Mumbai, India

1) Why did you choose to come to Canada? Tell about the conditions before coming and what attracted you here.

"Because Canada is an experiment - think about this, English and French couldn’t defeat each other and so made a nation together. Hence the “other” becomes an essential part of who you are. I thought that would be a fertile ground to strike roots - to do here what I was doing back home in Bombay (oops! Mumbai) – architecture, poetry and calligraphy (though I miss the Arabian Sea as I grew up in a house on its coast)."

Read more…
2) How was the move itself?
3) How easy/hard was it for you to get involved in architecture in Canada? What helped you find success?
4) What would you suggest to new immigrants who wish to get into the field

Interviewed by Rotem Yaniv;
Canadian Immigrant (online magazine)
November 2009

Cross Reference. See also:
"Between Two Tongues: Falling at The Speed of Light" in the Articles Section
"Impossible Toronto"  in the Articles Section
"Meditation on Clockfaces" in the Articles Section
"Flying Into Watercity" in the Articles Section
"The Travelling Nonvegetarian" in the Poetry Section

The areas of study selected in the present investigation are Shirvane and Nerul lakes situated at Nerul which is considered as the queen of Navi Mumbai, the city on the west coast of the Indian state of Maharashtra. The lake areas receive domestic raw sewage from surrounding habitation; so also the activities like cattle and cloth washing, bathing, religious activities like idol immersion etc. paves the way of harmful chemicals in the lake water. The study was performed to understand physico-chemical parameters and the concentration of heavy metals in lake water. It was found that the concentration of the heavy metals in the lake water substantially increased after the religious activities like idol immersion around September–October. These heavy metals have a marked effect on the aquatic flora and fauna which through bio-magnification enter the food chain and ultimately affect the human beings as well.

The present study deals with quantification of accumulated toxic heavy metals in sediments of Mithi River of Mumbai. The study was performed at three different sampling locations along the flow of Mithi River for two years from 2009-12. The different heavy metals studied were Al, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sr and Mn. The results of our study indicate that the concentration level of these toxic heavy metals for the two assessment years increases by the factor of 1.2-5.8 µg/g. The result is a clear indication of day by day increasing pollution level of the Mithi River, which is creating negative environmental impact on biological life of the river. The results emphasises the need of regular scientific monitoring of different pollutants adversely affecting the environment and to reframe the pollution control strategies already in existence.

The wetland of Thane Creek, located at Thane, Mumbai, India, has attracted much attention of environmental biologists over the last few decades, as this creek has been subjected to a lot of pollution from the Asia's biggest Thane–Belapur industrial complex located at the south of Mumbai harbour along the west coast of India. This paper advocates ecological studies with special reference to the pollution due to heavy metals in the sediments along the Thane Creek area. The sediment samples were analysed for their heavy metal contents. These heavy metals have a marked effect on the aquatic flora and fauna which through biomagnification enter the food chain and ultimately affect the human beings as well. The experimental data on heavy metal content in sediment samples collected from Thane Creek points out to the need of regular monitoring of water resources and further improvement in the industrial waste treatment methods.

A Spectacular Buddhist Archeological Complex which is reflective of an Economic and Maritime Heritage of the Indian Civilization. Home to a 2,400-year-old Buddhist cave complex, the rock-cut cave architectural site of Kanheri is a lesser-known wonder in the middle of Mumbai, the glamour capital of India.

This is a published article following my MSc dissertation, describing the results of an ethnographic research study that I conducted in Mumbai. This study revealed that deaf people tend to travel in newly-established train compartments that are reserved for people with disabilities. This article explores the reasons they do so and sheds light on several sociocultural consequences of this practice. Deaf people travel in these compartments because the general train compartments are too crowded to use sign language, in contrast to the compartments for people with disabilities. Hence these compartments became important meeting places, strengthening links in the Mumbai deaf community. In addition, the visibility of signing deaf groups in the compartments and on the train platforms has caused a growth in deaf awareness among hearing people in these ‘disabled’ compartments in particular and at the train stations in general. This research thus tells us something about how deaf people use public space in which deaf minority culture is not oppressed by or subjugated to the hearing majority. It is because of Mumbai’s peninsular geography, its resulting population density and the heavy use of two suburban train lines unique for this city, that these several different effects were strongly spread amongst both the deaf community and among hearing people

