Profitability Analysis

Background: Cocoyam is an important food security crop in Ghana because it stores better than all other root and tuber crops. Despite its socio‑economic relevance, production has declined persistently since the last decade. This study attempts to examine the profitability of cocoyam production to smallholders in Ghana by estimating the returns on critical production resources. Using a multi‑stage sampling technique, 150 cocoyam producers were ran‑ domly sampled across three major producing regions in Ghana.

Results: Empirical results reveal that cocoyam production is generally not profitable given the present cost of capital in Ghana, suggesting why farmers are shifting from its production. A disaggregated analysis reveals that producers in Fanteakwa district have a competitive advantage over their counterparts in Asante Akyem South and Asunafo North districts in terms of relative profitability owing to higher yield and better produce price at terminal markets. Gross margin, net profit, and returns on assets, land as well as unpaid labour and management significantly varied across districts. Producing cocoyam on sole crop basis was found to significantly return higher than the predominant intercropping culture of production. Apart from production cost, gross margins, net income and returns to critical production factors under the mono‑cropping system were found to be significantly higher, at 5% significance level, compared to the intercropping system.

Conclusion: The study concludes that smallholder cocoyam production is presently not profitable, and hence, pro‑ duction scales have reduced to subsistence levels. Due to higher yield and better produce prices, Fanteakwa farmers have a competitive advantage over other producing districts. Production under the mono‑cropping system is rela‑ tively profitable than under the intercropping system. However, the financial leverage of cocoyam production could be enhanced via policy alternatives directed at ensuring farmers' access to and intensification of productive inputs.

Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to do Profitability Analysis of Tulasi Seeds Private Limited. Tulasi Seeds Private Limited is a flagship company in Tulasi group of companies. Tulasi Seeds Private Limited is producing seeds. This was established in the year 1992 near Guntur in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Profitability analysis was done through analyzing various profit margins, Profitability ratios relating to investments and Profitability ratios relating to various expenses. Profit margins covered include Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. Profitability ratios relating to investments include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Share holder's equity (ROSE). Profitability ratios relating to various expenses include Cost of Goods sold Ratio, Operating Expenses Ratio, Administrative Expenses Ratio, Selling Expenses Ratio and Financial Expenses Ratio. Chi-square test is used for testing the hypotheses formed.

La finca es la unidad básica productiva y de gestión de
los recursos naturales renovables de miles de productores agropecuarios a nivel nacional y de la selva peruana en particular —y debidamente ordenada, planificada
y manejada—, es la unidad básica para la conservación y
la gestión de paisajes sostenibles y funcionales.

Gran parte del territorio de la selva alta peruana en
el flanco oriental de los Andes, entre los 800 hasta
1.800 msnm, está ocupado por familias productoras
que cultivan café, donde la mayoría de este espacio es
clasificado como Tierras aptas para producción forestal (F) y Tierras de protección (X), de acuerdo con el
Reglamento de Clasificación de Tierras según su Capacidad de Uso Mayor1
. Estas tierras, a su vez, son en
su mayoría de pendientes muy pronunciadas, de poca
profundidad, y muy expuestas y susceptibles a la erosión al removerse la cobertura boscosa. Asimismo, las
tierras donde se cultiva café ocupan, por lo general,
suelos con cobertura boscosa perteneciente a ecosistemas de montaña; es decir, bosques montañosos de
alta fragilidad pero que brindan importantes servicios
ambientales como la provisión de agua, hábitat de especies endémicas, belleza escénica, mantenimiento de stocks de carbono, etc.

En este ambiente están asentadas más de 300.000 familias productoras de café a quien es el Estado debe
atender buscando opciones legales y técnicas para que
estas tierras sean manejadas bajo enfoques de conservación y recuperación ambiental, e impulsando a que
estas familias sean aliadas del desarrollo agropecuario
sostenible. En este sentido, la agroforestería con café
es uno de los sistemas productivos llamado a ser difundido como una actividad dirigida a hacer frente a la
fragilidad de estas tierras y, asimismo, que contribuye
significativamente a mejorar las condiciones de vida de
las familias

India has achieved an eminent global position in pharmacy sector as per a pharmaceuticals sector analysis report by equity master. The Indian pharmaceuticals market is third largest in terms of volume and thirteen largest in terms of value, majorly dominated by branded generics which constitute nearly 70 to 80 per cent of the total market share, considered to be a highly fragmented industry, consolidation has now increasingly become an important feature of the Indian pharmaceutical market. In present research paper an attempt has been made to study the financial performance of two selected units of Indian pharmaceuticals sector i.e. Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories & Cipla Limited. The present study covers a period of five years of both units. In the paper, the profitability, liquidity and management efficiency of both units has been analysed with the help of various financial tools and techniques by collecting data from their annual reports as disclosed on their websites.

