Panopticism

Following Foucault’s famous study of disciplinary society, Deleuze suggests that we are moving away from discipline toward a regime characterised by “continuous control and instant communication” (1990b: 174). This is not a claim that disciplinary mechanisms are obsolete, but that the overall regime of power has evolved: the architecture of “panopticism”, as we will see, is too rigid a model of functioning to capture “the ultrarapid forms of apparently free-floating control” (Deleuze 1990a: 178) that have become reality with the cybernetic machine. In control societies we are confronted with a new arrangement of space-times, a redistribution of visibilities, and a new mode of knowledge and of the production of statements.
The first section of this article will give a brief summary of Foucault’s analysis of panopticism, the regime of power in disciplinary societies, and of Deleuze’s reading of it. The second section examines the shift in regimes: from a panoptic to a cybernetic modality of power. This is an attempt to shed light on what has changed and what the new “diabolical powers” are that knock at the door (Deleuze/Guattari 1986: 12). The control societies that we live in are coupled with a new generation of technologies: we are dealing with “a new computer and cybernetic race, automata of computation and thought, automata with controls and feedback” (Deleuze 1989: 264-65). The new regime is one in which power is “diluted in an information network where ‘decision-makers’ manag[e] control” (Deleuze 1989: 265).
In the second section, the connection with cybernetics will show that these “new” diabolical powers are not so new after all. The dream of a universal symbolism that mediates between human and machine, between society and technics, making organisation and control possible, has been articulated by cybernetic thinkers since the 1940s. Today we are in a better position to assess where the cybernetic dream of communication and control may lead (surveillance, data extraction and predictive analytics, real-time modification of actual behaviour). But the task of analysing the relation between forms of power and modes of knowledge in our digital era remains in many ways to be undertaken. This is a relation that is characterised by an increasing asymmetry between those agencies with access to and control over data and processing power on the one hand, and the ordinary user as the producer of data on the other. The last section, therefore, deals with Deleuze’s admonition that “the quest for ‘universals of communication’ ought to make us shudder” (1990b: 175) and searches for possible strategies of counter-effectuation.

This paper examines the classical management theories of Henri Fayol and Frederick Taylor as examples of "panoptic discourse." According to Michel Foucault, panopticism has been a principle method of exercising social control during the modern era. When applied to classical organizational theory, it is possible to show how panoptic techniques constituted modern organizational space by fostering the methodical observation and normalization of human behavior. Applying the panoptic model to managerial discourse therefore allows one to understand more precisely the role management discourse has played in articulating the normative order of organizations.

(ENG) The essay deals with two Margaret Atwood’s novels that depict two cities/societies with an apparent clockwork mechanism that makes them safe, clean, crimeless and disciplined. The novels, The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) and The Heart Goes Last (2015), are set in the fictional cities of Gilead and Consilience, situated in North America. Both societies share some similarities, and they apply the principles of the prison studied by Michel Foucault in his essay Discipline and Punish, especially the control over people’s life and bodies to make them “docile” and useful, the isolation from the outside world, and punishment (torture and even executions) to keep people subjugated. The apparent perfection of Gilead and Consilience hides a dystopia that, through this analysis, seems to be, according to the author, a possible future for our cities, and an extreme measure that raises doubts and thoughts on how such a management of society is worse than the current one.

(ITA) Il saggio è l’analisi di due romanzi di Margaret Atwood ambientati in due città/società con un funzionamento apparentemente perfetto che le rende sicure, pulite, prive di crimine e disciplinate. I romanzi, The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) e The Heart Goes Last (2015), sono ambientati nelle città fittizie di Gilead e Consilience, situate negli Stati Uniti. Tali società condividono alcune caratteristiche, e applicano i principi della prigione studiati da Foucault nel saggio Discipline and Punish, in particolare per ciò che riguarda il controllo sul corpo delle persone per renderle “docili” e utili, l’isolamento dal mondo esterno e le punizioni (torture ed esecuzioni) che rendono le persone soggiogate al potere. L’apparente perfezione di Gilead e di Consilience nasconde elementi distopici che, secondo l’autrice, potrebbero rappresentare il futuro delle nostre città, e una misura estrema che suscita dibattiti e riflessioni su quanto una simile gestione della società possa essere peggiore di quella in cui viviamo.