Powai Lake was created in 1891 by constructing dam between two hillocks across Mithi River. Currently lake is under severe stress due to  silting, sewage and encroachment. Aquatic macrophyte (AM) are primary producers, therefore their diversity and its role in understanding the wetland ecosystem dynamics is very important .Most of studies on powai lake has neglected aquatic macrophyte. This study was undertaken to fill up the lacuna macrophyte were analyzed in Powai lake. Study was conducted during June 2013 to May 2014.Thirty four species of aquatic macrophytes were recorded from the study area

Thane Creek is one of the most important ecosystems around Mumbai and Thane, and the mangroves surrounding the ecosystem form the vital green lung for the residents. It is also an important feeding and breeding ground for fishes. Locals have been living in harmony amidst this ecosystem for ages, but in recent past, man has misused this ecosystem by way of releasing sewage, dumping solid waste, etc., and has succeeded in choking the ecosystem. This paper advocates habitat conservation and ecological studies with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of the sediment samples collected from six different sampling sites along the Thane Creek area. The constituents monitored included bulk density, moisture content, pH, EC, alkalinity, and chlorinity. The objective of the present work is to throw light on deteriorating condition of Thane Creek, suggesting the need for regular scientific studies, which will help to gauge the extent of pollution.

While allowing great real estate profits, Mumbai’s market liberalization reforms failed to address the low-
income housing shortage, causing the growth of slums which are now home to nearly half of Mumbai’s

residents. The marketization of land rights led to the improvised construction of unplanned buildings, causing
a mismatch between the over ground landscape and the deteriorating underground water infrastructure. In
1995, an electoral promise established a cutoff date which determines slums’ eligibility to rehabilitation
schemes. Settlements built after this cutoff date are “unauthorized” and deprived of legal connections to the
municipal water supply. While access to municipal water in most Mumbai slums is inadequate in terms of
reliability, quality and quantity, the situation is worse for these unauthorized neighborhoods which represent
nearly half of Mumbai’s slums. With little access to water through legal connections, slum dwellers turn to
the informal sector for their daily supply, and have to pay up to 15% of their income on water which is often
contaminated. According to a joint study by the World Health Organization and UNICEF published in 2009,
« some 386,600 children die in India every year of diarrhea, with contaminated water being the main source
of contamination ». Considering the public sector’s failure in providing sufficient access to clean water to
millions of slum dwellers willing to pay for better service, this report argues that the private sector can
contribute to providing sustainable solutions for decentralized distribution models and household level
purification systems, while contributing to the adoption of hygiene practices through social marketing.

Scheda di approfondimento sul martirio di quattro francescani in India. Thāṇe è una citta oggi compresa nell'area metropolitana di Mumbai (Bombay). Questo martirio è particolarmente interessante sia per la sua rappresentazione da parte di Ambrogio Lorenzetti, sia per l'attestazione di una presenza cristiana siro-orientale nella costa nord-occidentale dell'India nel XIV secolo.

Il file pdf include anche la bibliografia generale di tutti i testi inclusi nel catalogo.

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The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to textile based industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration level of majority of toxic heavy metals like Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were reported to be maximum of 45.58, 2.00, 2.06 and 9.20 ppm respectively in the month of April, while Cr and Fe concentration levels were found to be 2.50 and 55.30 ppm in the month of March. The effluent samples collected in the month of July was reported to show high BOD content of 564 ppm, while COD content was maximum of 2436 ppm in the month of October. The effluent samples collected in the month of January was having very low DO content of 3.21 ppm and high cyanide content of 0.09 ppm. The alkalinity, hardness and chloride content were maximum of 2158, 198 and 2765 ppm respectively in the effluent samples collected in the month of February. The effluents were having high total solid content of 8269 ppm during the month of April, while the salinity and phosphate contents were reported high of 5.64 and 125.70 ppm during the month of May. It was observed that the concentration level of majority of toxic heavy metals and the values of various physico-chemical parameters were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. The present experimental data on environmental risk assessment studies due to textile industries may be regarded as an aid towards a better understanding of the problem arising due to such industries. There is a need to convey the message that prevention of adverse health effects and promotion of health are profitable investments for employers and employees as a support to a sustainable development of economics.

The process of transformation of Mumbai into a “world class city” has been underway for over 5 years. In this article, we discuss the “world class city” concept which is being used to support and justify major processes of socioeconomic restructuring that are taking place in Mumbai. Our argument is that these transformation are leading, both directly and indirectly, to dire consequences for the city's poorer inhabitants: the transformation of Mumbai into a “world class city” is - we argue - directly responsible for a wave of displacement of the disadvantaged and the marginal.

