Eurostat

The young people labour market in European Union is facing great challenges. Young people’s unemployment has been on rise in EU continuously since 2008 and it reached its highest value in 2011. Young people’s unemployment causes negative sentiments and tenses among society and possibly has an impact on European integration. In some member countries, young people start working much earlier than in others, e.g. in the form of summer jobs or jobs for students. It is also possible to be in education system and on the labour market at the same time, leading to an overlap. Another challenge of this specific labour market is migration of young people from non-member states of EU which began in 2008 and has caused a migration crisis in 2015. This article focuses on the complex interplay between education and participation of young people in labour market of the EU as a possible indicator of European integration.

Established in December 1992, the European
Audiovisual Observatory is a unique pan-European
public service organisation dedicated
to gathering and distributing information on
the European audiovisual industry (film, television,
home video, new media). Currently
35 European States as well as the European
Community are members of the Observatory.
The Observatory functions within the framework
of an enlarged partial agreement of the
Council of Europe and carries out its mission
with a network of partners, correspondents
and professional organisations.
Collection and publication of statistics is one
of the important activities of the Observatory.
General strategy, methodological issues,
databases and recent results will be presented.

La produzione scientifica dominante è concorde nel sostenere che il merito creditizio degli
Stati sia esclusivamente verificabile dal rapporto Debito/PIL. Sostenere semplicemente
che un maggior indebitamento sia deleterio può essere vero ma non sufficiente, questo
perché, genericamente, tutti siamo consapevoli che questo sistema prevede
l'indebitamento per la crescita del PIL. Gli Stati, tutti, hanno necessità di investire gli
impieghi acquisiti dalle fonti per realizzare i propri piani di spesa; tradotto, tutti gli Stati,
nessuno escluso, hanno necessità di fare debito, tramite l'emissione di TDS, per ottenere i
mezzi finanziari da impiegare affinché si dia seguito alle politiche fiscali intraprese. Dire
semplicemente che solo un maggior debito pubblico sia causa, e non anche concausa, del
rallentamento crea gli spread in quanto induce tutti a rivolgere l'attenzione sul debito e non
sulla potenziale profittabilità ottenuta grazie a quell'indebitamento. Ma qual è il limite
massimo dell'indebitamento?

The CORA (COmmon Reference Architecture) project is a research network financed by Eurostat in 2009. The project defined an architecture to be assumed as a reference by National Statistical Institutes (NSIs), articulated according to three distinct dimensions, technical, organizational and business. The organizational dimension of CORA is based on a survey of the exchange of software between NSIs. The technical and business dimensions of the CORA architecture have been structured according to a layered approach, in which lower layers offer services to upper ones. The first dimension of the technical architecture develops itself alongside GSBPM. The second dimension is determined by the way services make use of one another to deliver their respective products. These two dimensions give rise to a grid according to which it is possible to design statistical processes.

The design of a CORA-compliant service concretely permits to wrap existing software solutions and to plug them within CORA-compliant processes. Proof-of-concept prototypes of some components of the architecture were developed in both .Net and Java platforms.

CORA project has been followed by CORE (COmmon Reference Environment), a project started in 2011. Starting from CORA results, CORE will extend the architectural model by defining a complete information model that takes into account process modeling. CORE will also provide a software environment for the automated execution of statistical processes, defined according to CORE information model.

Keywords: common architecture, IT standardization software reuse, software sharing, statistical processes, statistical tools

