Prices

Akaryakıt en temel enerji kaynağıdır. Hammadde, ısınma, aydınlanma gibi farklı amaçlarla kullanılan akaryakıtın, fiyat düzeyindeki değişmeleri birçok ekonomik sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu temel ihtiyacın ithalatında uygulanan, Katma Değer Vergisi ve Özel Tüketim Vergisi ise fiyat değişimini belirleyen temel faktördür. Bu vergiler akaryakıt fiyatının belirleyicisi olduğu gibi, devlet için de önemli bir kaynak durumundadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı akaryakıt ithalinde uygulanan vergilerin, doğurduğu ekonomik sonuçların incelenmesi ve Türkiye’ nin uzun yıllardır süre gelen Avrupa Birliği hedefleri doğrultusunda, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerdeki akaryakıt vergi oranları ile Türkiye’de uygulanan vergi oranlarının mukayese edilmesidir.--------------------Fuel is the most basic energy source. Changes in the price level of fuel used for various purposes such as raw materials, heating and lighting have many economic consequences. The VAT and the Special Consumption Tax applied to the import of this basic...

Abstract- Aggregate annual production of made tea in India is empirically analyzed in this study using time series analysis techniques. Important factors affecting tea production are identified and modeled using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model taking two variables at a time of which one is production, the variable of interest.

Talloze genealogen, studenten, archivarissen, amateurhistorici, numismatici, journalisten en professionele historici krijgen te maken met sommen in frank waarvan ze de huidige waarde willen kennen.  Dit artikel geeft een 'handleiding' om sommen in frank betekenis te geven in 2022 (bvb. omzetten van frank naar euro).

Aggregate annual production of made tea in India is empirically analyzed in this study using time series analysis techniques. Important factors affecting tea production are identified and modeled using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model taking two variables at a time of which one is production, the variable of interest.

En el presente trabajo se aborda la transformación de valores a precios de producción y su eventual vigencia a nivel global.
En función de ello se realiza un desarrollo teórico inicial del valor y el precio de producción en consonancia con los desarrollos secuenciales y derivados que Marx realiza en El Capital, aportando a su vez expresiones matemáticas simples para la comprensión de los dos niveles de abstracción involucrados y sus determinantes.
Finalmente, y considerando los recientes aportes de Moseley, se realiza una contrastación empírica global tomando las diecisiete economías nacionales de mayor tamaño y cincuenticuatro ramas de producción. Los resultados muestran que, al nivel de abstracción del valor, la tasa de ganancia desciende conforme la composición orgánica se incrementa, y que el nivel de la tasa de plusvalía no se relaciona con el nivel de la composición. En términos de precios de mercado vigentes en la realidad concreta, por el contrario, la tasa de ganancia carece de asociación con la composición orgánica, nivelándose en torno a la tendencia establecida por los precios de producción marxianos mediante una fuerte correlación positiva entre tasa de plusvalía a precios de mercado y composición orgánica tal como lo establece la teoría marxiana.

The aim of this work is to analyse the Brazilian
Pharmaceutical Industry Performance from 1980 to
1991, adopting Freeman's strategic group approach.
Traditional financial performance indexes were obtained
from a sample of 64 firms. Economic and financial assimetries were detected. They supported the inference of technological differentials among national and multinational groups of companies of the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Industry. The
methodology was also useful to appraise the national
innovative enterprise effort extension to catch up financial
and technologically multinational companies sheltered in
Brazil, throughout the analised period. The ultimate factors for recent national enterprise development were the absence of patentary protection for products and processes and market protection for local industries, which originated financial ressources, distribution and techological advantages accumulation - aroused from copying, learning by doing and learning by using. Governamental Pharmaceutical Price Policy performed a secondary role on national enterprise development proccess, favouring traditional products commerce and reaching its price control aim between 1980 and 1989.

"מזל טוב: תל אביב היא העיר היקרה בעולם לפי דירוג יוקר המחיה של יחידת המחקר של האקונומיסט." 
בהכרזה זאת נפתחת כתבתה של ליטל סמט בעיתון כלכליסט, שפורסמה בתחילת חודש דצמבר 2021. הדברים אינם מפתיעים. כל מי שהזדמן במהלך טיול בחו"ל לסופרמרקט מקומי גילה שמחיריהם של רוב המוצרים שם זולים ביחס למוצרים המקבילים בארץ. במאמר זה אנסה להסביר מדוע זה קורה וכן להתייחס לשאלה האם ניתן לעשות משהו בנדון.

Hayek is seen as one of the main opponents of Keynes because of the debate about macroeconomics that they had in the early thirties. A few years after this controversy, Keynes published The General Theory ([1936] 1973), and Hayek was expected to criticize Keynes' new model. But, surprisingly, Hayek decided to remain silent and let his opponent go unchallenged. He regretted it ever after. However, this paper argues that in Hayek's work after 1936, there is a criticism of The General Theory that to a certain extent has remained unnoticed. Thus, this approach reopens the great debate between Hayek and Keynes just where they had apparently left it, that is, after the publication of The General Theory.