Thirteen persistent organic pesticides were investigated in the sediments of Vasai Creek near Mumbai to evaluate their pollution levels and potential risks. It was observed that ΣOCPs level was in the range of 597–1538 ng/g dw, with an average value of 1115.25 ng/g dw. The level of ΣOPPs was in the range of 492–1034 ng/g dw, with an average value of 798.15 ng/g dw. The values o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT ratio gives an indication of use of technical DDT as the prime source of DDT, while the α/γ-BHC ratio indicate that BHCs in study area might have been received from fresh lindane. The results of an ecological risk assessment showed that sediment bound organic pesticides are of more ecotoxicological concern as they might create adverse ecological risk to the marine breeding habitats. These pesticides residues may get remobilize and released to overlying waters creating adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms.

The rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in Vasai City of Mumbai with improper environmental planning has resulted in discharge of sewage and industrial wastes in to the Vasai Creek thereby greatly affecting its physico-chemical properties. The present investigation to study the physico-chemical parameters of creek water for the two assessment years 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011 suggests the high level of aquatic pollution. It is observed that pH; solid content, total hardness, sulphide, phosphate, phenol, and oil/grease content, as well as BOD/COD values were above the maximum permissible limit for set for inland surface water subjected to pollution load. The results also indicates that the pollution level of 2010 to 2011 were above that of 2009 to 2010. It is observed that the present high level of pollution will not only not only create threat to the aquatic life of the creek, but also affect the aesthetic beauty of the creek.

The rapid urbanization processes in the urban global south generates many challenges for metropolises like Mumbai.  Economic interests, demographical evolutions and ecological challenges have to be taken into account when trying to overcome them. This paper focuses on the case of Dharavi. An informal settlement in the heart of the metropolis that is in danger of being buried underneath the expanding financial district it neighbours on.

By means of a travel journal and literature study this paper tries to establish if there is a place for Dharavi in its encompassing metropolis. And if so, what are its qualities, its challenges in case of further development and can architecture have a role in providing solutions for these challenges.

The summary of the paper highlights the potential of Dharavi and pleads for its continued existence. Settlements like Dharavi have the possibility to meet the challenges generated by rapid urbanization processes and can gradually grow to become functional and desirable living environments. They have great value in terms of economic growth and providing affordable housing for the lower income sections of society. The label slum is incorrect and mirrors political motives that inhibit the further development of Dharavi. By researching the potential of these self-created mix-used zones, lessons can be learned which might prove useful in providing answers in terms of limited availability of land in a global context.

The present research work deals with the study of some of the important physico-chemical parameters of industrial waste water effluents collected from Taloja industrial belt of Mumbai. The study reveals that engineering, paper mill, fine chemical, dyes, paint, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and textile industries are some of the major industries responsible for polluting the surrounding aquatic environment. It was observed that pH values of effluent samples collected from paint, pharmaceutical and dyes industries were slightly above and below the limit of 6.5 to 8.5 by ISI and WHO. The effluent samples collected from textile industries shows extremely high Total Dissolved Soild (TDS) content of 12023.6 mg/L and correspondingly high Total Solid (TS) content of 13499.2 mg/L. The chloride content in the effluents from textile industries was 238.4 mg/L which was significantly high than acceptable limit of 200 mg/L set by WHO. The BOD values of effluent samples collected from pharmaceutical, dyes, engineering and paint industries were 1047.3, 776.2, 604.8 and 535.8 mg/L respectively which lie above the maximum permitted BOD content of < 100 to 300 mg/L. The COD values in the different industrial effluent samples were also very much higher than maximum permissible limit of 4.0 mg/L according to USPH Standard. The overall results highlight towards the discharge of highly polluted waste water effluent from industries of Taloja Industrial area of Mumbai. These industrial effluents have resulted in pollution of nearby Kasardi River thereby affecting the growth of vegetation and aquatic life. The results of the present investigation point out the need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

The pollution problem due to non-biodegradable solid waste (NBDSW) along the Vasai Creek of Mumbai is one of the major issues which have remained totally neglected over past many years. The results of the present investigation indicates that plastics carry bags, milk/oil bags, plastic bottles, footwear and automobile tyres/tubes are some of the prominent NBDSW materials responsible for solid waste pollution along the Vasai Creek. The results also suggest the need to enforce strict control measures against the disposal of solid waste by adopting a well planned waste management system.