This paper represents a brief sketch of my intellectual and academic personal history beginning with early college and continuing to the present. Some highlights include an apprenticeship with Allen Ginsberg (click on the links; the details and depth are in the linked documents), working full-time as a writer for an Artificial Intelligence Lab while writing a dissertation on nineteenth-century science and culture, and so much more.

A revision might include a treatment of my early high school years as a Catholic seminarian living nearly year-round in a Capuchin monastery. Certainly, the connection between this rigorous scholarly environment and intensive religious indoctrination should be understood as a prelude to my eventual scholarship in Secularism.

Please see the final page for a bibliography of my web essays that are listed nowhere else on the web as such. You'll see why if you read them.

Comments very welcome. Not sure what I'm doing this for, but it may be germinal for a longer academic and scholarly memoir. Thank you.

The object of analysis in the present text is the issue of operational control and data retention in Poland. The analysis of this issue follows from a critical stance taken by NGOs and state institutions on the scope of operational control wielded by the Polish police and special services – it concerns, in particular, the employment of “itemized phone bills and the so-called phone tapping.”
Besides the quantitative analysis of operational control and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tribunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of operational control and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evidence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with regard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to a wide array of data submitted to particular services.
Also, the text draws on the so-called open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to pointing to some non-formal reasons for “phone tapping” in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.

A singular orthodoxy has infiltrated the discursive parameters of U.S. and other universities and colleges. This orthodoxy now constitutes the ethical vocabulary of academia. Adopted from feminism, anti-racism, and LGBTQ theory and practice, the language, doctrines, and mechanisms of this orthodoxy now dominate academia's policies, procedures and handbooks. The terminology has become the vernacular among the swelling ranks of administrators, especially the relatively new cohort of chief diversity officers, directors of diversity, associate provosts of diversity, assistant provosts of diversity, diversity consultants, and so on and so on. I refer not merely to the orthodoxy of "diversity," but in particular to "diversity" initiatives as they are currently administered, using a particular set of policies, procedures, and mechanisms: trigger warnings, safe spaces, bias reporting, and the like. While innumerable articles have appeared on one or another of these topics (mostly on trigger warnings and safe spaces), no one has explained the structural provenance nor analyzed the probable effects of these developments as a whole. Nor has anyone provided a theoretical or historical framework with which to understand them. The new mechanisms adopted  and adapted by academic administrations clearly and incredibly mirror those described in a text widely read within humanities and social science studies courses throughout American universities and beyond. I refer here: Michel Foucault's brilliant 1975 book, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Particularly uncanny is the resemblance of the academic mechanisms in question to the "micro-physics of power" described in the third chapter, "Panopticism." (See link, above.)

In: NEUTZLING, Inácio; LOPES, Maura Corcini; VEIGA-NETO, Alfredo José da (orgs.). Anais do V Colóquio Latino-Americano de Biopolítica, III Colóquio Internacional de Biopolítica e Educação e XVII Simpósio Internacional IHU, 2015, São Leopoldo, RS: Casa Leiria, 2016, p. 493-502.

O uso do teletrabalho é um instrumento de liberdade e flexibilidade para o trabalhador. Contudo, a abrangência de aspectos cada vez maiores da vida das pessoas pelos instrumentos telemáticos pode levar a perda de privacidade e a uma vigilância maior das empresas sobre seus colaboradores, com o risco de um verdadeiro panoptismo corporativo.

Паноптиконот на Џереми Бентам е совршено архитектонско устројство за дисциплина...
Во овој фељтон, низ есејска анализа на неколку теоретичари ги следиме паноптичките шеми на биополитиката во 20. век: логорот како биополитички простор; бирократското perpetuum mobile на модерната држава; „хидрауличните опшества“ од стариот век во идеиологиите на 20 век.

