Photovoltaic (PV) Systems

In recent decades, active attention has been paid to the use of renewable energy sources, including solar energy. Many photovoltaic power generation projects have been implemented in different countries, which require the analysis and verification of the performance of photovoltaic modules. However, experimental testing of PV power systems with DC-DC converters is not always practical. Software simulation models help to analyze the performance of PV systems, and the general circuit model presented in this work can be used to verify the performance of any commercial PV module. We present the simulation of the mathematical model of the photovoltaic module and the DC-AC converter, as well as the study of the operating modes of the solar power generation system under different load characteristics. The obtained results can be used to analyze the performance of any commercially available photovoltaic modules and to optimize the performance of photovoltaic systems. The subject of the study is the analysis and verification of the operation of photovoltaic modules. Implementation of an experimental setup for a photovoltaic energy system with a DC-DC converter and computer modeling of the parameters of integrated solar energy generation systems with photovoltaic modules using the MATLAB software environment are used. Application of theoretical, mathematical and statistical methods is used for data processing. As a result, optimization of the operation of photovoltaic systems and increase of their efficiency is obtained. Using MATLAB/Simulink simulation with PV modules makes it easy to analyze and optimize the performance of solar installations with DC-DC converters. Taking into account the influence of solar radiation and temperature on the output current and power characteristics of the modules, this model can significantly increase the efficiency of the entire installation.

DC motor had been used in many applications. In some applications the control of DC Motor speed is a deal breaker. These applications require a very tight speed controlling to avoid serious problems. There are various ways to control the speed of motor. The process of developing any solution to a certain problem should go through three steps. The first step is to simulate the problem and try to find the solution. The second one is to verify that your solution is really working before you try it on real-time problems. The last step is to validate your solution on real-time measurements. In this paper we studied the problem, analyzed it, and we found the solution and did simulation to check its outcomes. Our goals in this paper are to verify our solution and implement it using Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). FPGAs must be programmed using Hardware Description Language (HDL). Xilinx had been used to control speed the simulation done using real time measurements using FPGA for s...

In these article it’s approach total harmonic distortion (THD) analysis for harmonics of order 3,5 and 7 that can be caused by inverters without component of control.At the same time, the article hightlight the advantages of using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in inverters construction and also the same example with pulse with modulation (PWM) for enable maximum power extraction from PV panels.The result that we obtained from the simulationsis substantiated on the specific technical data used of PV panels from TIER 1 (classification of Bloomberg) as well as an associated inverted.All the parameters are introduced in MATLAB code to show the difference between MPPT and PWM.

In this study, we are achieving the hot water from solar water heater. The solar water heater are archiving the solar radiation from sun energy after that we are obtaining the hot water, in this way we are obtained the various temperatures of hot water with the help of circulating pump, the pump are used for obtaining the various flow rate of using water. The solar water heater is having several parts such as collector, pipe, water container and pump.

The present study primarily focused on Mitigation measures to address the soiling effect in solar photovoltaic system performance in Kuwait. The solar energy system has developed significantly in recent years, but a system’s lifetime may be impacted directly or indirectly by soiling, which is the accumulation of particles on a PV module’s surface. The Gulf Cooperation Countries have the advantages of fundamental characteristics and abundant natural resources due to the high proportion of solar radiation, which helps to expand the transition to renewable energy, especially in solar projects. The Kuwait location was chosen for this research because of its high dust levels and average daily sunshine of 9.4 hours. The Metrological Department of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation in Kuwait reports that the average amount of dust that falls over Kuwait ranges from 20 to 60 tons per square kilometer per month, which adds up to approximately 1 million tons per year. The soiling map of Kuwait was then created using PVsyst software. A theoretical and mathematical model for 100 MW was developed based on many environmental and technical parameters. The model was run with Kuwait parameters and 100 MW solar PV power plant capacity. Several methods have been adopted and investigated to mitigate dust from PV panels. Mitigation strategies fall into two broad categories: prevention and restorative. The results show that more than 25% of total generated electricity could be lost annually without any mitigation strategy. Furthermore, the efficiency loss could increase by around 50% during the seasons with sandstorms and high soiling rates. Additionally, manual and automatic cleaning methods were found to increase energy production from 112,092 MWh to 207,300 MWh. Moreover, manual cleaning reduced energy costs by 4.9%, but automated cleaning resulted in a 17.34% higher energy-saving cost than a system without cleaning. In addition, when using the automatic cleaning system, the payback period was reduced from 9.22 to 7.86 years. Therefore, an automated cleaning system is recommended for use in Kuwait. In general, FPVs are viable alternatives, and they are worth installing in the region of middle east Asian countries.