In recent years cities around the world have undergone mass slum clearances for redevelopment. This study of Mumbai offers an alternative interpretation of urban capital accumulation by investigating the differentiated political subjectivities of displaced slum residents. I argue that Mumbai's redevelopment entails not uniform class-based dispossessions but a process of accumulation by differentiated displacement whereby uneven displacement politics are central to the social production of land markets. Two ethnographic cases reveal that groups negotiate redevelopment in contradictory ways, supporting or contesting projects in varying moments. Redevelopmental subjectivities are influenced at key conjunctures by market-oriented resettlement, ideologies of belonging, desires for improved housing, and participation in non-governmental groups. This articulated assemblage of power-laden practices reflects and reworks class, gender, and ethno-religious relations, profoundly shaping evictees’ experience and political engagement. The paper concludes that focusing on differentiated subjectivities may usefully guide both analysis and social justice practice aimed at countering dispossession.

This paper advocates water pollution study of Gove industrial area of Maharashtra, India with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of common industrial waste water effluent. The physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, solid content, total hardness, chloride content, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied by collecting samples bimonthly for 12 months. The authors point out that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk to public health as toxic pollutants which are mainly colourless and odourless are released into the ecosystems.

At the turn of the 20th century, rural labor migrants began moving to the Indian city of Mumbai, sleeping in tenement buildings known as chawls and working around the clock at the city's many textile mills. The mill lands made Mumbai, transforming a fishing village into a bustling port city. But when the economy shifted in the 1950s, followed by massive mill closings and layoffs in the 1980s, this enclave of industrial workers began to fall apart. In contemporary Mumbai, old low lying textile mills and chawls are being developed into shopping malls, high rise apartment buildings, and luxury hotels, transforming the neighborhood into a space of elite residence and consumption. For contemporary industrial worker communities still residing in these neighborhoods, the disjunction between the occupied material space of mills and chawls and the looming material space of cranes and construction results in an occupation of place and time that diverges from the temporal expectations of progress and development. In this article, I argue that chawl life operates according to " chawl time, " a temporal-spatial frame located between industrial and postindustrial time. In making this argument, I draw attention to how chawl residents exist in both this contemporary moment of rapid redevelopment and revitalization of former industrial spaces and a perceived past moment of industrial activity and working class stability. In doing so, this article reveals how anachronistic subjectivities are vital products of modernity. [Keywords: South Asia, urban India, labor, housing, precarity, temporality, chawl time, space]

A study on vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting PAHs was performed in the reclaimed mudflat sediments adjacent to the Thane Creek of Mumbai. The 5-rings PAHs and ΣC-PAHs were more dominant at 120 cm depth contributing 52.23% and 60.19% respectively to ∑PAHs. The average ratio values of LMW/HMW PAHs (0.58); Fla/(Fla + Pyr) (0.50); Ant/(Ant + Phe) (0.50); BaA/(Chry + BaA) (0.48); BaP/BghiP (2.06), Phe/Ant (1.03) and BaA/Chr (0.93) indicate that the PAH contamination might have raised due to inefficient combustion and pyrogenic emissions during the open burning of solid waste in the vicinity. This was further supported by the anthropogenic ferri(o)magnetic loading over the last 100 years influencing the Creek sediments. The PAHs toxicity estimation was performed by calculating the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) value of 8.62 ng TEQ/g which was below the safe level (600 ng TEQ/g) suggested by the Canadian risk-based soil criterion for protection of human health.

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The study examined Air Pollution Tolerance Indices (APTI) of four plant species grown along the road side of Bhavan's College campus of Andheri, Mu mbai and compared with unpolluted area of college Botanical garden. The results of the present study indicates that for Pollyalthia longifolia, the percentage increase in APTI values was lo w of 2.64 in winter, moderate of 3.79 in summer, while maximu m of 6.78 in rainy season. For Caesalpinia pulcherrima, the percentage increase in APTI value was low of 5.86 in rainy season, high of 8.18 in summer and still h igher of 8.22 in winter. For Delonix regia, the percentage increase in APTI values varies fro m min imu m of 7.10 in rainy season to maximu m of 24.57 in winter, while in summer the percentage increase was found to be 16.33. In case of Tamarindus indica, the percentage increase in APTI value was found to be 19.59 (maximu m) in winter, 12.71 in rainy, while in summer season it was 11.57 (minimu m). The results of the present study indicate the order of tolerance as Pollyalthia longifolia (4.40 %) > Caesalpinia pulcherrima (7.42 %) > Tamarindus indica (14.62 %) > Delonix regia (16.00 %).