The nature of political power has changed with the advent of modern information technology while our theories and metaphors to understand it remain wedded to earlier periods. This article begins with a discussion of some of the work done by databases in domestic and world politics. In particular, it introduces the political effects of contemporary data-management practices through short examples of terrorist information databases, the 2008 Obama campaign’s database, as well as biometric databases deployed in Iraq, Afghanistan and Liberia. This leads to a consideration of the finite applicability and relevance of the widespread metaphor of the Panopticon to these kinds of cases. Given the limitations of such an image, the concept of digital power and the political metaphor of Cuntz’s Tower are proposed. Digital power foregrounds the importance of machines for contemporary sovereignty while moving beyond ocular-centric notions of surveillance. Cuntz’s Tower illustrates the power of identification and sorting in addition to the Panopticon’s emphasis on self-discipline. This article acts as an initial ground-clearing exercise for more extensive analyses of databases in domestic and world politics.

The aim of this essay is to bring up the idea of a two-way surveillance realm from a top-down hierarchical standpoint (governments, politicians, economic systems and their will to search for crime, terrorism and their prevention) to a bottom-up hierarchy in which regular people agree with this surveillance methods and moreover they want to watch the others. The first part approaches the concept of panopticism in Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) in London while the second part will focus on new ways of surveillance through new technologies in our daily lives.

Proposed research looks at the Ismaili centre in London as reifying Ismaili history, cultural identity, psychology, politics, and community aspiration. Investigating specific historic phenomenon, the construction of Ismaili fortresses, as explanatory of rationale behind building contemporary Ismaili centres explores the question ‘May Alamut in the C11th-13th CE/C5th-7th AH be compared to the London Ismaili Centre in the C20th-21st CE/C15th AH?’

The essay that the reader is holding in his hands is an attempt to understand the extent to which, in the present-day, we are watching the return of a visibility, exposure and surveillance system that a utilitarian author like Jeremy Bentham baptized of Panopticon, or “place where everything is seen”. In fact, the pinnacle of the “information society”, and the present scenario of widespread surveillance intensified by the establishment of Security State post-September 11th, has implications in the practices of control over individuals on a daily basis, what Deleuze calls “societies of control” at the same time it contributes to the frontiers dilution between the public sphere and the private sphere. In this sense, we consider it is important to do a review on “disciplinary societies” surveillance and the control of “biopower” theorized by Michel Foucault tosubsequently realize how new surveillance technologies increase, exponentially, the subjects’ transparency.

In this paper I interrogate Foucault’s analysis of the panopticon as a practice that generalized the disciplines, allowed them to escape from the closed fortresses of the eighteenth century, and distributed them throughout the social body as ‘generalized surveillance’. I argue that Foucault overlooked that in Bentham’s later writings, the panopticon was tied to a practice of districting space. By focusing on the panopticon and district space the article reveals that panopticon regulation was historically tied to a distinct form of spatial order that not only generalized inspection over the social body. Thus, this paper not only critiques Foucault’s for overlooking that Bentham’s inspection-house principle was embedded in a more encompassing project of producing a new spatial order over all of England but it also develops ‘districting’ as a technique of producing standardized and uniform spaces of political rule.

Modern societies are consistently characterized as surveillance societies by scholars from numerous academic disciplines. The UK is frequently cited as the world leader in CCTV surveillance. This paper seeks to examine and discuss three bodies of literature related to UK CCTV surveillance. Firstly the development of CCTV in the UK is surveyed, in addition to the legislation currently governing CCTV usage. UK CCTV surveillance is also compared to a number of European counterparts, as comparison is vital to surveillance studies. Secondly, some theoretical models of surveillance will be surveyed. As the most consistently discussed theoretical model, the panopticon as described by Foucault will be the primary focus, with others serving either to challenge or compliment this model. This exploration of the theoretical literature will help to frame the remaining discussion. Thirdly the challenges that CCTV surveillance actually poses to issues such as privacy, civil liberties, and social equality will be explored. Building on theory from the second chapter, concepts such as social sorting will illustrate how visual surveillance threatens democratic life in the UK. Some issues obstructing public debate about UK CCTV will then be discussed, as it is frequently argued that CCTV policy both should, and will, be shaped by public opinion. This paper will conclude with some general comments on the findings of this research, as well as some suggestions for future work in this field.