This paper is an empirical analysis of the impact of working capital management on financial performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria for the period of seven years (2011 to 2016). The population consists of ninety onenbsp (91) listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria Stock Exchange and the paper used forty seven (47)as the sample size. The study aims to investigate whether working capital management (proxy cash conversion cycle and Inventory Turnover in Days,) have any significant contribution on firmrsquos financial performance. The study adopted Simple Regression Analysis technique and data were collected from secondary source through the audited annual reports and accounts of the firms. The findings reveal that working capital management influences firmrsquos performance. Therefore it recommended that the listed manufacturing firms should maintain a considerable number of days in managing the process of converting raw materials to finish goods and cash collection to impr...

Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to do Profitability Analysis of Laxmi Vinay Poly Print Packs Private Limited. Laxmi Vinay Poly Print Packs Private Limited is a Micro Enterprise located in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is involved in Manufacturing of various bags and in printing. Profitability analysis was done through analyzing various profit margins, Profitability ratios relating to investments and Profitability ratios relating to various expenses. Profit margins covered include Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. Profitability ratios relating to investments include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Share holder' s equity (ROSE). Profitability ratios relating to various expenses include Cost of Goods sold Ratio, Operating Expenses Ratio, Administrative Expenses Ratio, Selling Expenses Ratio and Financial Expenses Ratio. Chi-square test is used for testing the hypotheses formed.

The study examines the effect of working capital management on firm profitability in Africa. In doing, we employed data from the mining sector of Africa. Data was collected from financial statements of a sample of 33 mining companies over the period (2013-2015) with the total of 93 observations. Data was analysed on quantitative basis using descriptive statistics, followed by the correlation analysis, thereafter, the panel least squares method was used to estimate the specified model

Precision agricultural is designed to increase whole agricultural production efficiency with low cast effect while avoiding the unwanted effects of chemical loading to the environment. Precision agriculture offers environmental, practical and economic benefits. Precision farming potentially increase yields, reduce investment, decrease pollution, enhance economic efficiency, leading to better control in the production process and more productive work time will result in higher profits. Precision agriculture was adopted a bit slowly because of the equipment replacement cycle problems. The adoption of precision agriculture was also profit-oriented. This short review tries to collect information about the adoption and profitability of the application of some precision agriculture technologies. According to several previous studies, in general, the application of precision agriculture technologies positively increase profitability.

Abstract. The study focused on budgetary analysis of banana and plantain production enterprises in Bayelsa State of Nigeria. A three-stage sampling technique was used in drawing the sample for this study. The first stage involved purposeful selection of four (4) out of the eight (8) Local Government Area (LGAs) of the State where farming activities was predominant. The LGAs were Southern Ijaw, Yenagoa, Sagbama and Ogbia. The second stage involved random selection of nine (9) villages in each of the LGAs. While the third stage involved random selection of five (5) farm households who engaged in banana and plantain based farm enterprises from each of the villages sampled. This gave a sample size of 180 farm households. The data were analyzed using mean and budgetary models. Farm holdings were on average 0.12 and 0.89 hectare for banana and plantain enterprises respectively. Net annual returns for banana and plantain enterprises were ₦47,461.11 and ₦242,690.53, respectively. Plantain enterprises had higher return to naira invested of 0.74 k. Net returns associated with banana and plantain production enterprises can be enhanced by the provision of credit/ loan, farm inputs, farm equipment, good rural roads with improved varieties of suckers as well as ensuring access to extension services and improved farming technologies by Government, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and institutions alike through genuine political will.