With the rapid development in power electronics technologies and solar photovoltaic (PV) cells, the interest in solar PV cell-based electric power generation and other applications is increasing more incredibly. For low power grid or direct load applications, single-stage solar PV inverters without transformers are advantageous. Based on this concept solar single-stage eight switch H8 based transformerless solar PV inverter is proposed. The objective of the work is to present a control scheme for the H8 inverter to have better power handling capability and for independent active and reactive power control. For this, the test system is studied using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software under three cases (i) constant active power and varying reactive power, (ii) varying active power and constant reactive power, and (iii) varying both active and reactive power. The proposed inverter is compared with single-stage solar PV with two switches boost and six switches inverter topology. It is found that...

This paper aims to simulate and experimentally apply a single-phase transformerless H5 inverter topology. The H5 inverter topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment as both off-grid and gridconnected. The simulation results of the grid-connected system are evaluated in terms of output voltage/current, total harmonic distortion (THD), and injected active and reactive powers into the grid. The off-grid system is evaluated regarding load current, inverter output voltage, efficiency, and THD. Despite the variable output load, the results offer good THD values that comply with the IEEE 1547 standard. Additionally, experimental studies are conducted on the single-phase off-grid transformerless H5 inverter. A digital processing unit is utilized to control and display the output voltage of the H5 inverter system in real-time mode. PI and Fuzzy PI controllers are used for output voltage control. The obtained results reveals that the investigated topology outperforms its counterparts.

ABSTRACT: Now days, Geospatial Technology have become an important segment for evaluation and deployment of solar renewable energy systems, demanding close attention to issues of functionality, sustainability and usability. Whilst some research has begun to examine the functionality of Modelling & Assessment of systems but little attention has been paid. The work influences Solar Energy Modelling for Photovoltaic (PV) potential assessment for local energy management. An accurate assessment of projects requires a spatial analysis of resources, which can be most easily completed within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Methodology explains how the general Geospatial tools are used to identify and quantify these potential, constraints of these projects to enhance their efficiency. The methodology section of this paper offers insight to work the done and the ways in which other researchers can use GIS in the field of Solar Energy. When it comes to sound energy management, conservat...

Solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems are a renewable source of energy that are environmentally friendly and recyclable nature. When the solar panel is connected directly to the load, the power delivered to the load is not the optimal power. It is therefore important to obtain maximum power from SPV systems for enhancing efficiency. Various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of SPV systems were proposed. Traditional MPPT techniques are commonly limited to uniform weather conditions. This paper presents a study of MPPT for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The study includes a discussion of different MPPT techniques and performs comparison for the performance of the two MPPT techniques, the P&O algorithm, and salp swarm optimization (SSO) algorithm. MATLAB simulations are performed under step changes in irradiation. The results of SSO show that the search time of maximum power point (MPP) is significantly decreased and the MPP is obtained in the shortest time with high accuracy and m...

Dynamic analysis of performance of photovoltaic generators (PVG) under moving cloud conditions has been successfully carried out. The research work aims at eliminating under-performance contributed by the manufacturer’s specification. The PVG characteristics were simulated in Microsoft Excel environment under simple and superimposed conditions, designating mild and strong cloud conditions, respectively with modified and unmodified PVG parameters. Concurrently, field measurement of the performance characteristics of PVG was carried out at KIU (0.3476oN, 32.5825oE) upon which the facade in the specification was estimated and reduction in output power under the aforementioned conditions were computed. The power reduction becomes colossal during the superimposed condition. Besides, common operational problems like transients in output voltage and power are remarkable. Thus, the under-performance in large PVG could be narrowed by scaling down the manufacturer’s rating or applying the cor...

This paper presents a low cost single phase inverter with virtual DC bus for common mode ground leakage current elimination in PV systems. It concentrates on the removal of common mode ground currents in the transformer less PV systems using virtual DC bus concept. In addition to this, the virtual Dc bus provides a negative voltage level for the generation of negative ac grid current. Based on this idea, an inverter topology is designed, in which the virtual DC bus is created with the switched capacitor technology. It uses two switched capacitors, five power switches and only a single filter inductor, which results in reduced cost of the device. This inverter topology is modulated with two techniques such as unipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (UPSPWM) and double frequency sinusoidal pulse width modulation (DFSPWM) for a DC input of 400V from the PV panels. Simulated results concluded that the proposed inverter topology provides the reduced output current ripple, low THD and ...

