Obstacles

The development of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in recent years, researchers are in it. The topics studied by many researchers are energy consumption, coverage and connectivity in WSN. This paper will discuss WSN in the presence of a simple obstacle or resistor. The LEACH protocol algorithm is used and modified in which there is an obstacle or obstacle with multi sink. We propose an algorithm based on line intersections to improve the original LEACH algorithm with multi sink. The simulation results show the modified LEACH algorithm will work better than the original LEACH in the presence of multi-sink based on energy consumption and loss of transmission data. Future research will have arbitrary obstacle modifications.

Every person in this world is concerned about being safe. Increasing safety and reducing road accidents, thereby saving lives are of great interest in the context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. Among the complex and challenging tasks of future road vehicles is road lane detection or road boundaries detection. In driving assistance systems, obstacle detection especially for moving object detection is a key component of collision avoidance. Many sensors can be used for obstacle detection and lane detection, such as laser, radar and vision sensors. The most frequently used principal approach to detect road boundaries and lanes using a vision system on the vehicle. Detecting all kinds of obstacles on the road, mainly include the IPM (Inverse Perspective Mapping) method. The system acquires the front view using a camera mounted on the vehicle then applying a few processes in order to detect the lanes and objects. A versatile methodology is used in order to detect the lanes and objects. In our research we have developed a simple heuristic method which is more robust in both lane detection object detection and tracking in video. In this method we use clustering methodology to group the detected points in case of lane detection. Heuristic gives effective results in detection and tracking of multiple vehicles at a time irrespective to the distance.

Reading skill is one of the essential skills that must be mastered by every student. Students are required to read various sources of reading in improving their knowledge and insight. Islamic university students need to explore various sources of English Islamic text because they are always dealing with Islamic studies. This study aims at exploring the reading strategies applied by the Bidikmisi students of IAIN Kudus and the obstacles in reading the English Islamic texts. The data is collected by conducting observations in the English tutorials program organized by Ma'had Al Jami'ah IAIN Kudus. In addition, document analysis was also done to analyse the text taught to students. Then, researcher also conducted interviews with students of the English tutorials program participants. The results showed that one of the obstacles to reading English Islamic texts was the students’ limited English vocabulary mastery, especially the Islamic terms in English. This made them difficult and become the main obstacle in understanding English Islamic texts. Another obstacle faced by the student is the lack of understanding of the English structure. It is one of the obstacles to gaining a good understanding of English Islamic texts.

Objectives: Telerehabilitation (TR) is an alternative approach for providing rehabilitation services in some situations, like Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. There exist some obstacles, especially during the pre-implementation phase of TR, necessitating an investigation of existing local evidence. This research aimed to investigate the challenges of TR.
Methods: Five electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, & Magiran) were searched for studies published in English and Persian language from 2011 to February 2021. Search results in all databases provided a total of 598 articles. After reviewing the titles of the articles, we excluded 574 articles as they were duplicated and/or irrelevant. Finally, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles have remained.
Results: Most extracted articles were published in 2020 (n=4). The remaining articles disturbed between 2013 until 2021. These articles were mostly reviews, case reports/series, or qualitative studies and surveys. Geographically, 27% of the final selected papers belonged to the USA, 46% to Asia, and 27% to Europe. Outcomes in studies mostly included TR advantages and disadvantages, facilitators, challenges, and barriers.
Discussion: Studies specified numerous challenges for TR implementation. The main challenges in the technologies used in TR were the awareness and culture of individuals and the TR infrastructure. Despite these barriers, TR could be a better treatment selection in some patients. Therefore, it is necessary for health policymakers, and especially rehabilitation managers, technology developers, scientists, and clinicians to cooperatively make serious efforts to remove these barriers.

Eco-tourism is a tourism involving travel to areas of natural or ecological interest for the purpose of observing wildlife, learning about the environment and conserving them. It is entirely a new subject in tourism and has become an important economic activity in natural areas. Eco-tourism provides opportunities for visitors to experience powerful manifestations of nature and culture and to learn about the importance of biodiversity conservation and local cultures. Majuli, with its natural beauty in the lap of the mighty Brahmaputra, and one of the India’s biodiversity and cultural hotspots have tremendous potentiality to practice eco-tourism activities. The formation of Majuli, its geographical location, its climate and environment, its people and their life during flood, its rich culture and festivals, its arts and crafts etc. are the sufficient elements to attract curious eco-tourists.

