Mobility Management

La multi-résidentialité, définie comme ensemble de « pratiques fondées sur l’utilisation temporaire, plus ou moins régulière, d’au moins deux lieux de résidence distincts » est un phénomène à multiples facettes. Nous proposons une première approche chronotopique (Drevon et al., 2017) ciblée du phénomène, en nous attachant aux comportements d’une
population spécifique, celle des retraités qui ne sont pas en situation de dépendance c’est à dire selon les nomenclatures spécialisées du Groupe Iso-Ressource - GIR 6 - « Personne encore autonome pour les actes essentiels de la vie courante » (Grille AGGIR - Servicepublic.fr), à leurs modes de vie et à leurs manières d’habiter comme « mode de connaissance du monde et type de relations affectives loin d’une approche abstraite ou technocratique de l’espace » (Dardel, 1952).

The need for increased individual mobility has resulted in a significant and continuous increase of road traffic density. More and more, the roads are getting congested. Modern Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are offering methods to avoid these congestions. However, this requires a dense surveillance system of sensors that is very costly. Thus, due to financial constraints, not all roads are

Background: Social isolation during COVID-19 may negatively impact older adults’ wellbeing. To assess its impact, we measured changes in physical activity and sleep among communitydwelling older adults, from pre-to post-pandemic declaration. Method: Physical activity and sleep in
older adults (n = 10, age = 77.3  1.9 years, female = 40%) were remotely assessed within 3-month pre-to 6-month post-pandemic declaration using a pendant-wearable system. Depression was assessed pre-and post-pandemic declaration using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and was compared with 48 h continuous physical activity monitoring data before and during pandemic. Results: Compared to pre-pandemic, post-pandemic time spent in standing declined
by 32.7% (Cohen’s d = 0.78, p < 0.01), walking by 52.2% (d = 1.1, p < 0.01), step-counts by 55.1% (d = 1.0, p = 0.016), and postural transitions by 44.6% (d = 0.82, p = 0.017) with increase in sitting duration by 20.5% (d = 0.5, p = 0.049). Depression symptoms increased by 150% (d = 0.8, p = 0.046). Interestingly, increase in depression was significantly correlated with unbroken-prolong sitting bout ( = 0.677, p = 0.032), cadence ( = 􀀀0.70, p = 0.024), and sleep duration ( = 􀀀0.72, p = 0.019). Conclusion: This is one of the early longitudinal studies highlighting adverse effect of the pandemic on objectively assessed physical activity and sleep in older adults. Our observations showed need for timely intervention to mitigate hard to reverse consequences of decreased physical activity such
as depression.

For a long period of time transport system and mobility management measures were mainly applied in metropolitan areas.
Nevertheless, in the last few years there can be seen a certain reorientation towards rural regions where innovative approaches are developed. Especially in the context of a national German project network called "Personennahverkehr für die Region" (Public Transport in Rural Areas) quite a number of demonstration projects have been carried out. The specific quality of most of these projects can be seen in the fact that the quite unfavourable conditions for public transport in rural areas are taken as a challenge which has to be met with creative solutions.
In metropolitan areas the 'hardware-oriented' measures of  mobility Measurement are still applied relatively isolated from the 'software-oriented' ones. In contrast to that, rural areas favour a more integrated combination of both approaches. Perhaps this might yet be called a new generation of Mobility Management.

Lucretius was the first philosopher of immanence. It is he and not Democritus or Epicurus who holds this title. If we want to understand the historical emergence of the concept of immanence, we should start by distinguishing its precursors in Greek atomism from its first complete incarnation in Lucretius. This way, we can see exactly what first defined and distinguished immanence from its past. Therefore in what follows I would like to make three, perhaps controversial, claims about the emergence of philosophical immanence. 1) Lucretius was not an atomist, 2) Greek atomism reintroduced transcendence, and 3) It is the primacy of motion in Lucretius that defines his philosophical immanence. Lucretius was not an atomist This thesis is as counterintuitive as it is straightforward. The first major difference between Lucretius and the earlier Greek atomists is precisely that—the atom. For Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus atoms are always in motion, but the atom itself remained fundamentally unchanged, indivisible, and thus internally static—even as it moved. Thus instead of positing discrete atoms as ontologically primary as both ancient Greek and later modern theories do, one of Lucretius's greatest novelties was to posit the movement or flow of matter as primary. Lucretius did not simply " translate Epicurus, " as the Greco-centric story goes; rather, he introduced the first immanent kinetic materialism in the West. For example, although the Latin word atomus (smallest particle) was available to Lucretius to use in his poem, he intentionally did not use it, nor did he use the Latin word particula or particle to describe matter. The English translations of " atom, " " particle, " and others have all been added to the text in translation based on a certain historical interpretation of it. The idea that Lucretius subscribed to a world of discrete particles called atoms is therefore both a projection of Epicureanism, who used the Greek word atomos, and a retroaction of modern scientific mechanism of the fifteenth century onto De Rerum Natura. Lucretius rejected entirely the notion that things emerged from discrete particles. To believe otherwise is to distort the original meanings of the Latin text as well as the absolutely enormous poetic apparatus he summoned to describe the flowing, swirling, folding, and weaving of the flux of matter. Although Lucretius rejected the term atomus, he remained absolutely true to one aspect of the original Greek meaning of the word, τομος (átomos, " indivisible "), from-(a-, " not ") + τέμνω (témnō, " I cut "). Being is not cut up into discrete particles, but is composed of continuous flows, folds, and weaves. Discrete " things " (rerum) are composed of corporeal flows (corpora) that move together (conflux) and fold over themselves (nexus) in a woven knot work (contextum). For Lucretius, things only emerge and have their being within and immanent to the flow and flux of matter in motion. Discreteness is an apparent product of continuous folded matter, uncut, undivided, and in motion and not the other way around.