Bank Islam is the first Shari’ah based banking institution in Malaysia and South East Asia and has been playing the leading role in the development of the nation’s Islamic banking industry. In fact, it has provided technical assistance in the setting up of several Islamic institutions in the Asian region such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. Incorporated in 1983, it was originally established with the sole purpose of assisting with the financial needs of the Muslim population of Malaysia. Since then, Bank Islam has extended its services to the wider, non-Muslim, population fulfilling its “Banking-for-All” principle

This paper assessed the profitability of sugarcane production in Makarfi Local Government Area of Kaduna State,
Nigeria. The population of the study was all sugarcane farmers in Makarfi local Government Area of Kaduna State.
Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 210 sugarcane farmers used for the study. Data were collected
with aid of questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and Gross margin analysis. The results revealed
that the mean age of the sugar cane farmers was 40.49 years, majority of the farmers are married, attended Qur’anic
school, had average of 12.6. years of farming experience and average family size of 8 persons. The total fixed cost
(TFC) was estimated to be N209,009. The net farm income (NFI) was N201,391 while the gross margin was N243,
641/ha. Institutional support for sugarcane production was generally low. Major constraints associated with
sugarcane production were inadequate capital and credit facilities, scarcity of agricultural land, and poor pricing of
the products. This paper concludes that sugarcane production in the study area was profitable. It was recommended
that Government should provide adequate support in form of subsidized inputs for sugarcane production in order to
expand the profitability margin.

Most of the M&A decisions of retail banks are supported by higher-level feasibility analyses. A merger deal-making course does not necessarily include business process and IT topics until the merger is well underway. Business processes and IT systems consolidations are placed on the back burner due to organizational restructuring.

Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to do Profitability Analysis of Power Oxides Private Limited. Power Oxides Private Limited is a small private Enterprise located in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. It was started in 1983. It is involved in Mining of non-ferrous metal ores, except uranium and thorium ores. Profitability analysis was done through analyzing various profit margins, Profitability ratios relating to investments and Profitability ratios relating to various expenses. Profit margins covered include Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. Profitability ratios relating to investments include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Share holder's equity (ROSE). Profitability ratios relating to various expenses include Cost of Goods sold Ratio, Operating Expenses Ratio, Administrative Expenses Ratio, Selling Expenses Ratio and Financial Expenses Ratio. Chi-square test is used for testing the hypotheses formed.

This main objective of the study is to examine the performance of National Bank of Oman (NBO) with Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) bank for a period of 6 years from 2010 to 2015. Performance parameters such as Profitability, Liquidity and Credit ratios are used to examine the performance of the two banks and simple statistical tools are also used. Finding of the study shows that NBO has outperformed HSBC in term of profitability performance, while liquidity and credit performance both the same have similar performance. The study suggested that liquidity and credit performance of the both the banks have to improve for better financial performance of the banks.

Türkçe Özet (Turkish Abstract):

İşletmeler rekabet ortamında başarılı olabilmek ve yaşamlarını sürdürebilmek için kar elde etmek zorundadır. Aynı zamanda işletmeler, bu rekabet ortamında doğru ve güvenilir karlılık analizlerine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu çalışmada, işletmelerin karlılık analizi belirsizlik koşullarında bilgisayar destekli programlar yardımı (bulanık mantık) ile önceden elde edilmiş verilerle gerçekleştirilmiş, daha sonra ise gerçek değerler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 2017 yılında faaliyete başlayan bir sağlık kuruluşunun laboratuar departmanında yapmış olduğu 50 adet kan testinden birisi olan açlık kan şekeri testinin kar zarar durumu bulanık mantık yöntemi ile çözümlenmiş, gerçek değerler ile mukayese edilmiştir. Uygulamayı gerçekleştirmek için MATLAB paket programı kullanılmıştır. Uygulama modeli 3 girdi (test sayısı, maliyet, satış fiyatı) ve 1 çıktıdan (kar) oluşmuştur. Modelde Mamdani Bulanık Çıkarım Modeli uygulanmış, durulaştırma yöntemi olarak ise gerçeğe daha yakın sonuçlar vermesinden dolayı maksimumların orta noktası (Mean of Maximum - MOM) tercih edilmiştir. Bulanık mantık yöntemi ile ulaşılan tahmini kar tutarı -541 TL olup, gerçek kar tutarı olan -582 TL’ye % 6,5 hata payı ile kabul edilebilir oranda yaklaşılmıştır.