To this date, there has been an increasing number of children across the globe diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. There has been much literature that discussed the issues and obstacles common learners face in their English language learning journey. Yet, not much spotlight and acknowledgment were given to the learners with Autism in their voyage of English language learning. In conjunction to that, this paper intends to investigate the obstacles that the learners with Autism face in their English as secondary language learning. In addition to that, teachers are not to be forgotten as teachers are also believed to be playing a role in learners with Autism's English as a second language(ESL) learning process which is why this research also intends to investigate the challenges faced by the teachers who are in charge of teaching learners with Autism. A qualitative research with the observation and interview as the instruments represents this research. This research involved two Autism Centres located in an urban area in Malaysia. The observation and interviews were conducted with forty-five learners with Autism and fourteen teachers. The findings have gathered that the world of Autism Spectrum Disorder is indeed full of obstacles and challenges but none that could not be overcome. It is believed that this research will provide a better insight of the real world of ESL teaching and learning among learners with Autism. Discussions and recommendations are further explained in this research.

La crise économique des années 1980 à laquelle étaient confrontés les pays africains au sud du  Sahara  s’était  traduite  par  la  perte  de  compétitivité  de  PME  et  grandes  entreprises  du secteur  moderne  de  l’économie  entraînant  des  pertes  d’emplois,  un  chômage  aigu  et  la paupérisation  des  populations  (Bitemo, 2008).  Les  programmes  d’ajustement  structurel  qui avaient  été  mis  en  œuvre  pour  stabiliser  l’économie  et  juguler  la  crise  n’ont  pas,  dans l’ensemble,  produit  les  effets  attendus.  Depuis  lors,  le  niveau  de  la  pauvreté  n’a  cessé  de croître (CNUCED, 2007,). En République Démocratique du Congo par exemple, les pillages des années  1991 et 1993 ainsi que les  conflits armés de 1998-2002 ont affecté négativement le marché de l’emploi.
Il en découle une grande pauvreté des populations qui n’arrivent souvent pas à satisfaire leurs besoins économiques essentiels.  Un des remèdes contre la pauvreté est le fait d’encourager la population à la créativité(Article 35 de la constitution), Milaine Rossanaly estime que dans un pays où le taux de chômage est très élevé, la plupart des femmes n’ont pas d’autre choix que de créer une micro-entreprise pour subvenir aux besoins de leur famille c’est-à-dire à s’orienter vers la promotion des activités génératrice des revenus qui se traduit par la création d’une micro-entreprise ou d’une petite entreprise.
Il est parfaitement admis aujourd’hui que l’entrepreneuriat est un vecteur fondamental de l’économie. Il est considéré comme un catalyseur important de la croissance et du développement économique et social dans de nombreux pays. L’activité entrepreneuriale est considérée comme un outil de motivation des jeunes entrepreneurs qu’ils soient hommes ou femmes et un vecteur de la création de richesse, d’emploi et l’innovation.
L’activité entrepreneuriale, domaine autrefois réservé aux seuls hommes, a connu des mutations spectaculaires à partir de la fin des années 1980 dont l’une des mutations spectaculaires est la montée des femmes entrepreneures. Les femmes entrepreneures sont reconnues aujourd’hui comme une force économique indéniable sur le plan international, même si la place qui leur est réservés dans la société varie d’un pays à un autre. Plus souvent, ces femmes rencontrent plusieurs contraintes économiques, juridiques et socioculturelles qui les entravent de se lancer dans la carrière entrepreneuriale. Les  micro-entreprises  notamment féminines permettent ainsi d’amortir les effets de la crise et de lutter contre la pauvreté. 
A  l’insuffisance financière  s’ajoute  le  manque de  niveau d’éducation et de formation professionnelle des  femmes qui  de ce fait les excluent du processus  de développement. Selon  certains  auteurs  tels  que  Hisrich et Brush (1983, 1987); Brush (1990), les responsabilités  domestiques  qui  incombent  à  la femme  représentent  un obstacle  face à l’activité  entrepreneuriale.  Elle  doit  composer  avec  un  travail  très  prenant et des responsabilités de la vie privée, particulièrement dans des pays où les valeurs traditionnelles sont plus ancrées (Zouiten, 2009). D’après  les  travaux  de  Robert  Paturel  et  Zahra  Arasti (2006) 36 % des entrepreneurs  féminins  diplômées  ont  mentionné  un  équilibre  difficile  entre  la  vie professionnelle et la vie familiale. Selon ces deux chercheurs, cette situation constitue l’une des difficultés les plus fortes lors du lancement de leur affaire.
La RDC ne déroge pas à la réalité décrite ci-dessus. Durant ces dernières années, la place de la femme dans l’économie nationale a connu une évolution considérable. En effet, la femme congolaise et bukavienne en particulier travaille aujourd’hui dans la plupart des domaines de la vie économique et sociale (enseignement, magistrature, médecine, etc.).
Pour  la  femme  Bukavienne,  être  entrepreneure,  c’est  être  un  exemple  de courage et de  résistance dans un contexte socioculturel et financier qui la freine. Elle doit être assez forte pour faire face à ces contraintes.
Pour ce qui nous concerne, il s’agit alors d’ouvrir un angle de réflexion originale en s’interrogeant les motivations qui poussent les femmes bukaviennes à se lancer dans les affaires et les contraintes qu’elles rencontrent dans leurs activités entrepreneuriales.
Spécifiquement, il s’agit de répondre aux questions ci-après : 
- Quels sont les obstacles qui entravent l’émergence de l’entrepreneuriat féminin à Bukavu ?
- Quelles sont les motivations qui poussent les femmes à entreprendre ?

