de cultura en distintas escuelas jurídicas y traductológicas. Nociones, paradigmas y métodos se vinculan a las concepciones de TIJ y de cultura que subyacen en los estudios y se plantean formas de entablar diálogo entre las distintas perspectivas para seguir avanzando en el conocimiento de la TIJ desde una perspectiva integradora. Se arguye que la conceptualización de cultura es la raíz de posicionamientos de larga data en el campo de la TIJ, incluido el perfil profesional de quienes ejercen la actividad, que se entiende en…

Dass Meinungen, Definitionen oder Methodenvorschläge innerhalb der Translationswissenschaft je nach Forschungsperspektive variieren, ist nicht als “Chaos” zu bewerten, sondern als ein Zeichen für eine multidimensionale Disziplin mit zeitabhängig veränderlichem Paradigma. Damit verbunden ist ohne Zweifel auch die Problematik der translationswissenschaftlichen Begrifflichkeit. Über viele Begriffe ist mit Übereinstimmung zu sagen, dass diese zu den Grundbegriffen der Translationswissenschaft gehören. Geht es aber um die Begriffsdefinitionen, sieht das Bild etwas komplexer aus. Es existiert eine Reihe von Begriffsinhalten, die in der Translationswissenschaft von verschiedenen Forschern oder Forschergruppen mit unterschiedlichen Begriffen ausgedrückt werden. Oder umgekehrt ist auch zu beobachten, dass ein und derselbe Begriff mit unterschiedlichen Begriffsdefinitionen benutzt wird.
Darunter ist auch der Begriff „Äquivalenz“ zu nennen. Der Begriff „Äquivalenz“ an sich ist sozusagen der Punkt, um den sich translationswissenschaftliches Denken und auch Handeln schwerwiegend dreht. Dieser Punkt ist auch der Ausgangspunkt dieser Studie. Aufbauend auf existente Definitionsansätze zielt diese Studie auf eine alternative Definition des translationswissenschaftlichen Äquivalenzbegriffs mit möglichst weiten und zwischen Theorie und Praxis umfangreich umsetzbaren Grenzen ab. Hier gilt die Auffassung, den translationswissenschaftlichen Äquivalenzbegriff standardisiert und möglichst konkret, aber auch umfangreich zu verstehen und zu definieren. Die in dieser Studie beabsichtigte Begriffsdefinition soll eine multidimensionale und je nach Translationssituation mit unterschiedlichen Schwerpunkten zu kombinierende Definition sein.
Das Ziel dieses Vorhabens ist u.a. die Loslösung von der strukturalistischen, teilweise sogar auch der funktionalistischen Denkweise in Richtung einer Herangehensweise, die im Gegensatz zu der positivistischen und ‚noch modernen‘ Intention nicht nur Konstante wie Struktur und Funktion oder Ziel, sondern auch multidimensionale Variable wie den Translator, den Autor oder den Rezipienten als Subjekt und ebenso variable Einflussfaktoren wie Zeit als historischer Prozess und Ort als bspw. institutionales, geographisches und damit verbunden auch kulturelles Element berücksichtigt. Dem Translator soll hierbei eine besonders wichtige Rolle und auch eine große Verantwortung zugewiesen werden. Die Erwartung eines restlosen Lösungsvorschlags für alle Situationen soll beiseitegeschoben und stattdessen ein variierbarer, kombinierbarer und dynamischer Vorschlag mit weit reichenden Grenzen bevorzugt werden. Dieser Ansatz soll einen alternativen Lösungsvorschlag für das Definitionsproblem des Äquivalenzbegriffs in der Translationswissenschaft bilden. Die in dieser Studie beabsichtigte Darstellung unterschiedlicher ‚Kombinationsmöglichkeiten‘ von fünf Grundkategorien der Translationsäquivalenz als eine dynamische Definition der Translationsäquivalenz soll dazu beitragen.

Functional translations are a diverse lot, but they tend to share a cluster of traits. First, they aim for a high degree of clarity. The reader shouldn’t struggle to understand the text; its “meaning is readily apparent to the contemporary reader,” allowing “the message to come through with immediacy” (NLT). Second, functional translations are idiomatic, using “words and forms that are widely accepted by people who use English” (GNT). Thus, word choice, word combinations, syntax, and flow of text should sound natural rather than foreign, stilted, or awkward. Third, a functional translation judges faithfulness in terms of accurately conveying the meaning of the text, rather than literally translating individual words. The NCV, for example, claims to “accurately communicate[] the messages found in the original languages."