The applications of photovoltaic energy are steadily increasing. However, the output power of a photovoltaic system is influenced by the meteorological conditions (temperature and irradiation), which can affect the production and efficiency of the photovoltaic panel energy. So to ensure that the photovoltaic panel produces its maximum power possible at any time and regardless of the external conditions, we use the equipment called MPPT (maximum power point tracker). Sliding mode control is recognized by its stability and robustness and widely used in non-linear systems but represents a disadvantage because of the chattering phenomena. So in order to overcome this problem and improve this control, we opted to add to it the adaptive fuzzy control which will adapt the switching gain. This controller is named AFSMC (adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control) and will be compared the sliding mode controller SMC in order to see the difference and to the P&O (perturb & observe) method to validat...

Although solar energy is available throughout the day its insolation varies from morning to evening and with changing climatic conditions. As the efficiency of solar PV panel is low it becomes mandatory to extract maximum power from the PV panel at any given period of time. Several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are proposed for the purpose. Incremental conductance MPPT technique has higher steady-state accuracy and environmental adaptability. This paper investigates implementation issues of Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm. High frequency DC-DC Buck converter is used to interface PV panel with load. The Matlab Simulink model of the system is developed and results are validated with experimental results obtained using laboratory prototype of the system.

one of the significant aspects in the power electronics technology is small signals models. By Using SmallSignal analysis, the transfer function of a given DC-DC converter can be achieved easily. The small signal model helps in identify the deviation around steady state operating point. This helps in ripple reduction and acheiving more stable and regulated output. It can be demonstrated by using the nonlinear properties. They can contribute the access to the stabilized and also assists to optimize the controllers. In many literatures, small signal models are presented for power electronics converters. Nevertheless, in some specified applications such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, at the addition of capacitor for PV panel is used to stabilize the issues. The connected capacitor between PV terminal and power converter input, may be called as input capacitor. So far, many researchers are not investigated the cause of adding of capacitor(C) in the Photovoltaic system. Based on the earli...

Considering photovoltaic systems' sustainability and environmental friendliness, they have been widely used due to ease of installation as their cost reduces and their efficiency is improved. Analytical maximum power point tracking methods for photovoltaic system work effectively under uniform weather conditions. However, they may fall into local maximum power points due to partial shading conditions. Although numerous meta-heuristic methods can overcome these challenges, they can still be improved regarding the convergence time to the global maximum power point. This paper suggests an improved grey wolf optimization method to track global maximum power points, enhancing the convergence process and efficiency under various weather conditions. The proposed method has been verified experimentally under dynamic and real weather conditions, consisting of uniform and non-uniform weather conditions. The method provides better dynamic tracking speed and efficiency up to 82% and 1.4% compared to the basic grey wolf optimization. According to the daily performance evaluation, the IGWO reduces the runtime by up to 76% and improves energy harvesting up to 2.3% compared to basic grey wolf optimization. The obtained results validate the superiority of the method compared under partial shading conditions in terms of tracking time and accuracy. INDEX TERMS Heuristic algorithms, improved grey wolf optimization, maximum power point tracking, partial shading, photovoltaic.

For harmonic and reactive power adjustment in two-wire (single phase), three-wire (three phase without neutral), and four-wire (three phase with neutral) ac power networks with nonlinear loads, active filtering of electric power has already reached maturity. This article provides a thorough analysis of active filter (AF) designs, control methods, component choices, additional relevant technical and economic factors, and their selection for certain applications. It aims to give researchers and application developers working with AF technology a comprehensive perspective on the state of the technology.

The nonlinearities present in photovoltaic (PV) generator models can significantly impact the performance of PV systems, leading to decreased system efficiency and reduced profitability. This paper is aimed at addressing these challenges by developing a novel control algorithm based on a high-performance adaptive control method for photovoltaic systems. The proposed algorithm is designed to effectively track set points and optimize power extraction even in the presence of disturbances. The key contribution of this work lies in the application of this control strategy specifically to PV systems to achieve optimal performance. When compared to traditional control methods, the proposed approach demonstrates significant improvements, notably in terms of power extraction efficiency and system loss reduction. Moreover, the control algorithm effectively ensures accurate tracking of set points. These outcomes underscore the notable performance enhancements facilitated by the proposed algorithm. In conclusion, the developed control algorithm offers superior performance in optimizing power extraction and maintaining precise set point tracking for PV systems, leading to improved system efficiency and increased profitability.