(In)decency in translation, the (in)decency of translation/(Im) Pudeur dans la traduction, (im)pudeur de la traduction / Scham(losigkeit) in der Übersetzung, die Scham(losigkeit) des Übersetzens /L’(im)pudore nella traduzione, l’(im)pudore della traduzione/El (im)pudor en la traducción, el (im)pudor de la traducción

Abstract
Gene therapy as a modern therapeutic approach has not yet advanced to a globally-approved therapeutic approach. Lack of adequate reliable gene delivery system seems to be one of the major reasons from the pharmaceutical biotechnology point of view. Main obstacles delaying successful application of human gene therapy are presented in this review. The unique advantages of non-biological gene carriers as compared to their biological counterparts make them ideal alternatives for  overcoming extra- and intracellular barriers in a more safely manner. We, therefore, highlight the significant contributions in non-biological gene delivery and favorable characteristics of different design attitudes with focus on in vivo approaches. Bypassing the rapid extracellular enzymatic degradation of genetic materials is covered in extracellular segment of this review with emphasis on PEGylated and targeted formulations. The successful approaches to pave the rest of the way from cellular uptake to intracellular transfer and gene expression of unpacked DNA are also discussed. From these approaches, we emphasize more on optimization of cationic-based polymers and dendrimers, developing newly designed membrane-effective components, and adjusting the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the synthesized vectors

The move from product-centric to the service-centric business model, also known as servitization, directly impacts the
end-users, i.e., customers, in terms of getting superior value-added services and experiences in using products. Purpose: The
purpose of this paper is to bridge the existing knowledge gap in the available literature on servitization by identifying the
obstacles and critical success factors towards the implementation of servitization in manufacturing organizations. Method: A
systematic review of 22 academic articles has been conducted to formulate the recommendations. Entire research is presented
from the lens of four guiding theories in the areas of resources, capabilities, innovation, and information

The rapid growth in technology and utilization of robots is agricultural field is always challenging issue as the robot has to face various environmental changes while performing in real field. The proposed system provide cherry tomato harvesting Robot Utilizing Arduino UNO controller. The harvesting robot effectively detects ripened tomatos from the fields with the help of Robotic arm gripper and releases the tomatoes after harvesting with the help of multiple sensors. The harvesting robot is also capable of detecting the obstacle encountering in the field.

This study investigated the assessment practices used by resource room teachers in Jordan to determine eligibility for learning disability, and to identify assessment obstacles. The study also investigated whether assessment practices and obstacles of assessment differ among resource room teachers as a function of gender and academic qualification. 150 resource room teachers were randomly selected out of 455 to complete a survey designed to serve the purpose of the study. Results indicated that most teachers rely heavily on teacher-made tests of academic achievement to make eligibility decisions. Curriculum based assessment; students' response to intervention (RTI) and dynamic assessment were found to be the least practices used by teachers. With regard to assessment obstacles, results revealed that one of the major obstacles to assessment were high rate of referral especially for low achievers. Results also indicated statistically significant differences in assessment practices for teachers' qualification but not for teacher’s gender. Concerning the obstacles faced by teachers both variables showed no significant differences. Implications of these findings for assessment practices and for future research in Jordan are provided.

