Mega Cities

[Perencanaan Kota] Penjelasan Secara Umum: Pengertian Kota, Perkotaan, Bagian Wilayah Kota, Kawasan Fungsional, Klasifikasi Kota, Rank Size Rule, Kota Metropolitan dan Megapolitan, Perkembangan Kota-kota di Indonesia, Permasalahan dan Konsep-Konsep Pembangunan Kota, Kebijakan dan Strategi Pengembangan Kota di Indonesia, Konsep-Konsep Pembangunan Kota, Pengantar Psikologi Perkotaan.

Daily life is continuously changing, cities are growing and their concerns are growing beyond the welfare of the people living in it. With the expansion of concrete as a need, more shops, more facilities, and more functions are needed; therefore, the city planning focuses on the groups and on the city in an urban scale and especially in the growing mega cities. The planners focus on preparing enough needs and fitting these needs within the city limits, thus, their thinking becomes more functional rather than experiential.

Throughout my paper I will be discussing the methods of the Danish Architect Jan Gehl in studying the needs of the people and the bases of human scale to have a one on one experience in megacities and how he observes the movement of the people closely and their needs to give them the right human experience. I will focus mainly on the quality of sidewalks, their function, and the proportions of the street to have a pedestrian and cyclist attractive and beautiful street. Throughout the paper I will also mention the ideas of the journalist and author Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) and how it relates to the work of Jan Gehl. Moreover, I will move on to relate these ideas to two major megacities, Paris and Tokyo discussing how such cities dealt with human scale experience and whether it worked or not according to the points of view of Jan Gehl and Jane Jacobs.

The changes since the breakup of the USSR have impacted African migrants' social composition, as well as their strategies and forms of adaptation and integration in the capital city of Moscow. In this study, we discuss the factors influencing the choices of African migrants, related to their background as Africans and to their perceptions of the receiving society. We distinguish between two social groups of African migrants and argue that while one group seeks integration into the Russian society, the other limits itself to mere adaptation to life in Moscow.

The purpose of this introductory chapter - as the title says - is to set the scene for the coming chapters: providing definitions of some of the more central concepts, and a description of the overall structure of the book and how different chapters relate to each other. However, we would like to start the chapter with some general comments on the role and importance of cities in the world today.

What is a Global City? According to Saskia Sassen they are the cities in the world that “play a key role in generating the economic and cultural flows that connect the world together” (Christopher Thorpe, 2015). In our modern age that definition covers multiple cities in both the developed and the developing world, and with the rise of urbanisation in the decades to come many more will start to share the title of Global City. But with all this change that is change that is upon us a question does show itself; what is the future for Global Cities? It will be the role of this essay to explore some of the visions that cities might see themselves taking in the future, by using modern examples that are already starting to take shape right now within the cities and their citizens.

During the last two decades, China has started to leave its closed-door policies in the international arena behind, and has shown signs of participating in the global economy. Politically and economically, China has been developing further relations with the rest of the world. The country points to its mega-cities in its official 5-year plans to facilitate and execture the outreach attempts. In this article, we analyze the media representations of two of these mega-cities - Beijing and Shenzhen - with the objective of understanding how their brand images are portrayed and whether these portrayals are in line with the Chinese objectives. We focus on the media representations by arguing that international print media is a crucial platform that has the potential to influence the brand reception of audiences. Consequently, we analyze the volume and subject of Beijing and Shenzhen in English language Chinese and international print media outlets. We evaluate the coverage through a place branding framework. The findings of this research suggest that the low-level and narrow coverage of the print media hinders the potential of these cities to become world-renowned center and help facilitate Chinese interaction with the world.

Özet 1970'li yıllarda, özellikle Avrupa ve Amerika'da, kentlerin merkezi hükümet tarafından yönetilmesi yaklaşımının benimsenmesi, yerel yönetimlerin odağını sosyal refah sorunlarından ekonomik kalkınma odaklı projelere yönlendirmiştir. Sanayisizleşmeyle birlikte kentlerin ekonomilerinde yaşanan değişimle birleştiğinde bu durum, kentsel mekan üzerinde önemli değişimler yaşanmasına yol açmıştır. Kaynakları önemli derecede azalan yerel yönetimler, yerel ekonomik kalkınmada sürdürülebilirlik sağlayabilmek için daha girişimci bir rol üstlenerek diğer çıkar gruplarıyla ortaklıklar kurmaya, spekülatif arazi gelişimlerine ve alan pazarlamasına yönelmeye başlamıştır. Bu noktada küreselleşme süreciyle birlikte kentler arasındaki rekabetin uluslararası düzeye ulaşması, yatırım arayışında olan kent yönetimlerinin kenti yatırımcıların isteklerine göre şekillendirmeye başlamasına yol açmıştır. Ekonominin önem kazanan hizmet, finans ve turizm gibi alanlarına yoğunlaşan projeler, bütüncül planlama yaklaşımlarından uzak, parçacıl, kenti uluslararası alanda görünür kılacak ve kente prestij kazandıracak şekilde tasarlanmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, yeni ekonomik sektörlerde çalışacak nitelikli işgücünün ve üst sınıfın ihtiyaç duyacağı sosyal, kültürel mekanların ve eğlence mekanlarının da üretilebilmesi ihtiyacıyla bu projeler, zaman içerisinde karma fonksiyonlar içeren büyük projeler haline gelmiştir. Böylece, ilk zamanlarda sanayinin terk ettiği alanlarda tasarlanan projeler, zamanla kentin tamamına yayılmaya ve merkezi hükümet tarafından da bir kent ekonomisi ve kentsel pazarlama aracı olarak kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Büyük ölçekli kentsel projeler kentlerde yeni üretilmiş stratejiler olmasa da son birkaç on yıllık dönemde kentlerin yatırım çekmek, imajlarını güçlendirmek ve kent gelişimini yönetmek için bu projeleri tercih etmeleri büyük hız kazanmış ve bu tür projelere yapılan yatırımlar da buna paralel olarak büyük artış göstermiştir. Büyük ölçekli kentsel proje türlerinden biri olan mega projelerin en önemli ayırt edici özelliği, projeleri maliyet unsurunu göze alarak sınıflandırmasıdır. Mega proje olarak tanımlanan projeler maliyeti milyon dolar (Euro,Sterlin) olan projelerdir. Kentsel projeler dışında madencilik, havacılık, savunma, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri gibi pek çok alanda görülen bu projeler, küresel olarak yılda yaklaşıl 6-9 trilyon dolar yatırım gerektirmektedir. Bu maliyet toplam küresel GSYH'nin %8'ine denk gelmektedir. Mega projelerin doğasında olan maliyet aşımları ve geciken teslimatlar da göz önüne alındığında, bu yüksek yatırım maliyetlerinin nasıl karşılandığı kent gündemlerinde önemli yer tutmaya başlamıştır. Kamu-özel sektör arasında kurulan ortaklıklarda son dönemlerde özel sektörün kendisi için belirli güvenceler aramaya başlaması, ekonomik yükün büyük kısmının kamuya ve dolayısıyla vergi mükelleflerine aktarılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu durum, projelerden elde edilen karı yatırımcı kazanırken, borçların kamuya yüklenmesi nedeniyle pek çok tartışmaya yol açmıştır. Diğer yandan, projelerin kamu fonlarıyla sübvanse edilmesi, kamu kaynaklarının kent ve kentlinin ihtiyaçları yerine bu prestij projelerine yönlendirilmesi açısından da tartışılır hale getirmiştir.