Este artigo argumenta sobre o nascimento do Panóptico1 na Rússia absolutista do século XVIII, passando pelo seu percurso histórico, arquitectónico, teórico e social, terminando com a análise do conceito de Panóptico Digital, nos dias de hoje, na Federação Russa do século XXI.
Entre outros tópicos, são abordados o nascimento do conceito e do projecto arquitectónico do Panóptico na Rússia (numa região que hoje pertence à República da Bielorrússia) pelas mãos e pensamento de Jeremy e Samuel Bentham, relacionando este nascimento com as condicionantes e o papel de poder da Igreja Ortodoxa no controlo social, o Panóptico na génese do pensamento moderno sobre a vigilância e a Teoria do Poder de Foucault, que relaciona o conceito de Panóptico com a dualidade poder/conhecimento e a análise da evolução e utilização do Panóptico na democracia musculada da Rússia da Era Digital.

This article argues about the birth of the Panopticon in absolutist Russia of the XVIII century, approaching its historical, architectural, theoretical and social course, ending with the analysis of the Digital Panopticon concept, nowadays, in the Russian Federation of the XXI century.
Among other topics, the following will be discussed: the birth of the concept and the architectural design of the Panopticon in Russia (in a region which now belongs to the Republic of Belarus) through Jeremy and Samuel Bentham’s hands and thought, relating this birth to the constraints and the role of power in social control played by the Orthodox Church, the Panopticon in the genesis of modern thought on surveillance and the Theory of Power by Foucault, which relates the concept of the Panopticon with the power/knowledge duality and the analysis of the evolution and use of the Panopticon in Russia’s Digital Age muscled democracy.

The rapid explosion of information technologies in recent years has contributed to a substantive change in the social dimensions of information-sharing, and is forcing us to revise substantially our old assumptions regarding the knowledge/power dynamic. In this article, we discuss a range of strategic information-management options available to individuals and institutions in the networked society, and contrast these 'blueprints' to Foucault's well-known panopticon model. We organize these observations and analyses within a new conceptual framework based on the geometry of 'information flux', or the premise that the net flow of information between an individual and a network is as relevant to power dynamics as the nature or volume of that information. Based on this geometrical model, we aim to develop a lexicon for the design, description and critique of socio-technical systems.

In Discipline and Punish, Foucault argues that "our society [post-1800] is not one of spectacle, but one of surveillance," suggesting that the panoptic model, wherein subjects are compelled to regulate their own behavior through the suspicion of potential observation, is the acting mode of social regulation as opposed to the function of spectacle that Guy Debord conceptualizes in Society of the Spectacle. Since then, this assertion of the primacy of panopticism as a mode of social control has been challenged by discourse that examines ways that spectacle has continued to operate within society after the shift that Foucault theorizes. My thesis begins with an evaluation of Foucault’s conception of power relations and panopticism before moving on to Lachenicht and Lindegger’s critique of Foucault, which suggests that society is regulated by surveillance and spectacle in tandem, and that liminal performative sequences mediate perception of spectacle. I will be using Discipline and Punish as the basis for understanding Panopticism and spectacle (here, the "spectacle of the scaffold") as Foucault theorizes them, Lachenicht and Lindegger's "Narrative Construction in Light of a Revisited Panopticon" will provide a framework for understanding how both Panoptic and spectacular processes can operate in tandem, while simultaneously theorizing how these processes--through a combination of liminality and what they call an "intrinsic performative sequence"--influence the construction of personal narrative. With these texts serving as the basis of my own critique, I will examine the function of news media in light of Lachenicht and Lindegger's own evaluation of spectacle, and I will expand their argument that spectacle offers staged examples of acceptable and unacceptable social behaviors (and the consequences of those behaviors) in order to account for the reductive function of spectacular representation. Through this, I seek to reaffirm the argument that panopticism and spectacle are neither monolithic, nor mutually exclusive forms of power--but rather, modes that reinforce one-another. I also seek to theorize potential modes of resistance offered by the liminal capacity for self-determination.