Background and Objectives: The floodplains are relatively flat lands in the vicinity of the rivers with the residential, industrial or agricultural usage. The sudden breakdown of large dams leads to the formation and propagation of devastating flood waves over the downstream. The flood propagation occurs over the floodplains due to the topographic variations and in-stream obstacles such as bridges. These waves are developed one and two dimensional over a small reach of the river and floodplains, respectively. In the hydrodynamic simulations, two-dimensional characteristics of the dam-break flow over the floodplains have been studied scarcely. Therefore, the combined effects of the floodplains obstacles, constriction and the bottom barriers are calculated over the dam-break flow characteristics.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method was used to the numerical study of the dam-break flow characteristics over the floodplain. From advantages of this method are including the incompressibility, the particle-based and using of powerful models of gradients and Laplacian in velocity-pressure corrections without any complex smoothing functions. Hence, the effects of the reservoir initial water level, the shapes of the obstacles - lateral transitions as well as the bottom barriers on the hydraulic parameters were studied in 15 various cases. The floodplain obstacles are cylindrical, cubic, rhomboidal and asymmetric, and the bottom barriers are cubic. At first, the sensitivity analysis was carried out on three particles diameters including the 0.01, 0.015 and 0.20 m. Finally, the diameter of the particles equal to 0.015m was adopted as the water particles size in the model. The simulations carried out through more than 280000 spherical particles, with the second order spatial and temporal accuracy.
Results: The precision of the numerical results was calculated using the NRMSE normal error through the comparison with the previous experimental one. The results demonstrated that evacuation of the reservoir occurs in numerical solutions faster than the experimental. Therefore, the MPS model under and overestimates the values of the free-surface profile height and the flow propagation velocity, respectively. The impact of flow to the floodplain obstacles leads to the rising up and the formation of a three-dimensional flow at the obstacles place, the lateral constrictions and the bottom obstacles. Further, the shape of the obstacles represents a crucial factor in the free surface profile deformations, the horizontal component of the surface velocity, and the drag resistance forces applied to the flow.
Conclusion: Normal error values showed that the accuracy of the MPS method in the calculation of the free surface longitudinal profile deformations are variable between 88 and 91 percent.

The spread of covid-19 virus that has swept across the world has changed various aspect of human life, one of which is change in the learning process in higher education. The title of this research is the student's constrains during online learning in the pandemic period in STIE PORT NUMBAY JAYAPURA student. This research is to find out the learning process students and constrainsfaced during the pandemic. This research use qualitative descriptive method.this research aims to obtain data on student perceptions of the online learning process according to the phenomena occurred on the STIE PORT NUMBAY, which was obtained during online learning process. From this research results, it can be concluded that the obstacles faced by students are fundamental.

In this work simulations of a dam-break flow over a triangular obstacle were performed with the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method, with three different distances of the particles values. Numerical results were compared against some experimental data obtained from previous laboratory investigations. showing good agreement.

— In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.