The present study deals with the investigation of existing pollution levels and potential ecological risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues in the Vasai Creek water near Mumbai. The average concentration of α-and β-endosulfan (137.75 ng·L −1) exceeds the chronic criteria level of α-and β-endosulfan (6.5 ng·L −1) set by US EPA for freshwater aquatic organisms. The concentration levels of aldrin (75.31 ng·L −1), dieldrin (71.19 ng·L −1) and endrin (76.60 ng·L −1) was found to exceed the respective criteria levels of b0.13, 65.1, and 61 ng·L −1 as set by US EPA for protection of freshwater aquatic organisms. In addition, the level of chlorpyrifos (208.77 ng·L −1) exceeds the recommended concentration value of b 35 ng·L −1 set by Ministry of Environment of British Colombia. The results of our study give an indication of probable ecotoxicological risk to the marine breeding organisms of creek.

This study investigated the levels, sources and potential risks of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment samples collected along the Mithi River of Mumbai. The concentration level of ΣPAHs found in the present study was in the range of 1206–4735 ng/g dw. The composition patterns of PAHs by ring size in sediment were surveyed which indicate the dominance of four rings followed by five and three ring PAHs. In the study it was observed that the high molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) made greater contributions of 90.83% as compared to that of low molecular PAHs (LMW PAHs) contributing to 9.17% to the total PAH concentrations. Toxicity and biological risk were assessed using toxic equivalent quantity and sediment quality guideline quotient. It is feared that the pollution level of PAHs in the sediments might increase in coming times resulting in an unconspicuous risks for the environment and humans through food chains.

Most of the fresh water bodies all over the world are getting polluted day by day, which has become a burning issue of present time. Hence their regular monitoring is crucial for the well-being and health of the surrounding population. Therefore in the present investigation, we carried out a systematic study to estimate the physico-chemical parameters and level of toxic heavy metal content in the Jail Talav and Kalwa Lakes of Thane City of the Indian State of Maharashtra. The toxic heavy metal content and physico-chemical parameters studied in the present investigation were found to be very much above the permissible limits, thereby making lake water harmful to the aquatic life and unsuitable for drinking/irrigation purpose. These heavy metals have a marked effect on the aquatic flora and fauna which through biomagnification enter the food chain and ultimately affect the human beings as well.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to quantify three major non-biodegradable solid wastes (NBDSW) viz. plastics, synthetic rubber and glass in the Mithi river of Mumbai. The results of present investigation indicates that in initial collection, contribution due to plastic materials varies from minimum 34.3% to maximum 62.7%, synthetic rubber materials between 35.0% and 59.5%, while glass materials between 2.2% to 6.2%. Similarly in final collection, contribution of plastic materials was minimum 23.4% and maximum 34.7%, that of synthetic rubber was between 62.0% and 70.1%, while glass contributes to minimum 3.5% and maximum 6.9%. These NBDSW materials where one of the major factor for water logging along Mithi river causing havoc among the urban people in general, and the poor, in particular, especially those living in substandard housing in the most vulnerable locations along the Mithi river during 26 July, 2005 deluge in Mumbai. The accumulation of most of NBDSW materials can be controlled by clearing them at the point source itself, by relocating the small scale processing unit, controlling the encroachment by hutments along the River, by recycling and incineration.

