Open Knowledge

Over the past two decades, there has been an unprecedented rate of technological advancement that has transformed production processes and eased the distribution of knowledge and media. Taking advantage of this shift, various individuals and groups have sought to promote a culture of sharing by using existing copyright regimes for the purpose of easing the production and reproduction of cultural products. Such 'copyleft' has facilitated the development of platforms that promote the free and open distribution and reproduction of knowledge. This offers an exciting new opportunity to teachers, as the availability of these platforms and their content enables them to create their own teaching materials without relying on proprietary resources, and enables them to guide students as they themselves become producers of knowledge. This paper provides a brief introduction to copyleft, open knowledge, and their use in the classroom, both at the secondary and tertiary level.

The author opines that Ranganathan's Five Laws pronounced in 1931 are of eternal relevance and can be considered as the sutras of Knowledge Management. Earlier majority of population were prevented from accessing knwoledge. The revolutionary laws he proposed, democratised access to knowledge. Tim Berners-Lee followed Ranganathan's footsteps by making WWW accessible to everyone. But he went one more step ahead by ensuring participation of common people in creating knowledge also. The author opines that the present ideas of Open data (information), Open Government (politics), Open Access (scientific research), Free culture (education and culture) from which the entire society is able to benefit is what Ranganathan envisioned in his five Laws which are based on his principles of non-discrimination. The author also adapts the five laws to suit the knoweldge based society.

[The Iraq Oil Almanac is the result of OpenOil's editorial and research team's efforts, within which I worked collaboratively in the position of research associate]

The Iraq Oil Almanac has been created to significantly increase the stock of information available in local languages and contexts among independent journalists, civil society activists and others. The guide will provide a living database of publicly available information around the Iraqi oil industry, not only for journalists but for anybody wanting to know more about the Iraqi oil industry, and as such, be the basis for a locally based knowledge com- munity around the industry. This first edition of the guide has been prepared by MICT International and OpenOil UG. Internews Network will use it as the basis to work with a group of Iraqi journalists to develop future versions of the guide online and in book form.

El presente documento de política pública analiza el rol que desempeña la propiedad industrial y el sistema de patentes en el capitalismo cognitivo, en el que el conocimiento se convierte en el factor fundamental de la producción, así como sus alternativas dentro de la economía social del conocimiento a la que se orienta Ecuador. En particular, desvela el carácter contraproducente de las restricciones basadas en propiedad intelectual para los procesos de innovación y propone partir de la experiencia de procesos de diseño abierto, colaborativo y de fabricación distribuida para establecer una regulación alternativa en la materia e impulsar medidas que aceleren la transición hacia una economía social del conocimiento común y abierto.

The Social Function of Intellectual Property
This work aims to study the implications of the constitutional principles of the social function of property and human dignity to Intellectual Property (IP). Our study sought from the Brazilian reality, analyses the social implications of the monopolies of the IP.
Our social and economic traditions were rather concentrating power and wealth. Despite the advances, the 1988 Constitution, fundamental, economic and social rights, still faces many practical difficulties when coming up with the major national and international interests.
This subject had more flexible rights, whose guidelines were very useful the more industrialized countries in the past. From the 1980s, treaties became mandatory to all countries. These latest agreements are not usually helpful to developing countries, which needed to undergo them, otherwise they will not participate in international trade or suffer trade reprisals.
The consequences of the copyright, patents and cultivars for the exercise of the rights to culture, health, education and development are immediate. The more rigid the moral and economic rights of the holders, closer are the rights of the community.
The social function of property and human dignity can help relieve some of these excesses of IP, especially within certain margins of adaptation of the Agreement that are a little more within our reach. Also, can guide public policies to expand the potential for dissemination of culture, education, science and information to its citizens, and to indicate to the Courts a more critical view of abuses of property rights of IP holders.