Anahtar Kelimeler Boş zaman Rekreasyon Engel Üniversite öğrencisi Öz Boş zaman değerlendirme faaliyetleri bireyler için hayatlarının önemli bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Kişilerin fizyolojik ve psikolojik olarak bir çeşit yenilenme, kendilerini yenileme süreci olan boş zaman etkinlikleri, günümüz şartlarında bireysel sağlık gelişimine da katkıda bulunan bir süreçtir. Günümüz insanı, özellikle çalışan kesim yoğun iş temposu sebebiyle kendine gerektiği kadar zaman ayıramamaktadır. Genç kesimin, hareketsiz bir hayat akışına doğru yönelim gösterdikleri görülmekte olup, bu durumun fiziksel, psikolojik ve sağlık açısından riskler getirdiği bilinmektedir. Üniversite öğrencileri, ders yoğunluğu ve teknolojik imkânların çoğalması gibi nedenlerle boş zaman faaliyetlerine katılma konusunda engellerle karşılaşmaktadır. Bu araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zamanlarında rekreasyon faaliyetlerine katılımını etkileyen engellerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi'nde (AÇÜ) eğitim gören öğrencilerin rekreasyon faaliyetlerine katılımda engel olarak gördükleri hususlar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini olasılığa dayalı olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolayda örneklem yöntemi ile seçilen ve Arhavi Meslek Yüksekokulunda (MYO) öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler bağımsız örneklem t testinden yararlanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zamanlarında rekreasyon faaliyetlerine katılmalarında 'tesis yetersizliği', 'ulaşım', 'finans yetersizliği' ve 'zaman' faktörlerini engel olarak algıladıkları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında ayrıca, üniversite öğrencilerinin demografik özelliklerine göre rekreasyon etkinliklerine katılımda engel olarak gördükleri durumları algılamalarında farklılıklar olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Keywords Abstract Leisure Recreation Obstacle University student Makalenin Türü Araştırma Makalesi Leisure activities have become an important part of their lives for individuals. Physiological and psychological renewal of individuals, leisure activities, which are the process of renewing themselves, are also a process that contributes to the development of individual health in today's conditions. Today's people, especially the working people, cannot spare as much time as necessary due to their busy work tempo. It is seen that young people tend to move towards a sedentary life stream and this situation is known to bring risks in terms of physical, psychological and health. University students are faced with obstacles in participating in leisure activities due to the intensity of lessons and the increase in technological opportunities. In this research, it was aimed to identify obstacles that affect the participation of university students in recreation activities in their leisure time. Accordingly, the issues that students who study at AÇU see as obstacles in participating in recreation activities are tried to be determined. The sampling of the research is composed of students who are selected from the sampling methods that are not based on probability and which are easily selected by the sampling method and studied at the Arhavi VHS. The data obtained were analyzed by using independent sample t test. According to the research results; it has been determined that university students perceive the factors of "lack of facilities", "transportation", "lack of finance" and time as obstacles in participating in recreation activities in their leisure time. Within the scope of the research, it is concluded that there are differences in perceptions of university students regarding the situations they see as obstacles in participating in recreation activities according to their demographic characteristics.

The least developed countries face an endless series of economic challenges that hinder the efforts of development achievement. Yemen is one of the least developed countries with a deteriorated economy, reeling from poverty and lack of development currently a violent conflict that causes more deterioration to all the economic sectors in the country. This paper attempts to shed some light on the deterioration that was caused to the business sectors particularly the sector of small and medium enterprises with a special reference to the disastrous effects caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research findings indicated that the deterioration level was worsened due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic particularly by reduction of oil prices, a decrease of financial remittances as well as international organizations' aid to Yemen, which is reflected by the difficulties faced by SMEs, cease of function and partial or complete business closure.

ABSRACT Many of the robotic grasping researches have been focusing on stationary objects. And for dynamic moving objects, researchers have been using real time captured images to locate objects dynamically. However, this approach of controlling the grasping process is quite costly, implying a lot of resources and image processing.Therefore, it is indispensable to seek other method of simpler handling… In this paper, we are going to detail the requirements to manipulate a humanoid robot arm with 7 degree-of-freedom to grasp and handle any moving objects in the 3-D environment in presence or not of obstacles and without using the cameras. We use the OpenRAVE simulation environment, as well as, a robot arm instrumented with the Barrett hand. We also describe a randomized planning algorithm capable of planning. This algorithm is an extent of RRT-JT that combines exploration, using a Rapidly-exploring Random Tree, with exploitation, using Jacobian-based gradient descent, to instruct a 7-DoF WAM robotic arm, in order to grasp a moving target, while avoiding possible encountered obstacles. We present a simulation of a scenario that starts with tracking a moving mug then grasping it and finally placing the mug in a determined position, assuring a maximum rate of success in a reasonable time.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of collaboration
in inter-organisational Information System (IS) projects when distinct organisations participate in the projects. Modern society presumes that information is easily and quickly transferred between participants who need that information. Inter-organisational ISs are one answer to this need. In case
organisations participate in implementing the IS, collaboration is even more necessary. Our results highlight the importance of collaboration and the trust that lies behind it.

Since spoken language is the most important channel of communication, it is supposed to be the first skill to master when learning a language. However, in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context, learners encounter various problems limiting their abilities. One of the remarkable phenomena in English as a foreign language (EFL) learning is the inability of most students to utter English correctly and fluently. The present study investigates the difficulties that hamper high school students from pronouncing English vocabulary and simple sentences correctly and fluently. This research was carried out in an attempt to assess the English course outcomes that were reflected in learners disabilities of correct and fluent English pronunciation. The data were collected through surveying second-year high school students’ responses to two instruments. A questionnaire was addressed to a sample of 100 Saudi male students from 4 secondary schools, and semi-structured interviews with 5 student...