E s c o r t s S e r v i c e i n Mu m b a i (5 s t a r h o t e l) a n d H o t e l s e r i v c e R e a l E s c o r t s S e r v i c e i n Mu m b a i a v a i l a b l e i n 5 s t a r h o t e l Mu m b a i / c o l a b a , A n d h e r i , A i r p o r t s Mu m b a i We l c o m e ! T h a n k s y o u f o r v i s i t i n g m y e s c o r t s s i t e Mu m b a i w e b s i t e ! A 1 0 0 % E s c o r t s A g e n c y i n Mu m b a i (I n d i a) We l c o m e ! T h a n k s y o u f o r v i s i t i n g m y e s c o r t s s i t e Mu m b a i w e b s i t e ! A 1 0 0 % E s c o r t s A g e n c y i n Mu m b a i (I n d i a) e s c o r t s p r o v i d e r w i t h g e n u i n e p h o t o s o n m y w h a t s A p p n u m b e r 9 5 9 9 3 1 6 0 4 8 a n d e s c o r t s g a l l e r y o n m y s i t e ! E s-c o r t s S e r v i c e i n Mu m b a i I n m y E s c o r t s A g e n c y a v a i l a b l e a l l t y p e o f m o d e l , T v A c c e t r e s s , H i g h p r o f i l e , P u n j a b i Mo d e l , T v A n k e r a n d I n d e p e n d e n t A i r h o s t e s s g i r l s a v a i l a b l e o n a d v a n c e b o o k i n g. G i r l s A v a i l a l b e E n g l i s h-s p e a k i n g f e m a l e m o d e l a n d f o r e i g n e r g i r l s i n Mu m b a i. I f y o u a r e c o m i n g t o Mu m b a i b y f l y g h t a n d t r i a n o n h o l i-d a y o r b u s i n e s s a n d w o u l d l i k e a b e a u t i f u l , m a t u r e a n d f r i e n d l y c o m p a n i o n t o e n t e r t a i n y o u f o r a c o u p l e h o u r s o r l o n g e r e n p l e a s e g e t i n t o u c h. A g r a e s c o r t s A g e n c y b y w w w. h i g h p r o f i l e-e s c o r t s. c o m w e a r e p r o v i d i n g e s c o r t s s e r-v i c e i n Mu m b a i H o t e l a n d h o m e s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e I n c a l l a n d O u t c a l l b o t h s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e i n Mu m b a i. m o d e l g i r l s a v a i l a b l e i n m u m b a i c a l l n o w a n y t i m e f o r b e s t d e a l s .

The quantification studies of 17 carcinogenic
and endocrine-disrupting polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mithi River polluting
the Mahim Creek near Mumbai were performed to
understand their sources and probable ecological
risk. The overall concentration level of ΣPAHs was
157.96 ± 18.99 μg L−1, while that of carcinogenic
PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) was 81.31 ± 9.75 μg L−1, which
corresponds to 51.5 % of the ΣPAHs. The source
analysis of PAH pollution was made on the basis of
different PAH ratios. It was observed that the probable
PAH contamination was due to pyrogenic inputs
arising due to the combustion of grass, wood,
and coal as well as due to the combustion of diesel
and gasoline. Toxicity and biological risk assessment
was made using toxic equivalent quantity
(TEQ) for various C-PAHs. The results of our study
showed that the mean BaP concentration in the
Mithi River water (8.61 μg L−1) was above the
European Directive 2008/105/EC Environmental
Quality Standards (EQS) value of 0.05 μg L−1,
while the levels of benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) +
benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) (21.54 μg L−1) and
benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) + indeno(1,2,3,-c,d)
pyrene (InP) (18.27 μg L−1) were significantly
higher than that set by the EQS (0.03 and
0.002 μg L−1, respectively), showing that the ecological integrity of the river and the adjoining
creek is possibly at risk.

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to metallurgical industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The concentration levels of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe and Zn were found to be maximum of 41.00, 1.47, 5.97, 2.55, 46.86 and 12.97 ppm respectively during winter and summer seasons starting from December to May. The pH value was found to be maximum of 10.30 in the month of February, while the conductivity was found to be maximum of 25067 µmhos/cm in the month of July. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like salinity, chloride content, and total solids (TS) were observed to be maximum in the month of June having values of 6.32, 2411 and 20738 ppm respectively. The high cyanide (0.09 ppm), phosphate (117.21 ppm), COD (13640 ppm) and low DO content of 5.79 ppm were observed in the effluents released during the month of February. The alkalinity content in the effluent was maximum of 1395 ppm in the month of May. The hardness and BOD values of the effluents were reported maximum of 490 and 557 ppm in the month of October. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to implement proper effluent water treatment techniques and enforcement of pollution control by the regulatory authority on the indiscriminate discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies.