This article examines crowdsourcing as a knowledge-search method and an open journalistic
practice in digital journalism. The study draws on data from four cases in which professional
journalists used crowdsourcing in their investigations. Crowdsourcing resulted in an efficient
knowledge discovery and a continuous flow of tips to journalists and thus benefited journalistic
investigations. The horizontal and vertical transparency in crowdsourced journalism supported
the knowledge-search process. However, the high volume of submissions in some cases
made the journalists compromise the journalistic norm of data verification, which resulted in
publishing unverified information. Crowdsourcing as an open journalistic practice thus ruptures
journalistic norms and creates pressure for new ones to emerge, such as blended responsibility,
in which the responsibility for data accuracy is shared by the journalists and the readers. The
article extends the examination of open journalistic practices and contributes to the understanding
of their impact on digital journalism.

La idea del Conocimiento Libre es definido por Ricardo Pluss (2007) como todo aquel conocimiento que se puede adquirir libremente, sin ningún permiso explícito del autor, se puede compartir con los demás sin infringir las leyes regulatorias de los derechos de autor, permite su modificación según las necesidades que se presenten y, posteriormente, que esas modificaciones se distribuyan de nuevo para beneficiar a todas y todos, revirtiendo ese conocimiento en la humanidad.

La creciente importancia de los algoritmos pone en evidencia la discriminación que se registra, especialmente en género y minorías, así como la necesidad de transparencia en la aplicación de estas fórmulas frente a la opacidad de las corporaciones. A pesar de estos sesgos, en los algoritmos se apoya la toma de decisiones de casi todos los campos del conocimiento y de las actividades sociales, políticas y económicas a causa de una confianza casi ciega en los procesamientos informáticos, de un imaginario tecnológico sobre su capacidad para eliminar el error y el sesgo. El Efecto Manipulador del Motor de Búsqueda o Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME) (Epstein y Robertson, 2015) muestra efectos muy claros sobre el comportamiento del voto. También Caliskan y Bryson (2017) han detectado la reproducción de sesgos de género y étnicos, a partir de datos ya sesgados que conducen a desviaciones estadísticas muy importantes en el Big Data.

Se presenta una aproximación a la fundamentación de un modelo de economı́a del conocimiento orientado a la generación de beneficios sociales. Se parte de una interpretación crı́tica del concepto de “capitalismo cognitivo” y se estudia el concepto de “economı́a social del conocimiento” a partir de la referencia concreta de la experiencia de FLOK Society. Como complemento se describen algunas lı́neas de un marco de interpretación que presenta los bienes comunes del conocimiento como parte de un sistema de relaciones “abierto”, en tanto que se identifica con modos de producción distribuida, y “común” en atención a los modos de gobernanza colaborativa que favorecen la creación de valor económico y social.

This paper aims to capture the richness and diversity of action research on the global justice movement. It starts by proposing a typology of five tendencies (participative-collective method; producing alternative content; strategic thinking for political processes; building relationships and networking connections; and opening knowledge). It goes on to present clusters of different experiences, illustrated by examples. Having provided an orientation map of action research on the global justice movement, the author concludes by presenting what in her view should characterizeaction research. The paper is based on participant observation, a review of the literature and personal experience.

The inspiration for this collective writing project began with a digital conference entitled 'Knowledge Socialism, COVID-19 and the New Reality of Education' held at Beijing Normal University. In this conference and through this article, multiple researchers spread across six continents have engaged in the collaborative task of outlining emerging innovations and alternative contingencies towards education, international collaboration, and digital reform in this time of global crisis. Trends associated with digital education, knowledge openness, peer production, and collective intelligence as articulated by Michael A. Peters' conception of Knowledge Socialism are given careful analysis and exploration. Some of the members of this collective endeavor to identify problems, others, begin to draw boxes around potential solutions. Overall, this article engages with real world challenges and innovations that look beyond dominant neoliberal trends in the knowledge economy to build bridges toward novel possibilities in this era of rapid digital change.