İngilizce Özet (English Abstract):

Firms must generate profit in order to be successful in a competitive environment and continue their life cycles. Also, organizations need correct and reliable profitability analysis in such a competitive environment. This study ran profitability analysis under uncertainty with computer based software (fuzzy logic) using previously gathered data, and then comparisons were made with actual values. In this context, profit-loss status of fasting blood glucose test which is among the 50 blood tests run by a healthcare organization’s laboratory that started operations in 2017 was resolved with the fuzzy logic method and then compared with actual values. MATLAB package program was used for the implementation phase of this study. Research model included 3 inputs (testing numbers, cost, sales price) and 1 output (profit). Also, research model used Mamdani Type Fuzzy Interference and utilized Mean of Maximum – MOM method to attain closer results. Estimated profit sum gathered with fuzzy logic had been -541 TL, which was 6,5% close to the actual profit sum of -582 TL at an accepted and reasonable level.

The present research investigates the effects of cash conversion cycle on economic value added among companies listed on Tehran's stock exchange. The sample of study includes 118 companies. The multivariate-regression method has been used for analysis of research hypotheses. Results indicated that a reverse and statistically significant relationship exists between companies' cash conversion cycle and their economic value added. In other words, by reducing the length of cash conversion cycle within reasonable limits, companies are able to increase their economic value added.

Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to doProfitability Analysis of Radhika Vegetable Oils Private Limited is an Indian unlisted private company in Andhra Pradesh. It was located at Garividi of Vizianagaram District. It is engaged in production, extraction and delivery of palm oil to major Vanaspati makers in India. Profitability analysis was done through analyzing various profit margins, Profitability ratios relating to investments and Profitability ratios relating to various expenses. Profit margins covered include Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. Profitabilityratios relating to investments include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Share holder’s equity (ROSE). Profitability ratios relating to various expenses include Cost of Goods sold Ratio, Operating Expenses Ratio, Administrative Expenses Ratio, Selling Expenses Ratio and Financial Expenses Ratio. Chi-square test is used for testing the hypotheses formed.

The aim of this study is to present possible solutions for improving efficiency in food industry in Bulgaria. In order to achieve this goal, the Cobb-Douglas production function was used, combined with regression models applied to the food industry’sub-sectors. Earnings before interest and tax is determined to be a function of selected income and cost factors. Panel data from a stratified statistically complex sample of Bulgarian enterprises in the food industry for the period 2012-2016 were used. It should be noted that the choice of this type of function was determined by the small number of measurements of the dynamics of the productive factors and results. Cobb-Douglas production function implies the estimation of a small number of precisely defined parameters–ceteris paribus-determines the greater representativeness and significance of the output results. In order to achieve a higher degree of detail in the analysis of the factor influences on the observed economic results, various/optional solutions and possibilities for increasing the efficiency of the sector through linear regression dependencies were determined. Positive relationships was found between earnings before interest and tax,on the one hand, and sales of finished product and goods, and payroll costs, on the other hand, confirm the maximization profits theory.

From 2017 to 2019 nine indigenous owned banks have collapsed and were consolidated by the Bank of Ghana. Most of these banks reported profitability and won awards with them but were receiving liquidity support from the Bank of Ghana. This study aimed to examine the relationship between working capital and profitability of 25 commercial banks in Ghana from 2016-2018. A panel data methodology was used. The data were obtained from the Bank of Ghana to study the correlation between working capital and profitability. The liquidity ratio of current ratio and cash ratio represented working capital management, and profitability was measured by the return on asset of the banks. The findings of the study revealed that there is a small significant negative relationship between working capital management and profitability. This confirms the financial rule of thumb that working capital is inversely related to profitability as high working capital will cause profitability to be low and vice versa. This indicates that higher assets reduce profitability, and increasing debt withdrawal, which further declines the profitability. The study recommends to banks in Ghana to seek equilibrium on working capital and profitability to prevent a possible collapse.