El artículo de Perrotini Hernández y Vázquez Muñoz tiene por objetivo dilucidar la relación existente entre los actuales modelos de política monetaria y la distribución funcional del ingreso como mecanismo para el control del nivel de precios. Más precisamente, la tasa salarial y los costos laborales unitarios (en adelante, clu) se erigen como los instrumentos para la estabilidad de los precios, mas no así el tipo de interés nominal y la tasa nominal de cambio. Para su propósito, los autores realizan una sucinta, pero detallada, revisión de literatura, donde las aportaciones de Wicksell, la regla de Taylor y la posición de Keynes sobre la inflación, en cuanto producto de la pugna distributiva, toman especial protagonismo. Este último aspecto, dicho sea de paso, es el que inspira el desarrollo de la investigación, por cuanto los clu expresan la relación entre el salario monetario y la productividad aparente del trabajo. Baste decir a este respecto que casi dos siglos antes de Keynes la economía política clásica tuvo a bien señalar como los reguladores de los precios a los salarios reales y a las condiciones técnicas de producción. Aun cuando Perrotini Hernández y Vázquez Muñoz hacen una breve reseña sobre la importancia que otorgaron los clásicos y Marx a la pugna distributiva en el movimiento de los precios de mercado, resulta conveniente abundar en su legado, a fin de revelar su actualidad para con el problema que analiza el artículo referenciado.

El nivel de vida de los argentinos es motivo de investigaciones y no solo en la actualidad. El presente libro indaga acerca de su evolución en el siglo XIX en el espacio que denominamos la Argentina en ciernes. El instrumento utilizado para ese objetivo es la reconstrucción de canastas de consumo popular para regiones que van de Jujuy a Buenos Aires y de Mendoza a Santa Fe. El resultado es demostrativo de la diversidad de situaciones que se encontraban en el territorio de la futura Argentina

Competition in healthcare industry is increasingly becoming stiffer in many countries around the world. With the ever
increasing number of private hospitals, cut-throat competition and the changing patient’s needs is compelling administrators to
pursue new strategies to remain relevant in the market. Moreover, patients are becoming more and more price sensitive due to
economic dynamics globally. This has seen price taking center stage as an element of differentiation for hospitals’ products in
the market. Moreover, private hospitals are increasingly adopting the hotel pricing strategies with various packages which
includes accommodation and meals for patients and their relatives. Charges for medical services may be limited in variations
but major differences in pricing are brought about by the charges for non-medical services such as accommodation categorized
under general wards, private wards and VIP wards. This is all geared towards creating a more flexible pricing system with
various packages to cater for the different needs of patients and their relatives to enhance their overall satisfaction. Despite the
relevance of the concept of price as tool for differentiation, it has not been fully embraced by all Kenyan hospitals. This paper
investigated whether price has any influence on patients’ choice of private hospitals. The results indicated that price had an
inverse relationship with patients’ choice of private hospital (r=-0.483, P=0.000) and that patients and their relatives were
more likely to choose hospitals that charged relatively lower prices.

Il volume propone una ricostruzione avanzata, chiara e storicamente fondata del principio della domanda, seme della macroeconomia e delle politiche economiche aggregate.
Da inizio Novecento, si sono confrontati due principali modelli di politica economica, il primo alquanto impropriamente definito keynesiano, in realtà con radici remote e varianti rilevanti, il secondo incentrato sul ruolo esclusivo dell’offerta e sulla neutralità della moneta. Il volume svolge una confutazione storica del consensus macroeconomico affermatosi a fine Novecento, che ha inibito il demand management; e ricostruisce le solide ragioni empiriche di lungo periodo del formarsi della visione incentrata sul principio della domanda, dei successi del demand management nella Golden age della crescita, dei deludenti risultati associati ai recenti regimi di policy. Vengono individuate e colmate le lacune del modello keynesiano, relative a dinamica dei prezzi, incerto effetto sulla crescita ed esplosione dei debiti pubblici; e vengono approfonditi sviluppi storici e teorici che delineano un modello di policy derivato dalla fenomenologia storica capace di assicurare crescita sostenuta, sviluppo di aree depresse, perequazione distributiva, equilibrio delle finanze pubbliche, elevati tassi di investimento e occupazione, controllo delle dinamiche dei prezzi, articolazione regionale della politica monetaria.
Elio Cerrito è nato a Napoli nel 1952 e si è formato presso la Federico II e l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Ha svolto la sua attività presso l’Ufficio Ricerche Storiche e il Servizio Studi della Banca d’Italia. È autore di numerosi saggi di storia e teoria economica.
Napoli, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2019, p. 232, www.edizioniesi.it