This paper focuses on the issue of Openness/Open Access implemented through Copyleft licensing such as the Creative Commons licensing model for information, data, and works produced by Public Sector organizations. The analysis provided herewith describes the CC licensing option seen under the prism of Directive 2003/98/EC as amended by Directive 2013/37/EU implemented in Greece through Laws 3448/2006, 4305/2014, and Presidential Decree 28/2015. The authors conclude that CC licensing fits in the provisions of the legal framework that transposes into national law the provisions of Directives 2003/98/EC and 2013/37/EU. The Mertonian reasoning that rests with the amended PSI Directive and the availability of public sector information to its users caters only for a minimum attribution to authors of public sector information that has been produced by funding coming directly or indirectly through the tax-payers’ contribution. In the Mertonian sense, the substantive findings of any public sector information are a product of social collaboration and should thus be assigned to the community with the least possible legal and technical barriers.

Nonostante i recenti sforzi in direzione dell'apertura dei dati della ricerca archeologica abbiano prodotto ri-sultati validi e molto utili, persiste ancora una diffusa politica di protezionismo. Chi ricerca tende infatti a di-vulgare la conoscenza prodotta esclusivamente tramite il sistema della pubblicazione, senza associare alcun tipo di dataset. Ciò costituisce solo la punta dell'iceberg del sapere archeologico, mentre la maggior parte delle informazioni restano sommerse e inaccessibili. Si genera quindi un monopolio sulla detenzione, l'utilizzo e il riutilizzo dei dati. Il presente lavoro si propone di individuare le motivazioni alla base delle resistenze nei confronti degli open data in archeologia, riflettendovi con un approccio logico, relazionato anche ad altri campi di ricerca. Si tenta quindi di analizzare le conseguenze, sia positive che negative, che scaturirebbero in seguito a una politica di apertura condivisa. Non manca inoltre spazio per alcune proposte di utilizzo della ri-sorsa open data, tenuto conto delle sue potenzialità, in relazione alle esigenze attualmente espresse dalla ricerca. Parole chiave: ricerca; open data; patrimonio informativo; decadimento dei dati; plusvalore scientifico; civic hacking; citizen science; fantarcheologia; fonte finamica; validazione; divulgazione. Benefits and limits of research data Even if recent efforts in support of the opening of archaeological research's data have produced efficient and very usefull results, there is still a common policy of protectionism. Researchers actually use to divulge archaeological knowledge only through the publishing system, whitout linking any kind of dataset.This is just the tip of the iceberg of information, while the vast majority remain hidden and inaccessible. So this situation brings to a monopoly on possession, use and reutilization of data. This work intends to identify the main causes of the existing oppositions to open data in archaeology, by a logical approach, even in connection with other fields of research.Then it tries to analyse possible consequences, both positives and negatives, of a shared policy of opening.There will be also place for some suggestion about the possible purposes of open data, taking into account their potentialities, as well as current needs of archaeological research.

The proliferation of information and network technologies has led to a situation where at least some degree of technological skill has become a precondition for social participation. The challenge of facilitating technological literacy has been addressed differently from various players, from the commercial providers of software and hardware, the official educational system, the 'maker movement' as well as from the critical approaches of 'open knowledge' communities. Do we all have to be 'makers'? What does technological critique mean in the 21st century? Artistic Technology inquires the " artistic " in technological arts, in a world which is largely dominated by technology. The conditions of technological interventions are questioned, with artistic-technological research and practice. The focus is on the engagement of communities of artists and interdisciplinary researchers with the intention to facilitate technological literacy and to inspire a critical understanding of the social consequences of technology.

The sharing of open content using free peer-to-peer technology is a challenge in a world dominated by intellectual property laws and high profile court cases against people and organisations accused of illicit file- sharing. From a legal perspective this challenge seems insurmountable for a global network that seeks to enable the sharing of local knowledge for local development. Feenberg's work on the democractisation of technology and Lessig's work on architecture as a regulatory modality helps to understand the role of technology in both constraining and protecting knowledge sharing. This paper describes how technology and techno-legal instruments such as software and content licenses can become tactical interventions in the regulation of knowledge sharing.

