Management of Civil Engineering Projects

As a result of globalization, one of the most
major issues affecting the success of projects would be the
formation of a multicultural project management style. As
projects leaders continue to lead global, multicultural projects,
there is a demand for managing a workforce that is more
diverse than ever. The multigenerational workforce has
distinct views on work ethic, communication and incentives;
finding common ground is essential.
As the world of multinational projects is rapidly
developing new concepts and methodologies are being
introduced, especially in the management direction, as well as,
the serious need for the use of engineering management
modern practices. In many developing countries now the mega
projects are multicultural projects different designers,
contractors, subcontractors and suppliers from all over the
world work together to achieve excellence but such projects
bring with it many challenges on how all these people from
different background, different laws, policies, legislations and
ways of work can achieve harmony and finalize the projects
within vale and time. Here comes the serious need for
engineering and managers to design and provide a system that
allows the projects such as construction process to be
organized, harmonized and achieve the best quality from such
activities and projects at the same time minimizing various
risks to the minimum.
The increase of the citizens of the globe and its urban
population calls for more construction activities especially for
accommodation .in developing countries, in general ,the rate of
construction is far below the demand for shelter ,
infrastructure and other amenities .many factors such as
demographic growth, shifts from rural to urban areas, natural
and human made resources depletion, and significant changes
in expectations and life styles, all combine in their various ways
impose considerable pressure on the construction industry of
developing countries.
From this prospect comes the urgent need to engineering
management to be introduced in these developing countries
and for its recommendations and reflections to become a
practical actions specially its effects of laws and new policies to
ensure ease of operations and motivation of investors both
externally and internally.

Construction of modern buildings requires many pipes and ducts in order to accommodate essential services such as air conditioning, electricity, telephone, and computer network. Web openings in concrete beams enable the installation of these services. A number of studies have been conducted with regards to reinforced concrete beams which contain web openings. The present paper aims to compile this state of the art work on the type of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with transverse web openings. Various design approaches and strengthening techniques are also presented.

— Recent urbanisation of central parts of Greater Khartoum has necessitated the use of deep excavations for foundation of high rise buildings and infrastructure projects. The conditions of the subsoil, the safety of neighbouring structures, ground water regime, limitations of vibration and noise caused by construction must all be considered for choice of deep excavation support system. Economic factors and local availability of equipment and technical staff are also governing factors for the choice of an appropriate system. Three case studies in which shoring was used are presented. Two are for high rise buildings and one for infrastructure project. Contiguous and secant bored concrete pile walls are presented as relevant solutions. Construction was completed and reported.

Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO2 and consumes significant amount of energy. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Geopolymer is an emerging alternative binder to Portland cement for making concrete. Geopolymer concrete is principally produced by utilizing industrial by-product materials such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other aluminosilicate materials. RCC structures undergo serious durability problems like spalling, erosion, wear, cracking, corrosion etc. years after the construction. Repair to damaged concrete are important not only to ensure the planned useful life, but also to provide good performance and security. This paper review the literature related to the studies conducted on geopolymer and repair materials. I. INTRODUCTION Cement is the world's most used construction binder material. Cement production emits large amounts of CO 2 and consumes significant amount of energy. Production of one ton of Portland cement releases one ton of CO 2 into the atmosphere. The global cement industry contributes around 6% of all CO 2 emissions. It is a common viewpoint that finding an alternative material to the Portland cement is imminent. Some researchers have stated that CO 2 emission could increase by 50% compared with the present scope. Therefore, the impact of cement production on the environment issues a significant challenge to concrete industries in the future. As a result, it is necessary to find a new concrete material to replace traditional Portland cement concrete, which is environmentally stressful, yet provides an effective building material. Promoting low-emission concretes is essential in order to face the crucial challenge to reduce the environmental impact of the construction sector and the concrete industry and to limit the impact of climate change. One way of reducing these CO 2 emissions is the use of blended cements in which a part of the Portland cement clinker is replaced with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The most common SCMs used in high-volume applications are fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Fly-ash-based and GGBFS based blended cements are extensively used but limits are imposed on the OPC replacement. In most cases, blended cements still contain more OPC clinker than SCM. On the other hand, geopolymer is a new construction material which could be produced by the chemical action of inorganic molecules, without using any Portland cement. The geopolymer binder could be produced through chemical reaction between alumino-silicate materials such as fly ash or metakaolin that are rich in SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 and alkaline solutions such as Sodium Hydroxide or Sodium Silicate. Fly ash is a suitable material for making geopolymeric binder because of its pertinent silica and alumina composition and low water demand. Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete cured in high temperature has been reported to have good mechanical properties in both short and long term tests. The structural behaviour of heat-cured fly ash geopolymer concrete was found to be similar or superior to that of OPC concrete when tested for reinforced columns and beams, bonding and fracture properties. The hardening mechanism for geopolymers essentially contains the polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursors, regularly aluminosilicate oxides, with alkali polysilicates yielding a polymeric silicon –oxygen aluminium framework.