Fertilizer microdosing was developed in order to increase farmers' income through improvement of fertilizer use efficiency and investment cost reduction in the drylands of West Africa. The purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of fertilizer microdosing fertilization and to analyze its impact on sorghum and maize yields in Burkina Faso. Using endogenous treatment regression model with data collected on 1057 famers in 2011, the findings reveal that access to warrantage credit, participation in training and labor availability are the main factors in the adoption of fertilizer microdosing. In terms of impact, the study shows that fertilizer microdosing contributed to significantly increase sorghum and maize yields by 55% and 37% respectively. The results of this study challenge us to accelerate the process mechanization of fertilizer microdosing fertilization, the establishment of infrastructure such as warrantage shops and farmers' capacity building.

Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to do P. L. Plast Private Limited. P. L. Plast Private Limited is a Micro Enterprise located in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. This Enterprise is manufacturing Agricultural pipes. Profitability analysis was done through analyzing various profit margins, Profitability ratios relating to investments and Profitability ratios relating to various expenses. Profit margins covered include Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. Profitability ratios relating to investments include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Share holder's equity (ROSE). Profitability ratios relating to various expenses include Cost of Goods sold Ratio, Operating Expenses Ratio, Administrative Expenses Ratio, Selling Expenses Ratio and Financial Expenses Ratio. Chi-square test is used for testing the hypotheses formed.

Nigeria is the single largest producer of cassava in the world with the bulk of the cassava coming
out from the Niger Delta region. Human, economic and agricultural activities are currently threatened
in the region by vagaries in climatic factors. These vagaries affect the production and profitability of cassava.
The study was therefore conducted to assess the effects of climate change on the production and profitability
of cassava in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study made use of a multi-stage sampling technique
to select three hundred and sixty respondents across the three highest cassava-producing states (Awka Ibom,
Cross Rivers and Ondo) in the region. Data for the study were collected with the aid of well-structured
questionnaires assisted with interview schedules. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics
and regression model. The determinants of cassava profitability were farm size, farmers’ experience
in cassava cultivation, farmers’ experience in adopting climate change coping strategies, number of climate
change coping strategies adopted, costs of input materials in Naira and labour cost in Naira.

The study analysed post-harvest losses and profitability of fresh tomato production and marketing at various stages of food supply chain viz. farm, wholesale and retail market levels in three Local Government Areas of Kano State, Nigeria namely; Kura, Tofa and Wudil. The primary objective of the study was to determine the effects of post-harvest losses on profitability of fresh tomato production and marketing. A multi-stage sampling technique was used for samples selection. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents selected randomly. A proportion of 10% of actors were chosen from a sample frame of 1604. The sample size comprises of 96 producers, 21 wholesalers and 43 retailers making a total of 160 respondents. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, post-harvest loss estimation model, gross margin analysis, marketing margin analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that majority of fresh tomato producers and marketers were within their active working age of 28-47 years, married with low level of formal education. The study also revealed that tomato production and marketing was a profitable business with return per naira invested of ₦1.88, ₦0.60 and ₦0.19 for producers, wholesalers and retailers respectively. Finally, the result from multiple regression analysis indicated that all the independent variables had negative coefficients indicating an inverse relationship between values of post-harvest losses and gross profit of tomato production and marketing. At the farm level, the values of losses at harvest and during transportation were significant at P≤0.01, while values of losses during sorting and packaging were significant at P≤0.05. At the wholesale market level, the values of loss during sorting and transportation significant at P≤0.01 and P≤0.1 respectively. At the retail market level, the values of loss during packaging and storage were significant at P≤0.01, during sorting significant at P≤0.1 while value of loss during transportation was significant at P≤0.05. To reduce problems associated with post-harvest losses, the study therefore recommends training of farmers on post-harvest handling technologies, provision of good storage facilities at affordable prices, establishment of local tomato processing plants and encourage the public to accept processed agricultural products.

Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to do Profitability Analysis of Bharat Cashew Manufacturing Company. Bharat Cashew Manufacturing Company is a Micro and Partnership Enterprise belongs to Andhra Pradesh state of India. This is located in vetapalem, Prakasam District. It is engaged in the business of purchase and sale of raw cashew nut and manufacturing of cashew kernel. Profitability analysis was done through analyzing various profit margins, Profitability ratios relating to investments and Profitability ratios relating to various expenses. Profit margins covered include Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. Profitability ratios relating to investments include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Share holder's equity (ROSE). Profitability ratios relating to various expenses include Cost of Goods sold Ratio, Operating Expenses Ratio, Administrative Expenses Ratio, Selling Expenses Ratio and Financial Expenses Ratio. Chi-square test is used for testing the hypotheses formed.