Η αποικιοποίηση των πολιτικών της διά βίου μάθησης (ΔΒΜ) από τη νεοφιλελεύθερη ιδεολογία συνάπτεται, ιδιαίτερα από τη νέα χιλιετία και έπειτα, με την ταχεία εμπορευματοποίηση της γνώσης με τη μορφή ανταλλάξιμων και κωδικοποιήσιμων πληροφοριών και δεξιοτήτων. Συνάπτεται, βεβαίως, και με τη ρητορική περί αύξησης των ευκαιριών ισότιμης πρόσβασης και διεύρυνσης της συμμετοχής των ενηλίκων σε δραστηριότητες δια βίου μάθησης και εκπαίδευσης. Στο πλαίσιο της ρητορικής αυτής υποστηρίζεται ότι οι κοινωνικοοικονομικές εξελίξεις έχουν επιφέρει την άνοδο του επιπέδου της ζωής με αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση της ζήτησης μεγαλύτερης ποιότητας και εύρους εκπαιδευτικών παροχών που ανέδειξαν τη σημασία της μη-τυπικής και άτυπης εκπαίδευσης και μάθησης, ασκώντας μεγάλη πίεση στα τυπικά εκπαιδευτικά συστήματα και δομές να προσαρμοστούν στις ποικίλες μαθησιακές ανάγκες που προκύπτουν. Μάλιστα, θεωρείται ότι υπό την επίδραση της λογικής του ανθρώπινου κεφαλαίου οι δυνατότητες των εκπαιδευόμενων ισχυροποιήθηκαν, δεδομένου ότι μπορούν έτσι να αποκτήσουν τη μεγαλύτερη δυνατή εμπορευσιμότητα των αποκτηθέντων δεξιοτήτων και γνώσεων. Η ρητορική των πολιτικών της δια βίου μάθησης κατασκευάζει μία υπόσχεση που λειτουργεί ως αντίδοτο στην επισφάλεια της αγοράς εργασίας και φενακίζει εργαζόμενους και ανέργους στην ελπίδα της ένταξης, επανένταξης, επαγγελματικής ανέλιξης και κινητικότητας στους κόλπους της. Ωστόσο, στο πλαίσιο της διάδοσης των παραπάνω ιδεολογημάτων αγνοούνται οι ταξικοί παράγοντες που συμβάλλουν στην αναπαραγωγή των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων. Είναι γεγονός ότι και στη χώρα μας τα τελευταία 35 χρόνια έχει συντελεστεί μία πραγματικά εκθετική αύξηση της συμμετοχής των ενηλίκων σε εκπαιδευτικά προγράμματα. Ποια είναι, όμως, η επίδραση της ποσοτικής αύξησης και μαζικοποίησης της τυπικής και μη τυπικής εκπαίδευσης ενηλίκων, αλλά και της μορφωτικής κεφαλαιοποίησης της άτυπης μάθησης αυτά τα χρόνια, και ιδιαίτερα μετά την οξεία οικονομική κρίση του 2009, στην αναπαραγωγή των εκπαιδευτικών και κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων; Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να αξιοποιήσει και να παρουσιάσει στατιστικά στοιχεία της Eurostat  (2017, 2018) και της ΕΛΣΤΑΤ  (2016, 2018), καθώς και άλλων σχετικών μελετών που αποτυπώνουν την επίδραση των νεοφιλελεύθερων πολιτικών της δια βίου μάθησης της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΕΕ) και των διεθνών οργανισμών ΟΟΣΑ  και ΟΥΝΕΣΚΟ  στις εκπαιδευτικές και κοινωνικές ανισότητες στους ενήλικους με έμφαση την περίοδο που ακολούθησε την οικονομική κρίση.

For the past twenty-five years, digital inequalities have been analyzed by several scholars. Many empirical studies have shaped a theoretical framework that identifies three main digital divides. However, most of the scientific contributions have been focusing on digital inequalities within countries, leaving inequalities among countries behind. This paper aims at analyzing what kind of digital inequalities emerge among European countries, focusing on the trends that characterized Europe in the last decade, to consider whether some of the main elements of the digital divide literature replicate at the continental level. The paper analyzes secondary data, mainly retrieved from Eurostat. It emerges that inequalities in digital skills and use of the Web persist in Europe, and some of the trends that scholars found among individuals are identifiable among countries as well. These findings contribute to the description of digital inequalities, a social phenomenon not so deeply studied at the continental level.

This Working Paper is a mapping exercise of the minority communities in the three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, with regard to the regional development within the countries. Using census data combined with a series of regional development indicators from Eurostat and OECD Regional Well-Being, an overview of each of the countries’ regions at the NUTS Level 3 is provided, as well as a comparison across all three. This research finds, through a series of bivariate regression analyses, that within and across all three countries, there is no statistical linear relationship between the percentage of minority population in a region and multiple indicators of regional development – including GDP. Rather, the main dividing line is between capital city regions and the rest of the country/s. Yet, in peripheral regions, the regional development indicators show that regions with a large minority population are not necessarily any worse off than other peripheral regions which have a low minority population – particularly the case in Lithuania. This offers some evidence that a large minority population is not a hindrance to a region’s development. Nonetheless, the research provides an overview of the challenges in which many regions home to a large percentage of minorities possess, particularly in the areas with a high ethnically Russian population percentage. Thus, this Working Paper concludes by identifying patterns and outliers of regions in order for intensified and comparative further case study research at the micro level.

Magyarország határain átnyúló szervezett bűnözés és prostitúciós bűncselekmények a schengeni térségben, különös tekintettel a SOCTA és EUROSTAT értékelésére.