AIMS. This qualitative study explored a phenomenon of epistemic communality around a Twitter hashtag. The primary aim of the study was to explore communal epistemic production on the Twitter platform, especially in the context of a mutually shared hashtag. The study explored the peer- production of knowledge and epistemic structures in the context of a specialist domain collaborating in the open Web. The secondary aim was to explore how Twitter functions as a platform for networked expertise and as a public agora for practitioners’ expert discourse. This nascent mode of cultural production leads to the development of expert cultures on Twitter and in the open Web. This creates new contexts for informal collaborative learning and cultral production potentially answering some of the competence challenges presented by the 21st century.

METHODS. The hashtag #okfest was launched for the ’Open Knowledge Festival’ conference held in Helsinki, Finland (17–22.9.2012). The participants of the study were open knowledge practitioners who participated in the hashtag discourse of #okfest on Twitter. All public tweets containing the string ’#okfest’ were collected as data. Tweets were analyzed with qualitative thematic analysis exploring the epistemic contributions either included in the tweets or as hyperlinked attachments.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. The analysis indicated how the hashtag was appropriated to serve as a node of communal knowledge sharing beyond mere reporting from the conference. The analysis observed six themes of communal knowledge building in the hashtag space. The communal epistemic activities in #okfest were likened to the properties of a community of practice (Wenger, 1998). A network of practitioners engaging in a mutual domain creates a dynamic ’social learning system’ combining social interaction with the production and dissemination of knowledge. The study yielded a novel theoretical concept of ’expert microblogging’, recognized as a significant genre of cultural production in a specialist domain on Twitter and in the open Web. Finally the Twitter platform was ascertained as a site for the manifestation of cultures of networked expertise.

In 2021 Sweden celebrated the 255th year of the first freedom of information law in the history of humankind, that is, the first attempt of citizens to promote the transparency of government institutions through the release of public information. In this connection, this research presents a case study that investigates open data governance in the context of a country that is universally well-known today not only as a historical homeland of such legislation but also as a global pioneer of the open knowledge movement that explicitly propagates the public value of free access to public information. The development of this extremely liberal information policy has been mirrored recently in the widespread diffusion of other related promising concepts such as open data, open economy, open science, open state, open source software, net neutrality and even pirate politics. In this regard, by adopting a wide range of open data-driven projects and startups, Sweden not only has followed the global open data movement but, more importantly, managed to promote the concept further, offering a new theoretical foundation to reincarnate the good old idea of e-government from a somewhat notorious cliché of top-down and purely bureaucratic tool of public sector reforms into a promising ideological platform to advance civic engagement, e-participation, freedom of press and even social democracy in a completely new innovative manner.

Este trabajo se propone fundamentar un esquema de producción para organizaciones de base tecnológica sustentado en la gestión del conocimiento como bien común. Para ello se revisan propuestas organizacionales como las redes de producción basada en el procomún y se plantea cómo pueden aportar a experiencias de gestión de proyectos sociotécnicos. Como resultado se presentan elementos para la fundamentación de un modo de producción distribuido y de gestión colectiva, que puede introducir formas novedosas de creación de valor y proporciona oportunidades para democratizar el acceso a los factores de producción y la generación de ingresos.

Catholic Social Doctrine (“CSD”) offers guidelines for the development and management of society inspired by the Gospel.
“Openness” is the collective name given in this paper to a specific set of attitudes, technologies, concrete practices and legal infrastructures, all driven by principles that include a “share-and-share alike” approach to ownership and reuse of goods, and massive usage of the Internet for affordable, large-scale collaborative design and mutual support. Such characteristis make Openness particularly well suited to address (among other things) the “real needs” of many people, as defined later in the paper.
Thanks to software and the Internet, many spontaneous communities worldwide, whose common characteristic is Openness, have already developed collaborative goods, services, and ways of working that, for all the reasons above, may be relevant in CSD .
The first two sections of this paper present CSD’s main points and, respectively, the real nature of software and its effects on modern society. The third section gives a general definition of Openness, followed by short explanations and practical examples of some of its main applications. The fourth and final section explores the many links between CSD and Openness and the possible synergies and actions that may result from them.