The Fifth Generation (5G) networks, including the 5G Vehicular Cloud Computing (5G-VCC) systems, have evolved rapidly offering multiple services to users. The operating principles of vehicular networks, Cloud Computing (CC), Fog Computing (FC), Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and Software Defined Networks (SDN) are applied to 5G infrastructures. In a 5G-VCC system, the vehicles are equipped with On-Board Units (OBUs) which communicate with each other as well as with Road Side Units (RSUs). Each RSU interacts with a Cloud infrastructure which offers vehicular services with strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, including Driver Assistance (DA), Passengers Entertainment and Information (PEnI) and Medical (MED) services. Dense deployments of 5G access networks are also implemented, called Ultra Dense Networks (UDNs), aiming to support high data rates produced by an increased number of vehicular users. In this environment, heterogeneous technologies are used to transfer the network services to vehicles. Optimal manipulation of the communication resources is required, while at the same time vehicular users should always obtain connectivity to the most appropriate network access technology, in order the constraints of the vehicular services to be satisfied. In this thesis, existing schemes for resource allocation as well as for mobility management are studied, while novel solutions are proposed for each topic.

Initially, the theoretical background of the 5G wireless networks and 5G-VCC systems is described. Subsequently, the available delivery models for providing cloud services in 5G infrastructures are mentioned, while the available 5G-VCC architectures and the communication models are presented.

Regarding the topic of the manipulation of the available network resources in 5G-VCC systems, the available Medium Access Control schemes (MAC schemes) are studied, while at the same time resource scheduling algorithms implemented at the MAC layer of 5G-VCC systems are described. Subsequently, two novel solutions are proposed to optimize the resource allocation process in modern networks. The first one is called FLS Advanced (FLSA) and optimizes the resource allocation for real-time services. Additionally, the second one is called FLS Advanced - Cross Carrier (FLSA-CC) and is specialized for LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) access networks where carrier aggregation is applied in order to provide widened bandwidth to the users. The evaluation of the proposed algorithms is performed through extended experiments. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform existing solutions.

The mobility management requirements arising at the 5G-VCC systems are also studied. As a result of this study, initially three methods for calculating the significance of the criteria affecting the mobility management are proposed, namely the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Analytical Network Process (TF-ANP), the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Adaptive Analytical Network Process (TF-AANP) and the Pentagonal Fuzzy Analytical Network Process (PF-ANP). Subsequently, three network selection algorithms are proposed, namely the Trapezoidal Fuzzy TOPSIS (TFT), the Trapezoidal Fuzzy TOPSIS with Adaptive Criteria Weights (TFT-ACW) and the Pentagonal Fuzzy TOPSIS (PFT). Following this study and regarding the research results of the implemented algorithms, a mobility management scheme is proposed. This scheme takes into consideration the Signal to Noise plus Interference (SINR) parameters as well as the velocity of the vehicular users to evaluate the necessity of performing a handover. Then, it applies the PFT algorithm to select the most appropriate network for the user. Experimental results showed that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing solutions described in the research literature.

Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with different Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of efficient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.