Resumo: O ano de 2017 nos fez perder dois importantes pensadores contemporâneos. Zygmunt Bauman, nascido na Polônia (1925) mas radicado na Inglaterra, redigiu uma extensa literatura sobre sua proposta de meditar a sociedade com a premissa da “liquidez” nas relações. Stefano Rodotà, nascido (1933) e radicado na Itália, parte de uma proposta sociopolítica na vanguarda de tematizar as instituições do Direito Privado, deixando uma vasta bibliografia que repercute sobre os problemas da sociedade contemporânea. A despeito da variedade e da profundidade das análises de Bauman e de Rodotà, uma relevante problematização já tangenciou a atenção destes dois autores: a vigilância na sociedade da informação. O objetivo deste texto é examinar as conexões entre a obra “A vida na Sociedade da Vigilância” de Rodotà e “Vigilância Líquida” de Zygmunt Bauman, acrescida da discussão de outros autores sobre a sociedade de consumo e suas especificidades. A metodologia analítica a ser empregada neste texto categoriza em tópicos o que cada autor estima como pressuposto para configurar o conceito de vigilância. Após, coteja-se tais conceitos no marco da hipótese pós-panótpica defendida por Bauman. Ao final são oferecidas as conclusões, entre as quais se destaca a de que na modernidade, a vigência do panóptico estava pautada pela imobilidade e pelo aprisionamento, enquanto que na modernidade líquida, a hipótese do pós-panóptico é sustentada com a mobilidade, com o monitoramento à distância e com a servidão voluntária.
Palavras-chave: Sociedade da Vigilância. Vigilância Líquida. Sociedade da Classificação. Pós-panóptico.

As traditional public spaces rapidly change the question arises whether pervasive surveillance is actually compatible with the nature of individual agency. It is known that new and largely unregulated technologies often both erode old de facto limitations of access, and erect new asymmetric barriers of knowledge, but how should we understand the harms of these new contexts? Based on our psychological and biological knowledge of social perception, embodiment and action choice it seems that these conditions present a toxic mix for our ability to gauge what I call our " relational privacy " , and thereby for our autonomous and purposeful action planning. If this functional analysis is right then boundless surveillance of our bodies and behaviors threatens rather than supports basic personal freedom and responsibility. However, in contrast to this analysis, the private-public dichotomy often implied in existing debates assumes that privacy concerns can be theorized without much attention to the functional and relational dynamics of our embodied agency. Building on among others Nissenbaum and Reidenberg's work, this chapter seeks to counter this tendency. Two conclusions stand out: Firstly, it seems that our action choices depend on the existence of limited contexts also in public, and thus actions in what we might term " unbounded contexts " are typically performed through some kind of denial. Secondly, abundant availability of data traceable to persons can not only undermine and coerce our choices, but even to a large extent completely bypass our current volitional action choices. Thus it seems that the contextual nature of our agency should be of utmost importance to political and legal privacy issues, and could usefully guide attempts to recreate more bounded public spaces.

M. Lange, up to the point of this entr’acte had carefully constructed a diegetic space under established principles of ‘panopticism’. The apparatus had arranged its position as ‘overseer’ of the diegetic space, locating both a central pivot for inspection (the centre of the courtyard) as well as constructing the relationship between ‘cells’ and between the cells and this central pivot (rooms in the court). The rupture in spatial logic through the direct address may seem haphazard or confusing, but I would like to suggest that it is a testament to the forward-thinking and highly-intuitive Jean Renoir as a stylistic master. In fact, the direct address is employed aptly in recognition of a critical limitation in Benthamite conceptions of panopticism – with elements of mobility present, the gazer must also become the gazed-upon in controlling and constructing the space.