This paper aims to identify the obstacles faced by Home-Based Business (HBB) Food and Beverage (F&B) entrepreneurs in securing halal certification in Malaysia. An interview was conducted with 10 HBB entrepreneurs who run F&B businesses in the region of Melaka Tengah. This study adopts a non-probability sampling approach via snowball sampling. Snowball sampling was used so that research participants could recommend more suitable participants to be interviewed based on a few criteria set in the preliminary study. The majority of the respondents shared the same opinion that there are five (5) obstacles that prevent them from securing the Malaysian Halal Certification. The obstacles include lack of capital, failure to understand the halal requirement, stringent procedures, lack of support and guidance, as well as misconception about obtaining halal certification. These obstacles were derived from the transcribed data, which was coded and grouped according to themes. The themes were derived from the highlights of previous studies that were relevant to the research question. The identification of these obstacles has its purpose in making it easier for HBB entrepreneurs to obtain the Malaysian Halal Certification for the F&B category. The study also found that the Halal Certification Body can provide the best mechanism to make it more accessible to apply for halal certification as well as to provide manageable procedures to obtain halal certification, particularly for HBB entrepreneurs in order to enable them to compete aggressively in the global market.

Removing the heat under the solar cells is important to reduce the thermal noise introduced by the solar. Today, there are many cooler designs. Each design has its own advantages and disadvantages in term of removing the heat under the solar cells. There are several methods currently available to reduce the heat, such as by using heat sink, a tunnel to direct the heat flows, a fan to blow the heat out and so on. As the heat is removed under the solar cells, the temperature of the solar cells drops accordingly. Hence, this cause the solar cells operate in stable mode and less noise is introduced in the DC output. In this research, a new approach to study the heat removal is proposed. The proposed idea is using fins with copper pipes run across the fins. This copper pipe carries water in and out to absorb the heat from the fins. The fins are used to conduct the heat and direct the heat to the copper pipe. It is believed that this method can reduce 85% of heat under the solar cells and it has a great advantage of not introducing the noisy sound when operate in a long time. In order to understand this design and operation, a simulation is carried out using SolidWork to show the thermal flows and how much the temperature can be reduced. SolidWork is chosen because this software has a thermal analysis. SolidWork allows the designer design a 3D object and run the simulation to study the effects. At the end of the research, a temperature reduction with and without using this proposed method will be shown and discussed. The difficulties of the design and detail of the heat flows under this propose method will be discussed and illustrated using appropriate mathematical tools.

Teachers as curriculum implementers face various obstacles in its implementation. This study reports on teachers' views on the implementation of curriculum policies 2013 (K-13), the obstacles encountered, and efforts to overcoming and managing obstacles. The number of participants is ten teachers who have implemented K-13. Data were collected through the group, individual interviews and questionnaires. Data were analysed using a percentage model, Likert scale measurement. The study results: the teacher's view of the implementation of the K-13 policy was classified as bad. Most of the teachers have difficulty implementing K-13. The obstacles faced are that the teacher has difficulty determining learning media, applying projectbased learning methods, lack of infrastructure, and learning assessment difficulties. Recommendations for future improvements: need continuous training, adequate infrastructure, activate subject teacher deliberations, monitoring and evaluation.

Eco-tourism is a tourism involving travel to areas of natural or ecological interest for the purpose of observing wildlife, learning about the environment and conserving them. It is entirely a new subject in tourism and has become an important economic activity in natural areas. Eco-tourism provides opportunities for visitors to experience powerful manifestations of nature and culture and to learn about the importance of biodiversity conservation and local cultures. Majuli, with its natural beauty in the lap of the mighty Brahmaputra, and one of the India’s biodiversity and cultural hotspots have tremendous potentiality to practice eco-tourism activities. The formation of Majuli, its geographical location, its climate and environment, its people and their life during flood, its rich culture and festivals, its arts and crafts etc. are the sufficient elements to attract curious eco-tourists.

The decision to adopt ecodesign process in companies raises some difficulties highlighted by many authors. Actually, ecodesign integration strategies, notably the SME's, are mostly intuitive and unconscious. Consequently, it appears important to investigate ...