All market entities – apart from the biggest ones - can be included into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) category. In Poland, this group includes micro businesses (employing fewer than 10 people), small ones (fewer than 50 workers) as well as medium (up to 250 people). In total, SMEs constitute 99.9% of all operating entities; in 2009 in Poland 3,880,237 businesses were registered, and the biggest entities amounted to only 5,554 companies (approx. 0.1%) . Thus while analyzing SMEs’ attitude to the matter of prices, we can in fact discuss the approach of the whole market.
Businesspeople, deciding on price setting, can head for willingness to maintain the status quo (survive) or wish to develop (increase sale, market share). And suitable price strategies can help to reach such goals, although one should remember that even the best price strategy cannot eliminate all risks stemming from market activity.
The sphere of trade is a kind of “blood circulation system” for the economy, hence some regulations ensuring good condition of the whole system are necessary. And as an example we can give the act on prices from 2001  defining price category (paragraph 3 states that price it is a value expressed in monetary units that buyers should pay to seller for a product; the price includes a tax on goods and services and excise duty, if the transaction is subject to such tax), and it describes circumstances in which official prices  should be applied.
In this paper we want to show main methods of price setting used by Polish entrepreneurs. Particularly our aim is to describe importance of different factors while choosing methods and price strategies. Data were collected by direct interviews with 679 businesspeople operating in different parts in the North-Western Poland. This geographical limitation should be taken into account and the results should be related to the whole population with proper carefulness.

Every carpenter knows the average time it takes to construct a new door as well as the time it takes for a factory to do the same work. She is also well informed about the prices of doors in the regional market of doors. Workers that freely accept lower salaries are criticized by colleagues for underestimating the value of their labor. Every capitalist looking at the share price of her company figures the price of the totality of her assets through an inventory of the value of fixed and circulating capital, as well as considering the time needed to produce a commodity or service. Marxists and economists of all kinds have great difficulties with the notions of values and prices. This paper is concerned with this problem from a post-Marxist point of view.

This paper examines the evolution of business and consumer uncertainty amid the Coronavirus pandemic in 32 European countries and the European Union (EU). Since uncertainty is not directly observable, we approximate it using the geometric discrepancy indicator of Claveria et al. (2019). This approach allows us quantifying the proportion of disagreement in business and consumer expectations of 32 countries. We have used information from all monthly forward-looking questions contained in Joint Harmonised Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys conducted by the European Commission (EC): the industry survey, the service survey, the retail trade survey, the building survey and the consumer survey. First, we have calculated a discrepancy indicator for each of the 17 survey questions analysed, which allows us to approximate the proportion of uncertainty about different aspects of economic activity, both form the demand and the supply sides of the economy. We then use these indicators to calculate disagreement indices at the sector level. We graphic the evolution of the degree of uncertainty in the main economic sectors of the analysed economies up to June 2020. We observe marked differences, both across variables, sectors and countries since the inception of the COVID-19 crisis. Finally, by adding the sectoral indicators, an indicator of business uncertainty is calculated and compared with that of consumers. Again, we find substantial differences in the evolution of uncertainty between managers and consumers. This analysis seeks to offer a global overview of the degree of economic uncertainty in the midst of the Coronavirus crisis at the sectoral level.

With the purpose of proposing mathematical models for oil and gold prices prediction it was proceeded to compile historical data about gross domestic product of countries of relevant economic importance in the world, as well as of the same world, it was also compiled historical data about inflation in the main economy of the world, the main emergent economy and whole the planet, the USA interest rates, USA dollar parity and oil and gold price in order to make, by means of regression analysis, models that allow predict the prices of mentioned commodities with base in the indicated economic variables, all of this, inside a reliability of 95%; this was achieved obtaining models that explain in around 90% the behavior of gold and oil prices, being the remaining percentage presumably in political, religious and speculative variables that is known influencing in prices formation but they were not considered in this investigation.

The 2015 Special Issue of The International journal of Community Currency Research is available online! The Academia.edu format does not permit me to announce the full issue, which can be found here http://ijccr.net/2015/03/12/2015-special-issue-multiple-moneys-and-development/

This paper aims to determine the effect of service quality and price on customer satisfaction in the telecommunications industry, particularly internet service providers. The objective of this research is to boost the revenues of internet services. The study was conducted in Timor-Leste and focused on one company, mainly INET LDA.

The methodology of this study is qualitative, with a descriptive design to measure customer satisfaction with service and price. The method used in this study is causal research, which aims to obtain evidence of causation so that it can be seen which variables influence and which variables are influenced. There are two different categories of independent variables and associated variables (dependent). In this work, multiple linear regression statistical techniques were utilised to verify the validity of the data collected through interviews and questionnaires.

According to the test results, only the quality of internet services significantly impacts customer satisfaction levels; other factors, such as internet price rates, have no noticeable influence. According to the study, clients are generally more concerned with the quality of the services they receive than with the cost.

Sokolov I.A. Coffee, XIX century: «is practically unknown for commoners» // Coffee & Tea in Russia: business magazine, No. 3 (112) for 2014, PP. 26 – 29.
Соколов И.А. Кофе, XIX век: «простонародью почти не известно» // Кофе & Чай в России: деловой журнал, №3 (112) за 2014 г. – С. 26 – 29.

A fresh interpretaion is provided of the influential finding that the markup of prices over marginal costs is counter-cyclical. Using Rotemberg and Woodford's data set we argue that the markup is best modelled as a variable that is integrated of order one. A consequence of this finding is that the markup cannot be related in the long run with business-cycle variables since these are traditionally thought of as being stationary.