""    The main issue addressed in the text refers to social control, which is defined as a set of mechanisms shaping the social order. The starting point of the analysis in the text is the Panopticon as a symbol and idea of authority, as analyzed by M. Foucault. Panopticon is an "observatory" of a human population, with the purpose of facilitating discipline of individuals and intensifying the presence of an authority. Today, this kind of "observatory" is made possible by the booming technology and changes in the logistics of power. Development of liberal democracy did not cause the authoritarian presence to diminish; on the contrary, it served to further intensify its impact. The authorities base their operation on a system of two intertwining theories – the "rational choice theory" and the "logic of power" theory, in the strict sense.
          The issue of social control was analyzed based on two examples: (1) impact of economy on the society, (2) surveillance of the society (case study of the operational controls used by the Polish police, among others).
          The first example was the subject of detailed analysis regarding appropriation of the society by the economy in the context of access to information and knowledge. The text shows changes characteristic of the economic sphere’s negative impact, exemplified by the following processes: (1) attempt at maintaining control over the new technological reality, (2) desire to increase and appropriate surplus value through dissemination of copyright and related rights, i.e. through licensing systems and patents, (3) extension of "derivative rights" protection, (4) desire to maintain the old system of distribution for goods and services, (5) desire to maintain and use a monopolistic position in the distribution of information and knowledge, (6) desire for economic appropriation of the "hackers culture” of innovation, (7) shaping of a new information elite manufacturing products for consumption by the rest of society.
          On the other hand,the issue of surveillance is analyzed in detail based on the example of operational control, used by the Polish police and special services (focusing mainly on the Police Act). The issue of social control was attributed to the excessive powers of the Polish police and special services. This part of the text deals with the following problems: (1) analysis of data on the use of "wiretapping" and "billings" in Poland, (2) presentation of the main thesis contained in two applications of the Ombudsman to the Constitutional Tribunal in 2011, which concerned non-compliance of numerous legislative solutions in the field of operational control with the Polish Constitution, (3) analysis of the causes of informal use of "wiretapping" in Poland, (4) analysis of the abuses concerning "wiretapping" in Poland. The analysis of the last two points is based on information collected during in-depth interviews conducted with a group of a dozen former police officers in 2011. Knowledge about the possible abuses of operational control is the result of the synthesis of the statements made by the aforementioned respondents.

                                                      ***
          Aim of this study is to characterize the mechanisms of social control in the context of power, knowledge, information, and threats to the civil rights. In the text, this problem will be presented based on two examples, i.e.: (1) appropriation of society by the economy (the problem of rationality and efficiency of the economy, the issue of control over the new technological reality, the problem of extending protection of copyrights and related rights, the case of ACTA - Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement), (2) specific powers of state institutions for the collection of citizen data using ICT (case study of the use of "wiretapping" and "billing" in Poland)."

The policing of radical social movements is routinely conducted through State infiltration relying on misrepresentation, manipulation and coercion.  Throughout the past two decades, such infiltrations have shifted the discourse from that of policing to that of national security—a trend that accelerated in the post-9/11 era.  During these periods, police forces have set their sights on the infiltration and disruption of revolutionary leftist, animal liberation, and environmental activists.  Following a series of British news stories in 2011, it was revealed that a host of police spies had not only infiltrated non-violent social movements, but that these clandestine security forces were earning activists’ trust through sexual manipulation.  In a host of cases police were shown to have dated, had sexual relations with, and fathered children with subjects under surveillance and members of their social networks.  In some cases, police even married activists while living their dual identities as activists.  In the private sphere of the home, within the confines of the bonds of marital trust, an individual must assume to be outside of the gaze of the State, but by exposing informants from within one’s own family, the State accomplishes a variety of goals from the collection of intelligence, the spreading of insecurity amongst the exposed subjects’ community, and the display of a totalizing disciplinary power targeting the social movement under observation. This inquiry adopts a Foucaultian analysis to examine the disruption of social movements through sexualized violence, and seeks to expose neoliberal, terrorism/securitization Statecraft for the violence it perpetuates.