This paper is based on an action research project (Greenwood and Levin, 1998) conducted in 2016-2017 in partnership with the Atikamekw Nehirowisiw Nation and Wikimedia Canada. Built into the educational curriculum of a secondary school on the Manawan reserve, the project led to the launch of a Wikipedia encyclopaedia in the Atikamekw Nehirowisiw language. We discuss the results of the project by examining the challenges and opportunities raised in the collaborative process of creating Wikimedia content in the Atikamekw Nehirowisiw language. What are the conditions of inclusion of Indigenous and traditional knowledge in open projects? What are the cultural and political dimensions of empowerment in this relationship between openness and inclusion? How do the processes of inclusion and negotiation of openness affect Indigenous skills and worlding processes? Drawing from media studies, indigenous studies and science and technology studies, we adopt an ecological perspective (Star, 2010)...

This article defines the concept of open recognition and places its development within the context of the development of Wikipedia. The potential impact of open recognition on higher education is explored. This article defines Open Recognition as consisting of three elements a philosophy, a framework, and a practice. Open recognition has the potential to fundamentally alter higher education by lowering costs of reporting learner knowledge, skills, and abilities, while altering the scope of recognition to add informal recognition. Both open recognition and Wikipedia share common features and can both be categorised as open knowledge movements. However, in order to succeed as a robust network, Wikipedia had to overcome scepticism and public distrust around reporting accurate and relevant knowledge, partly by making its writing around knowledge formation visible. This article observes how Wikipedia overcame these obstacles and demonstrates how a fully mature and robust open recognition framework can create more durable experiences to connect learners to employers and the public.

Systematic mapping of the literature: social innovation laboratories for the collaborative construction of knowledge from the perspective of open innovation. In F. ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to determine the state of the art of social innovation laboratories for the collaborative construction of knowledge from the perspective of open innovation. It employs the methodology of the systematic mapping of the literature using the Science Direct, Springer Open and Google Scholar academic databases. The most significant findings include a tendency for social innovation laboratories using different technologies to socialize knowledge and the use of collaboration tools for the collaborative construction of knowledge. Is has been found that the creation of citizen networks (open social networks, researcher networks or contributor networks) and interdisciplinary work groups is common. Experts in laboratories suggest participating in listening mode since they take into account the experience of those affected and non-experts. Therefore, social innovation labs are spaces that are open to proposals for designing a work plan involving a range of actors to prototype a proposal from the perspective of open innovation. • Social and pr ofessional topics~Computing liter acy • Applied computing~Digital libr ar ies an d ar chives • Softwar e and its engineer ing~Collabor at ion in softwar e development • Information systems~Digital librar ies and ar chives

La emergencia de los recursos educativos abiertos (REAs) en la educación da una oportunidad muy relevante a países como Ecuador y otros que están haciendo una apuesta importante por las políticas de refuerzo del talento humano para la transición hacia una economía social del conocimiento. Sobre todo, la filosofía que subyace a estos materiales fomenta la incorporación de nuevas pedagogías más democráticas y capaces de fomentar el empoderamiento y apasionamiento del alumnado, favorece la colaboración y el ahorro de costes en los materiales educativos (tanto para docentes como finales) al hacer posible su reutilización, traducción, actualización y adaptación al contexto y habilita una gran capacidad formativa a instituciones académicas emergentes del Continente, como muestra el ejemplo de UPEx. En el escenario actual, el reto es crear mecanismos de cooperación interinstitucional que permitan desarrollar de manera eficiente y compartida estos recursos, así como apuntalar los mecanismos de control de calidad, estandarización de resultados y reconocimiento de las competencias que hagan posible la acreditación de esta formación y, ello junto con mejores previsiones de retorno para los y las desarrolladoras de contenidos y e investigación sobre sus modelos de negocio, mejoren sus sostenibilidad.