Absztrakt

A biztonságot fenyegető veszélyforrások közül, a szexuális célú emberkereskedelem az egyik legnagyobb kihívás, amellyel nemcsak Hazánknak, hanem az uniós-, és a harmadik világ országainak is egyaránt szembe kell nézniük, az az Uniót, és beleértve a klasszikus schengeni övezet országait is több irányból támadja. A szexuális kizsákmányolással érintett prostitúciós bűncselekmények napról napra egyre több áldozatot szednek, amellyel a szervezett bűnözői hálózatok milliárdos profitot termelnek. Amellett, hogy áldozataikat alapvető jogaiktól megfosztják, a befolyt pénzösszegeket további súlyos bűncselekmények – így terrorizmus, kábítószer-kereskedelem, stb. – finanszírozásához használják fel. A tanulmányban elemzett tudományos problémát abban látom, hogy a prostitúciós bűncselekmények európai viszonylatának tekintetében Magyarország bűnüldöző szerveinek tevékenysége fokozásra-, az államok közötti kollaboráció, és párbeszéd javításra szorul. Hiányzik egy olyan eredményes, komplex makro-, és mikro szinten kidolgozott bűnüldöző stratégia, amely a látenciába burkolódzó jelenség feltérképezésére, a bűncselekmények megelőzésére, és az elkövetők elfogására a nemzetközi joganyag hazai harmonizációjával összhangban intézkedik. A fentiek figyelembevételével célom volt többek között egy információs adatbázis létrehozása (, amely a nemzeti-, és nemzetközi statisztikai adatbázist összehasonlítja), a prostitúciós bűncselekmények ellen fellépő intézményesített rendszer kidolgozása, valamint kutatás-fejlesztés-innováció hármasán alapuló az eddigi viszonylag lassú technológiai színvonal-változást felváltó horizontális, a jogi-, természeti akadályokat leküzdő, korszerű bűnüldözési stratégia kidolgozása. Mindezekhez a magyar, és nemzetközi bűnügyi statisztikai adatokon végzett kvantitatív kutatási metódust, függvényeket, valamint a Cohan féle korrelációs koefficiens értékének számításait használtam fel.

Kulcsszavak: prostitúciós bűncselekmények, szexuális célú emberkereskedelem, EUROSTAT, SOCTA, statisztika

Organized Crime and Prostitution in the Schengen Area across the Borders of Hungary, with special Regard to the Evaluation of SOCTA and EUROSTAT

Abstract

Not just Hungary but also the European Union, and the third world have to face with one of the world’s biggest threat-challenge: the sexual human trafficking, which is attacking in the classic Schengen area from several directions. More and more people were became victims by the involved sexual exploitation’s prostitution crimes, which are producing billions of profits to the organized crime networks. In addition to depriving their victims of their fundamental rights, the received money are used to finance another crimes for example terrorism, drug trafficking, etc. The study’s scientific problem is that Hungary needs to improve the activities of law enforcement agencies, the cooperation between states and dialogue in Europe in the perspective of prostitution crimes. There isn’t an effective, complex macro- and micro-level law enforcement strategy, which is mapping the latent phenomenon, preventing crime and capturing perpetrators in accordance with domestic harmonization of international law. My aim was to create an information database (comparing national and international statistical databases), to elaborate an institutionalized system against prostitution crimes, and to develop a strategy, and the relatively slow technology will be changed to an horizontal, up-to-date law enforcement technology (without law-, and natural obstacles) by the research, development and innovation three’s. The Hungarian and international criminal statistical data were analysed by quantitative research method, I have used functions and the calculations of the value of the Cohan correlation coefficient to create this study.

Keywords: prostitution crimes, sexual human trafficking, EUROSTAT, SOCTA, statistics

Membre de l’Union européenne depuis 2007, la Roumanie est tenue d’alimenter les bases statistiques communautaires. Le secteur agricole fait l’objet d’une attention particulière. Près de 4 millions de citoyens roumains vivent directement du travail de la terre. Dans leur très grande majorité, ils sont propriétaires des petites parcelles récupérées à la faveur de la décollectivisation et s’y livrent à des cultures de subsistance, en marge des circuits économiques nationaux. Développé par la Commission européenne et progressivement intégré par le ministère de l’Agriculture roumain, le Réseau d’information comptable agricole vise à évaluer la « taille économique » des exploitations. Les unités de mesure qu’il impose sont utilisées à l’échelle nationale pour délimiter les pratiques agricoles légitimes. Un seuil est fixé en deçà duquel les producteurs sont jugés inaptes à développer une démarche commerciale. Les politiques mises en œuvre ont pour but d’aider ceux qui atteignent tout juste le niveau requis à consolider leur exploitation et à se tourner vers des cultures intensives, les autres étant disqualifiés et encouragés à quitter le secteur. La catégorie de l’agriculture de « semi-subsistance » est ainsi forgée et placée au centre de toutes les mesures introduites. Le découpage statistique sur lequel elle repose reste cependant vide de substance et une forte inertie de la structure agraire est observée. L’exemple étudié permet d’alimenter une réflexion sur les limites posées au pouvoir performatif des chiffres : il montre que les statistiques européennes produisent un effet significatif uniquement lorsque des responsables nationaux peuvent les utiliser pour renforcer des découpages déjà formés.