The strategies to contain the spread of COVID-19 pandemic, including restricted human movement and economic activities, have shown positive impacts on the environment. Present research analysed the effects of COVID-19 led lockdown on air quality with special reference to major pollutants, namely nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2) and aerosol optical depth (AOD). The assessment has been conducted for megacities of India (Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai and Kolkata) for four months, that is, March and April in 2019 and 2020 using Sentinel 5P and MCD19A2 data. A decrease in concentrations of air pollutants, specifically NO 2 and SO 2, has been observed during the lockdown period in all the cities; whereas CO and AOD have exhibited discrete pattern of spatio-temporal variation. Four megacities except Kolkata have revealed a positive correlation between NO 2 concentration and population density. The results conclude overall improvement in air quality during COVID-19 led lockdown. The current situation provides a unique opportunity to implement a structural economic change that could help us move towards a city with low emission economy. Realizing the achievable improvement of air quality, the study suggests further in-depth research on source attribution of individual pollutants to assess the prospect of emission reduction actions.

Africans constitute a rather small minority among the migrants to Russia. It appears that their numbers, as well as their impact on society at large, will probably never become comparable to those of migrants from former Soviet republics, or even from some other countries, such as China. At the same time it is evident that the inflow of Africans to Russia is growing, and they are becoming more noticeable in the Russian ethnocultural landscape, and yet there is still only a handful of studies on Africans in post-Soviet Russia. Our project of the study of the African migrants in the Russian capital megacity Moscow included two interrelated parts: The pathways of sociocultural adaptation Africans choose, willingly or forcedly, the one hand, and their perception and acceptance / non-acceptance by the receiving society (as reflected in the prevailing opinion about Africans and especially in their most typical image among native Russian citizens), on the other.

While Western Europe has a long history of facing and studying the issues of immigration, this phenomenon is still recent for the ex-socialist states and has not been studied sufficiently yet. At the same time, the ‘closed’ nature of the socialist societies, the difficulties of the ‘tran-sitional period’ of the 1990s predetermine the problems in communication between the mi-grants and the population majority, the specific features of the forming diasporas and of their probable position in the receiving societies. The study of African migrants in Russia (particu-larly, in Moscow) recently launched by the present authors consists of two interrelated parts: the sociocultural adaptation of migrants from Africa in Russia on the one hand, and the way they are perceived in Russia on the other. One of the key-points of the study is the formation or non-formation of diasporas as network communities, as a means of both more successful adaptation and identity support.

The purpose of this introductory chapter - as the title says - is to set the scene for the coming chapters: providing definitions of some of the more central concepts, and a description of the overall structure of the book and how different chapters relate to each other. However, we would like to start the chapter with some general comments on the role and importance of cities in the world today.

This article considers the craze for antiquity during the long nineteenth century, and modernity. It focuses on the presences of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in London, a mega-city,  an imperial capital and the world's biggest metropolis. Following the discovery of ancient civilizations, ancient monuments and artifacts  were displayed in public venues, such as museums and colonial exhibitions, and reproduced for domestic display and consumption. The rise, decline and fall of these civilizations were used as cautionary tales to modern imperial cities and their inhabitants.

8 The world city hypothesis: reflections from the periphery David Simon Introduction In the decade since John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff (1982) launched the world city hypothesis with their'agenda for research and action'on what one might call the political economy of the global urban ...

The purpose of this introductory chapter - as the title says - is to set the scene for the coming chapters: providing definitions of some of the more central concepts, and a description of the overall structure of the book and how different chapters relate to each other. However, we would like to start the chapter with some general comments on the role and importance of cities in the world today.

The purpose of this introductory chapter - as the title says - is to set the scene for the coming chapters: providing definitions of some of the more central concepts, and a description of the overall structure of the book and how different chapters relate to each other. However, we would like to start the chapter with some general comments on the role and importance of cities in the world today.