Describe los procesos, los colaboradores involucrados y la repercusión del desarrollo del proyecto ecuatoriano "Sociedad FLOK - Free Libre Open Knowledge Society", con miras a la construcción de planos para fortalecer la economía social del conocimiento social común y abierto. El proyecto dio lugar a la Cumbre del Conocer Bien en mayo de 2014 en Quito, con diferentes actores e instituciones sociales. Sus resultados serán publicados en un libro con las principales directrices disponibles en un número especial del "Journal of Peer Production". Durante la elaboración del proyecto y  en la Cumbre se asistió a una intensa participación de varias instituciones, entre ellas de la comunidad internacional. La  inicialmente difícil participación de la sociedad civil que por las barreras del idioma fue superada a partir de la idea de "Bueno saber cómo habitar Bien Vivir", marco político ecuatoriano desde 2008, y por los esfuerzos de instituciones, tornando posible aumentar la participación de la sociedad civil. De este modo, a través de una red participativa, las discusiones que produjeran contenidos en 190 documentos iniciales fueron publicadas, lo que llamamos "propio contenido". Su impacto y discusión aparecieron en los medios de comunicación tradicionales, un total de 130, lo que llamamos "contenido en medios", en las discusiones en los "medios de comunicación de redes sociales " y de diversas acciones de comunicación y equipo FLOK . Por último, también alcanzamos lo que llamamos redes de territorios  que hibridaran territorios digitales y geográficos en las reuniones # Beer2peer en los bares de Quito. A pesar de alta visibilidad dada al contenido propuesto, la eficacia de las recomendaciones de política y de proyectos productivos aún tiene bajo rendimiento por el pequeño número actual de participantes en el equipo. Todavía hay cuellos de botella como la necesidad de programas de capacitación, programas piloto y tácticas para promover los ya posibles planes y profundizar los iniciados.

ABSTRACT. In this paper we assume that innovation requires transmission of information. The content of the transmitted information currently is subject to legal regulation, typically
intellectual property, where the agents and the requirement of a needed consent hinder free transmission. To solve this problem, two type of solutions are being implemented: first through legal code and second through computer code. These solutions, rooted on ethical foundations, have political consequences and
determine the kind of society we can build using the transmitted knowledge.

The main purpose of the chapter is to understand the important role of professional collaboration among key stakeholders of the open data movement and analyze a set of typical drivers and challenges associated with the promotion of the concept in both public and private sectors of national economy by resorting to an interesting case of Finland, which has recently adopted various comprehensive open data realization strategies and networking initiatives. These initiatives were aimed at, first of all, outreaching the public values of open data and propagating the political and socioeconomic benefits of its further processing and reuse in various third-party projects and collaborative platforms. The main finding of the research suggests that the active promotion of the concept in private and non-governmental sectors leads to the creation of new market niches where a promising phenomenon of the open data-driven entrepreneurial and philanthropic activity of middlemen emerges, dramatically changing the traditional ways to promote public sector innovations.

Gerakan untuk membangun sebuah open knowledge tentang kekayaan karya dan budaya berbasis teknologi informasi di tengah masyarakat Indonesia, menjadi sebuah program kerja yang dapat menjadi tumpuan dalam peningkatan Index Pertumbuhan Manusia Indonesia. Indonesia memiliki kekayaan budaya, adat istiadat, karya kreatif, local wisdom yang tidak hanya perlu diketahui oleh masyarakat daerahnya masing-masing, namun juga harus diketahui secara nasional, bahkan dunia. Pembangunan suatu open knowledge membutuhkan standarisasi yang bersifat terbuka serta juga diperlukan partisipasi dari masyarakat. Pentingnya sebuah open knowledge bidang kebudayaan akan dapat menumbuhkan karya-karya kreatif dan inovatif untuk memajukan bangsa Indonesia.