Final paper available at:

https://www.academia.edu/5401087/_2014_When_Cops_Go_Native_Policing_Revolution_Through_Sexual_Infiltration_and_Panopticonism

The article looks at attitudes towards cosmetics in Western societies in the time of industrial modernity. With make-up generally perceived negatively, any woman could be accused of using ‘dishonest’ means in order to improve her appearance. Analyzing the reasons behind this situation, the author turns to the development in the nineteenth century of the physiognomic belief that a person’s character can be deduced from his or her appearance. In this context, the use of cosmetics could be seen as an attempt to hide the ‘truthful’ nature of one’s character. Other important factors in the development of perceptions of the cosmetic ‘lie’ were the nature of life in the big city, where visual stimuli are paramount; the symbolic confrontation of old and new elites, their values and aesthetic preferences; and the development of ideas on hygiene, which saw excessive decoration as ‘unhealthy’ and ‘slovenly’. Gusarova considers nineteenth-century discourse on cosmetics an example of panopticism, the total social (self)-control that in the view of Michel Foucault is typical of contemporary societies. Where make-up is concerned, the ‘panoptic machine’ works to produce normative femininity, defined through the figure of the Other, which may be constructed in different ways.

Studies of plantation landscapes often focus on how enslavers used panoptical lines of sight to control and discipline enslaved people. While this provides powerful ways of theorizing plantations, other aspects of plantation landscapes have gone understudied. More specifically, if we combine archaeological landscape studies with Black studies' focus on the ways race is created and maintained, we can begin to address how plantation landscapes (re)produced notions of Blackness that were integral to the institution of slavery. To talk about these processes in more detail, I draw on Simone Browne's concept of racializing surveillance and Alexander Weheliye's work on racializing assemblages to theorize how the landscape of Belle Grove Plantation (Frederick County, Virginia) racialized both enslaved and White people in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley.

2020 has been marked by a ‘once in a century crisis’ that influenced the dynamics of the globe deeply.
Soon after the COVID-19 pandemic, most daily practices had to be transferred to online platforms as
humanity was supposed to adopt social and physical distancing to avoid the risk of infection. Even technologically
illiterate people were abruptly charged with online tasks as part of their jobs or responsibilities.
It suddenly turned out to be high time to go online and have a digital identity to keep pace with the new
normal life. Thus, internet has taken its place among the basic needs more specifically than before. This
chapter is about the technology-driven supervisory social credit system which is said to have contributed
to Chinese state to manage the COVID-19 crisis in a short time. Exploring the foundations, motives, and
highlights of the system, this chapter proposes a framework for a potential digital governance model
coined as the Cyber Leviathan and bears importance in terms of crisis management.

Even in the twenty-first century, pandemics lead to a particular kind of spatial organization, such as quarantine. The outbreak of the contamination era re-justifies the medicalization of spaces. Throughout history, there have been several attempts to design spaces for contagious diseases and pandemic situations all over the world-quarantine islands, lazarettos, and healthcare architecture. In the nineteenth century, the first quarantine procedures started in the Ottoman Empire, and Urla-Izmir (Smyrna) island was established as one of the examples of the quarantine system. This study investigates the architecture organization of the quarantine island as an example of a "panoptic" space.

El grafiti carcelario es una tipología de grafiti arraigada en el imaginario popular. Sin embargo, su conocimiento se sumerge en un halo de marginación y misterio que lo convierte en un fenómeno cultural tan maldito como atrayente. A través de la interrelación de diferentes estudios y enfoques, emprenderemos la comprensión de los motores y objetivos específicos del grafiti en cautiverio durante el período panóptico.