Teachers as curriculum implementers face various obstacles in its implementation. This study reports on teachers' views on the implementation of curriculum policies 2013 (K-13), the obstacles encountered, and efforts to overcoming and managing obstacles. The number of participants is ten teachers who have implemented K-13. Data were collected through the group, individual interviews and questionnaires. Data were analysed using a percentage model, Likert scale measurement. The study results: the teacher's view of the implementation of the K-13 policy was classified as bad. Most of the teachers have difficulty implementing K-13. The obstacles faced are that the teacher has difficulty determining learning media, applying projectbased learning methods, lack of infrastructure, and learning assessment difficulties. Recommendations for future improvements: need continuous training, adequate infrastructure, activate subject teacher deliberations, monitoring and evaluation.

Introduction
Empathy in social work is one of the most important factors that can bring change in the patient, by developing a productive relationship. The purpose of this study is to explore empathy in the practice of social work, as it is used by professional social workers.
Method
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 social workers in public health services in Crete. Responses were recorded, and content analysis was used to analyze the data.
Findings
There were differences in the way that social workers perceive the concept of empathy, depending on their prior experiences. It was also found that they are more “sensitive” when patients have a common problem with them. Among the difficulties that prevented them from being empathetic was having “a difficult personal period” that affected their work. This study has also identified the importance of professional training for the development of empathy skills, and the key-role of work experience. Moreover, it highlighted the importance of co-operation between the researchers and the social workers for generating efficacious and valuable information.
Conclusion
This study emphasizes the importance of empathy as a necessary skill in the relationship between social workers and patients, and the need for in-depth scientific research and analyze on this issue in Greece.

Municipalities in rural areas with a small population operate under specific conditions, such as limited financial means and understaffing. These aspects also affect land-use planning, which can make the process very complicated and difficult for small rural area municipalities. The aim of this article is to identify the basic obstacles and then analyse the problems that small municipalities commonly deal with in connection to land-use planning. From a territorial perspective, the research focuses on one of the Higher Territorial Administrative Units in the Czech Republic, namely, the Ústí Region, with an emphasis on municipalities with a population in the 350–449 range. The research was conducted via personal interviews with the mayors of individual municipalities. The identified obstacles can slow down the process of land-use planning to a certain extent, but in the long-term perspective they are mostly beneficial to ensuring effective and sustainable territorial development. The research also confirmed that the land-use plan is generally regarded as a technical instrument for managing territorial development.
Key words: land-use planning, land-use plan, small municipalities, rural areas, obstacles, problems

Obce ve venkovském prostoru s nízkým počtem obyvatel mají pro své fungování specifické podmínky jako omezené finanční prostředky a nedostatečná personální kapacita. Tyto aspekty se projevují i v oblasti územního plánování, přičemž tento proces může být pro malé obce venkovského typu velmi komplikovaný a náročný. Cílem článku je identifikovat základní bariéry a následně provést rozbor problémů, které malé obce v oblasti územního plánování běžně řeší. Z teritoriálního hlediska je výzkum zaměřen na jeden z vyšší územně samosprávných celků České republiky, a to Ústecký kraj, přičemž důraz je kladen na obce s počtem obyvatel od 350 do 449. Výzkum byl proveden terénním šetřením prostřednictvím rozhovorů s jednotlivými starosty obcí. Identifikované bariéry do určité míry mohou zpomalovat proces územního plánování, ale v dlouhodobé perspektivě jsou většinou prospěšné pro zajištěné efektivního a udržitelného rozvoje území. Výzkum navíc potvrdil, že územní plán je většinově vnímám jako nástroj technického charakteru pro management rozvoje území.
Klíčová slova: územní plánování, územní plán, malé obce, venkov, bariéry, problémy

Research and consultancy. work seems to indicate that the major obstacles to development in Tanzania are macro-economic internal and external imbalances. Hence the reason for pouring in foreign aid. This paper argues that administrative and organisational bottlenecks are the major obstacles to development. These obstacles are manifested in different ways, and the following four are discussed: project mentality, incentives, bureaucratic culture, and cross-cultural issues.
Based on examples, the paper concludes that the project mentality
approach to development has served to fragment policy making in Tanzania. Likewise the bureaucratic and incentive structures
have stifled individual initiatives as well as individual contributions to the detriment of the country. These two obstacles have undermined the workers morale to work, creativity, and organisation performance. The leadership styles in the country seem to be based on the assumption that Tanzania is a culturally homogenous society. As a result policy decisions are announced and executed without taking into account cultural and environmental heterogenity.
Taken together, the four obstacles presented have brought about serious misunderstanding in the development efforts in the country.

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