In book: FLOK Society / Buen Conocer - Modelos sostenibles y políticas públicas para una economía social del conocimiento común y abierto en Ecuador, Chapter: Documento de Política Pública 4.2. Software / Programas de libres y de código abierto en la Administración Pública, Publisher: FLOK Society, Editors: David Vila-Viñas, Xabier E. Barandiaran, pp.653-702

El presente documento introduce las nociones de software libre, sus libertades e implicaciones políticas, tanto en la colaboración técnica para una producción basada en el conocimiento compartido y la cooperación, como para las formas de organización política que crean prototipos de dispositivos democratizantes, en un plano más general. El documento se dirige a mostrar las ventajas que supone y los retos que afronta el software libre para coadyuvar a la transición hacia una economía social del conocimiento común y abierto. En particular, se concentra en las medidas que puede adoptar el Estado para asegurar dicha transición. Ello incluye los procesos procesos de migración a software libre de sus equipos y aplicaciones, las acciones de fortalecimiento de una industria nacional y regional que pueda asumir las necesidades social, mejorar la seguridad y reducir la dependencia tecnológica, así como la promoción de estos ecosistemas productivos en general.

The inspiration for this collective writing project began with a digital conference entitled 'Knowledge Socialism, COVID-19 and the New Reality of Education' held at Beijing Normal University. In this conference and through this article, multiple researchers spread across six continents have engaged in the collaborative task of outlining emerging innovations and alternative contingencies towards education, international collaboration, and digital reform in this time of global crisis. Trends associated with digital education, knowledge openness, peer production, and collective intelligence as articulated by Michael A. Peters' conception of Knowledge Socialism are given careful analysis and exploration. Some of the members of this collective endeavor to identify problems, others, begin to draw boxes around potential solutions. Overall, this article engages with real world challenges and innovations that look beyond dominant neoliberal trends in the knowledge economy to bui...

Esta Guía es la consecuencia del compromiso presidencial N° 305 del 4 de Enero del 2014 que exige la elaboración de una norma que permita regular y estandarizar la elaboración y publicación de información pública o de Datos Abiertos en las entidades de la Administración Pública Central, Institucional y Dependiente de la Función Ejecutiva (APCID). El compromiso tiene como objeto incrementar la transparencia de la gestión de las entidades públicas y promover la participación de la ciudadanía en el quehacer del gobierno. El Plan Nacional de Gobierno Electrónico 2014-2017 de Ecuador (PNGE) amplía este compromiso y lo como un proceso de crecimiento y aprendizaje organizado e institucional de la APCID para liberar Datos Abiertos y consolidar el Gobierno Abierto de forma incremental y constante que parte con una liberación y sigue luego con una estrategia de concentración y otra de distribución. Esta Guía surge del trabajo conjunto de Secretaría Nacional de la Administración Pública (SNAP), Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo (SENPLADES), Ministerio de Telecomunicaciones y Sociedad de la Información (MINTEL) e Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC). Estas entidades se integraron en mesas de trabajo participativas y colaborativas y propusieron este documento como el primer conjunto de buenas prácticas para liberar Datos Abiertos. La Guía sale en su primera versión, esperando liberar otras versiones conforme se vea la necesidad de agregar nuevas prácticas, se integren otros actores a la mejora de la Guía, y se vayan incorporando soluciones a nuevos retos. Esta primera versión debe ser ejecutada el 2014 ya que posicionará a Ecuador como un referente en liberación de datos como Gobierno ya que mostrará como un país se organiza en el marco de un proceso ordenado y orquestado de acciones hacia un Gobierno Abierto y hacia un gobierno que promueve como objetivo la generación de un sector social y económico que surja del uso de estos datos y de su utilidad al sector privado y público y al ciudadano. Nos quedan retos para seguir ampliando estas buenas prácticas y seguir cumpliendo los objetivos del PNGE y cumplir su alineación con el Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir. Los nuevos retos incluyen hoy en día, consolidar procesos de innovación social y abierta, seguir creciendo en transparencia, reforzar la accesibilidad, potenciar la interoperabilidad, incrementar la usabilidad y, fortalecer la protección de las personas y de sus datos a nivel de APCID. La renovación de las guías está abierta a cualquier actor del Plan Nacional de Gobierno Electrónico 2014-2017 de Ecuador para lo cual debe contactarse a la Subsecretaría de Gobierno Electrónico de la SNAP.

Editorial on the reasons and methodology to map out the global corporate structure and subsidiary hierarchy of BP plc through research and collection of open data available at national companies registers and securities commissions archives.