This article explains how the Hellenic Statistical Authority ELSTAT twisted data in order to reduce the decline of the nominal 2020 GDP from -11,6% to -8.6%. To arrive to this result ELSTAT "revised" the nominal GDP of 2019 from 187,5 billion to 183,4 billion euros. This is a revision of over 4 billion euros or 2,5% of the GDP. It is a practice that questions the validity of the whole set of  the EU National Income Accounts data since the Greek release of March 5th was/is approved by Eurostat, (PARON 14/03/2021)

The increasing technological changes that are developing and affecting our lives have added the concept of "Information Age" to our life. Change in this age is beginning very fast, starting with information and advanced technological communication tools that facilitate information access. The importance of knowledge is increasing and knowledge is becoming a global determinant power. In this research, you will find a comparison between the European Union and Turkey in terms of the "Information Age" in SMEs, entrepreneurs do to stand out in the global competition. Collaboratation in research and development , innovation processes between Turkey and the European Union are required. In addition, there are some countries within the European Union that have some technological and technical characteristics. The competition levels of these countries are above world standards. It is mutually beneficial for SMEs and entrepreneurs to cooperate with companies in these countries. The countries which are making High-tech exports show leading the change in the world. With this cooperation, advanced technology exports will also come to the desired levels and will lead to change in the world. Turkey appears to be rising in the innovation effort. Investments and education for innovation  are needed to increase this effort.

In recent years, sport has acquired a significant profile in a number of European strategies and programmes. Coaches' education and employment analysis need a systematic approach to research using an interdisciplinary methodology and comparable statistics on the economic and social significance of sport in the EU are therefore needed, to provide the foundation for evidence-based policies in the sector. The study shows that the National Sport Federations have considerable influence in competitive sport but no relationship with the big number of sport related jobs. The analysis identifies five clusters NSFs, which, while sharing common guidelines, have different needs related to numbers of coaches, partecipation to the international sport events and labour market. The findings are compared with the results of the Spliss 2.0 approach.

The Brazilian official statistics show that the country is mainly urban, while authors including Veiga (2002) and Miranda and Silva (2013) present a more rural Brazil. The absence of a uniform way to define the rural areas in Brazil has led to diffused data about rural Brazil’s size. Therefore, are Brazilian regions predominantly urban, rural or intermediate? This paper applies the rural definition methodologies from Eurostat/European Union to the municipalities of Brazil. The results show the predominance of the intermediary category in Brazilian territory, while the population mostly lives in urban areas. However, due to methodological characteristics, this paper reinforces the necessity of developing other methodologies which would be able to identify rurality and urbanity, considering socioeconomic dimensions.

The Global Soil Map (GSM) is an initiative of the International Union of Soil Sciences intending to use novel technologies to predict soil properties. The final goal is to produce, by collaboration, a harmonized global soil map with a grid cell of 100m x 100m. Romanian authorities are interested in this initiative to improve decision-making concerning climate change, environmental degradation, and food production. This paper shows results obtained in an ongoing study to produce an up-to-date map of the topsoil organic carbon (OC) content of Romania compliant with the GSM Initiative. These results are mainly based on the LUCAS topsoil geo-referenced samples from the EUROSTAT 2012 survey collected across Romania. The samples were analyzed in a certified laboratory to measure the topsoil OC content and other key properties. The LUCAS dataset was chosen as a reference baseline because the methodologies of soil sampling and analyzing are harmonized at European level. To extrapolate the L...

The data on cooperation within the framework of cluster initiative for innovative activity are collected in accordance with the Eurostat and OECD methodology (The Oslo Manual 2005) on the basis of forms developed by the national statistical offices of the European Union Member States and Norway. In these forms (reports on innovations in industry and service sector) the concepts of " cooperation " and " cooperation within the cluster initiative " are distinguished and cluster partners are identified – using the binary response scale (yes, no, " x " mark) (e.g. other enterprises within a related group of enterprises, suppliers, competitors, clients, consultants, universities) and its territorial range (domestic, foreign). The adopted solutions deserve criticism not only in terms of scope, but also the method of data collection (the first purpose of the article). Their major shortcomings take the form of deficiencies in the construction of formulated questions and answers. These observations were considered a sufficient premise for making the proposal to modify reports on innovations in industry and service sector (the second purpose of the article).