The need for reliable mobility support in low-power wireless networks (LPWNs) is ever increasing in application contexts such as health-care monitoring, industrial automation, smart cities and generally in the “Internet of Things”. The wireless nature, the environmental context and scalability features of these applications usually impose the use of low-power and low-cost devices. Namely, these devices feature simple single radio transceivers, communicating at very low TX/RX power and using basic electronics and antennas. These characteristics lead to unstable, asymmetric and unreliable wireless links, which in turn affect the quality of service of the LPWN. This quality of service is even more difficult to achieve when the applications at stake support nodes mobility, as in heath-care monitoring and preventive/corrective maintenance in industrial environments. In this context, this Thesis aims at guaranteeing reliable and timely communication in LPWN under nodes mobility. The main research objectives of this Thesis are: (i) to devise a reliable and fast hand-off mechanism for LPWNs, using state-of-the-art (SOTA) commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies, (ii) to integrate the proposed hand-off mechanism within a SOTA/COTS protocol stack and (iii) to support the mobility solution with analytical, simulation and experimental evaluations. Within this research context, we designed a hard hand-off mechanism (dubbed smartHOP) based on averaged single link quality parameters — received signal strength indicator (RSSI) or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We fine-tuned the most relevant hand-off parameters — lower threshold level (T` ), hysteresis margin (HM), window size (ws), stability monitoring (m) — with preliminary experiments. We studied the impact of radio channel parameters — path loss exponent and shadowing standard deviation — on handoff performance (packet delivery ratio and hand-off delay) based on a probabilistic model. A simulation model was designed to further study the impact of link monitoring frequency (window size) and the stability monitoring parameters on hand-off performance. An extended experiment with a more realistic environmental set-up was performed to better fine-tune the hand-off parameters. We integrated smart-HOP within the commodity RPL/6LoWPAN routing protocol (dubbed mRPL) in a simple, effective and backward compatible manner. We also developed a soft hand-off mechanism to seamlessly change parent nodes while moving. In order to enable soft hand-off, we activated neighbor overhearing mechanism to eliminate the Discovery Phase in the hand-off process. We applied the soft hand-off model on top of mRPL (mRPL+) to further increase network performance. Overall, results indicate that mRPL and mRPL+ are able to provide network connectivity and responsiveness by switching between parents in a short period of time while successfully delivering most of data packets. mRPL and mRPL+ are able to provide good reliability (≈ 100% packet delivery ratio) compared with RPL (delivering < 50% of data packets). The average hand-off delay in RPL is ≈ 3 s, while it reduces to 85 ms in mRPL and 4 ms in mRPL+.

The 6loWPAN (the light version of IPv6) and RPL (routing protocol for low-power and lossy links) protocols have become de facto standards for the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we show that the two native algorithms that handle changes in network topology —the Trickle and Neighbor Discovery algorithms– behave in a reactive fashion and thus are not prepared for the dynamics inherent to nodes mobility. Many emerging and upcoming IoT application scenarios are expected to impose real-time and reliable mobile data collection, which are not compatible with the long message latency, high packet loss and high overhead exhibited by the native RPL/6loWPAN protocols. To solve this problem, we integrate a proactive hand-off mechanism (dubbed smart-HOP) within RPL, which is very simple, effective and backward compatible with the standard protocol. We show that this add-on halves the packet loss and reduces the hand-off delay dramatically to one tenth of a second, upon nodes’ mobility, with a sub-percent overhead. The smart-HOP algorithm has been implemented and integrated in the Contiki 6LoWPAN/RPL stack (source-code available on-line [1]) and validated through extensive simulation and experimentation.

Abstract: This deliverable is the final resume of concepts and proposals of WP4 during the first phase of WINNER for the system description, with the aim cooperation schemes become an integral part of the WINNER system. ... Keyword list: Cooperation architecture, Common ...

WLAN has lately been applied to the problem of mobility tracking and behavior analysis. To further the development of the studies in this direction the positioning system that can perform on the network side with minimal human participation is needed. One of the current limitations is the requirement on the number of reference signal available. Thus, methods that require fewer reference signals for positioning are needed. This paper provides the comparison of WLAN based positioning methods that can operate with a single AP.

The objective of this paper is to study the performance of handoff procedures for an integrated wireless LANlWAN in-frastructure, both qualitatively and quantitatively. We make use of a proposed hierarchical mobility management scheme to evaluate the performance of a handoff ...

In Modernization, adhoc network provides the facility for mobility of one place to another either mobile or the vehicles. Now these days the vehicular adhoc networks plays an important services for transforming the vehicles from one place to another. In this paper , we provide the algorithms for hand-off for the vehicles ,when he transferred from one place to different place. In section 1 we provide the introduction of vehicular adhoc networks and in section 2 the literature review which gives all the information’s related to this technology and in section 3 the designing architecture and in last phase we provides an algorithms for te hand-off of vehicular from one network to another.

In recent years several wireless communication standards have been developed and more are expected, each with different scope in terms of spatial coverage, radio access capabilities, and mobility support. Heterogeneous networks combine multiple of these radio interfaces both in network infrastructure and in user equipment which requires a new multi-radio framework, enabling mobility and handover management for multiple RATs. The