PIB

Para determinar los efectos de la minería venezolana en su proceso evolutivo desde la precolonia hasta el presente medido en impacto socioeconómico, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica y documental basada en registros de la historia y en cifras estadísticas históricas, habiéndose encontrado la práctica de actividades mineras desde alrededor de 1.000 AC; se descubrieron indicios de muy escasa comercialización de minerales antes de la llegada de Colón con base en narraciones de conquistadores y de clérigos; durante el proceso de conquista y colonización se inician las actividades mineras con fines comerciales sin que el territorio actual de Venezuela haya destacado entre los más productores del nuevo mundo; desde la creación de Venezuela como República se formalizan las actividades mineras a partir de 1854 pero se tecnifica y profesionaliza a gran escala a partir de 1950, sin embargo, la minería en Venezuela ha sido tradicionalmente una actividad marginal cuando se compara con el resto de las actividades de producción venezolanas a pesar de la gran potencialidad en recursos minerales inorgánicos existentes; se concluye que el proceso evolutivo de la minería en Venezuela ha sido muy limitado y poco productivo en términos socio-económicos presumiblemente por una sostenida y equivocada concepción acerca del negocio minero que se profundizó a finales del siglo XIX con la aparición del petróleo.

In this paper, the Johansen cointegration technique is used to examine the causal relationship between per capita energy consumption (PCEC) and per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) for Tunisia during the 1971–2004 period. In order to test for Granger causality in the presence of cointegration among the variables, a vector error correction model (VECM) is used instead of a vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Our estimation results indicate that the PCGDP and PCEC for Tunisia are related by one cointegrating vector and that there is a long-run bi-directional causal relationship between the two series and a short-run unidirectional causality from energy to gross domestic product (GDP). The source of causation in the long-run is found to be the error-correction terms in both directions. Hence, an important policy implication resulting from this analysis is that energy can be considered as a limiting factor to GDP growth in Tunisia. Conclusions for Tunisia may also be relevant for a number of countries that have to go through a similar development path of increasing pressure on already scarce energy resources.

This study explores the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Mozambique for 1975-2016 period, using Vector error correction model and Granger causality test. The VECM result suggests the existence of unidirectional long-run relationship running from EC to GDP. Granger causality test proposes that energy consumption Granger causes economic growth. Therefore, in Mozambique is indispensable an energy consumption development policy to stimulate economic growth. Mozambique has plentiful energy resources that would boost the development of energy sector and supply the emergent industry without any energy shortage.

This study explores the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Mozambique for 1975-2016 period, using Vector error correction model and Granger causality test. The VECM result suggests the existence of unidirectional long-run relationship running from EC to GDP. Granger causality test proposes that energy consumption Granger causes economic growth. Therefore, in Mozambique is indispensable an energy consumption development policy to stimulate economic growth. Mozambique has plentiful energy resources that would boost the development of energy sector and supply the emergent industry without any energy shortage.

Objective To test whether relations between economic development, economic inequality, and child and youth homicide rates are sex- and age-specific, and whether a country's wealth modifies the impact of economic inequality on homicide rates. Methods Outcome variables were homicide rates around 1994 in males and females in the age ranges 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 20-24 years from 61 countries.

L'objectif de cet article est de demontrer que l'echec des pays exportateurs de petrole en matiere de developpement economique tient pour une bonne partie a l'instabilite des recettes petrolieres et pas seulement au syndrome neerlandais comme le pensaient beaucoup de specialistes. En effet, la forte chute des prix du brut en 1986 et la penurie des capitaux qu'elle a provoquee par la suite ont transforme en profondeur la nature des problemes economiques auxquels sont confrontes les pays petroliers. Pour ces derniers, qui demeurent fortement dependant des revenus petroliers, il faut desormais faire face non seulement aux effets nuisibles suscites par l'abondance financiere mais aussi aux incidences negatives provoquees par la penurie en capitaux et la volatilite des recettes. Dans cet article, nous avons montre que l'instabilite incessante des recettes petrolieres du Koweit affecte directement les taux de croissance de son economie et oblige le gouvernement de ce pays a reviser en permanence ses politiques de depenses ce qui rend impossible la mise en place des plans de developpement a long terme.

In this paper, the Johansen cointegration technique is used to examine the causal relationship between per capita energy consumption (PCEC) and per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) for Tunisia during the 1971–2004 period. In order to test for Granger causality in the presence of cointegration among the variables, a vector error correction model (VECM) is used instead of a vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Our estimation results indicate that the PCGDP and PCEC for Tunisia are related by one cointegrating vector and that there is a long-run bi-directional causal relationship between the two series and a short-run unidirectional causality from energy to gross domestic product (GDP). The source of causation in the long-run is found to be the error-correction terms in both directions. Hence, an important policy implication resulting from this analysis is that energy can be considered as a limiting factor to GDP growth in Tunisia. Conclusions for Tunisia may also be relevant for a number of countries that have to go through a similar development path of increasing pressure on already scarce energy resources.