The present research work deals with the assessment of pollution due to toxic heavy metals in the industrial waste water effluents collected from Taloja industrial belt of Mumbai. The study reveals that dyes, paints, pharmaceutical and textile industries are some of the major industries contributing to the heavy metal pollutants in the surrounding aquatic environment. It was observed that paint manufacturing industries are the major contributors of toxic Cr, Zn and Pb amounting to 35.2, 33.1, and 31.4 mg/L respectively. It was also observed that major contribution of Cu (33.3 mg/L) was from dyes manufacturing units, while maximum Fe concentration of 12.8 mg/L was found in effluent samples released from textile industries. The concentration of Cd and Ni was found maximum in effluent samples collected from pharmaceutical industries amounting to 35.8 and 33.6 mg/L respectively. The overall results point out high concentration of toxic heavy metals in the effluent samples collected from different industries. These industrial effluents will pollute the near by water bodies affecting the growth of vegetation and aquatic life. These toxic heavy metals when released in aquatic environment will enter the food chain through bio-magnification causing various health problems in humans. The results of the present investigation point out the need to implement common objectives, compatible policies and programmes for improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

This paper studies the Suburban train services offered by Western Railway in Mumbai. Suburban train services are those train services which are organised, planned, implemented, run and maintained by the regional railway, like Western Railway in this paper, under the rules and regulations framed by the Indian Railway Administration. The concept behind this service is explored and defined followed by an analysis of the evolving relationship between the service provider, the consumer and the consumption of the service. An analysis on the importance of this service to the regional as well as the national economy is undertaken by the author to emphasize upon the importance of this facility. With various references, quotes and comments by various experts and institutions, this papers further adds and deliberates on the impacts that the system has had on various issues ranging from social to economic.
The paper further goes on to analyse the consumption pattern and the issues evolving out of the mass-consumption of this service. With data available from the books referred to, the consumer preferences and their fulfilment is established in relation to the Suburban services. Mathematics is used to prove the analysis a bit further and to come to a conclusion on the nature of this service over the years and to deliberate on its future. The issue of over-consumption of the service is visited by the author and with mathematical proof the future of this service in relation to its past and present usage is looked into.
The paper provides information on the evolution of the service and then goes on to further address the issue of private sector participation in this service and the future of the private sector participation in this service. Mumbai Metro and Mumbai Monorail are also mentioned in the paper to further emphasize on the need to invite the private sector to participate and help this service grow by making it more efficient and economic in nature.
Along with the economics of the service, the paper accepts the fact that the service is not a profit-making venture and suffers a loss. By using mathematics with the help of the statistics made available, a relationship between the pricing of the tickets, the population of the city, their consumer preferences, and the Suburban service is established. The paper further talks about improving the profits of this service with the help of the above mentioned relationship, thereby talking about the pricing of the service and the step that can be taken to address it.
The paper further goes on to probe into the various other aspects of the Suburban services like its relationship with the ‘Dabawallahs’ and establishes the fact that the service is a boon to the Indian economy as a whole.
Thus the paper helps to address various questions that arise in relation to the Western Railway Suburban train services, be it social or economic in nature.

The paper dwells on the increasing marginalization of spatial planning, and especially through the National Missions and the projects that they fund. In general, despite best intentions, there seems to be a lack of congruence between the Development Plans of cities or Regional Plans of metropolitan areas and the projects that are realised in the city through the National Mission. Through examples of national policies and projects like the SEZs and the STPs and the DMIC, that have resulted in projects sprouting in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, especially in peri-urban and rural contexts, the paper highlights the uneasy fit between national projects and local plans and the increasing marginalisation of spatial planning as a result.

The present investigation is a study of physico-chemical parameters of sediment along the Bhavan's College Lake of Andheri, Mumbai. The parameters monitored include pH, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate and phosphate contents. The annual average values of above parameters where found to be 5.75, 239 ppm, 236 ppm, 40 ppm and 0.62 ppm respectively. The weakly acidic pH of the sediment might reduce the pH of lake water below the recommended limit of 6.5 to 8.5 set by CPCB which is necessary for propagation of wild life fishery. It was observed that the excess of accumulated chlorides in the lake sediments have affected the plants growth and biological life of the lake. It was also observed that at some places of the lake, the plants shows suppressed growth and flowering, leaf necrosis, black and flaccid roots, root decay which might be due to accumulation of sulphates in the sediment. Also the formation of dense blue-green algal blooms was observed along the lake which might be due to accumulation of phosphates in the lake sediments. From the overall results of the present investigation it seems that the present condition if neglected might create irreparable damage to the lake ecosystem. It is expected that such type of systematic and continuous monitoring will help to assess the extent and severity of sediment contamination, to evaluate the effects of contaminated sediments on freshwater and marine environment, and to prepare a plan for appropriate remedial action.