At current rates of disposal, there are nearly 8 years of remaining landfill capacity at permitted sites in England and Wales. Industry – encouraged by financial penalties from the Government – faces the challenges of cleaner and more sustainable production whilst trying to remain competitive in the market place. This paper proposes “Fit Thinking” as a means by which waste can be reduced from the early design stages, alongside the “All Seeing Eye of Business” - a model to illustrate potential sources of profit and loss in a firm’s output. A literature review on waste and profitability reveals the basis for the model. Concepts from material flow cost accounting, the Kanthal effect, and the Kano model are combined, together with industry case studies, to develop the model. The model is explained in detail, demonstrating twelve types of relationships between a company’s product outputs and the profitability of each output. The model and the relationships it proposes are then tested against examples from literature. Ultimately, Fit Thinking is shown to help companies prevent waste; where waste is unavoidable, the All Seeing Eye of Business model can be used by companies in the understanding of their non-product output (waste), providing insights into the nature of their waste and the impact on profitability. It is hoped that this understanding will encourage them to see waste as a potential profit-making “co-product”, rather than as a necessary evil.

Owners and Managers are naturally interested in financial soundness of their Business Enterprise. Financial soundness can be measured in terms of operating efficiency. Operating efficiency of an enterprise means its ability to earn adequate returns to owners and depends ultimately on the profits earned by the enterprise. The profitability of an enterprise is measured by profitability ratios. In this paper, an attempt is made to do Profitability Analysis of M.G. Metallic Springs Private Limited. M.G. Metallic Springs Private Limited is a Small Enterprise located in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. M.G. Metallic Springs Private Limited is a Spring Manufacturing Company. Main products include Compression Springs, Tension Springs, Torsion Springs, Spiral Springs and Wire Forms. Profitability analysis was done through analyzing various profit margins, Profitability ratios relating to investments and Profitability ratios relating to various expenses. Profit margins covered include Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin and Net Profit Margin. Profitability ratios relating to investments include Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Return on Share holder's equity (ROSE). Profitability ratios relating to various expenses include Cost of Goods sold Ratio, Operating Expenses Ratio, Administrative Expenses Ratio, Selling Expenses Ratio and Financial Expenses Ratio. Chi-square test is used for testing the hypotheses formed. Index Terms-Financial Expenses Ratio, Net Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Capital Employed (ROCE), Selling Expenses Ratio. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________

This paper analyzes the profitability of 112 rural banks (special unit banks created to promote rural financial intermediation in Ghana). The results generally show that bank size, funding risk, diversification, liquidity risk, and bank stability are significant predictors of rural bank profitability. Whereas an improvement in the funding risk of a rural bank in a particular period portends a drop in its profitability in the future, an improvement in the size, diversification, liquidity risk, and stability of a rural bank signifies an improvement in the future profitability of the bank.

In the corporate finance literature liquidity and profitability is the main issue. Every firm tries to maximize its profits. If the firm pays too much attention on profitability, it may overlook the liquidity. In this way, the study is conducted to know the impact and relationship between liquidity and profitability. The study covered 5 listed Banks of Pakistan over a period of past 10 years from Jan 2008 to Dec 2017. Regression, Correlation analysis and descriptive statistics were used in the analysis and results shows the liquidity and Return on assets has significant relationship, but the liquidity and Return on Equity shows insignificant relationship among the listed banks of Pakistan. Banks are suggested to work on their strategies, to enhance the usage of assets and improve yields on shareholders.

The main purpose of this study is investigate of the effect of financial structure, financial leverage and profitability on company’s value among the firms listed on Tehran's stock exchange between 2010 and 2014. In this study, the data were collected by using of various sources based the official documents on Tehran's stock exchange, including the Tadbirpardaz and Rahavard Novin software have been used for calculation of dependent research variables have been used for calculation of dependent research variables. Nonetheless, data belonging to firms have been reviewed through investigation of journals, disks that are provided by the stock exchange organization and the website of Tehran stock services and also reports published by Tehran's organization of stock exchange. Which was processed after moving to the EXCEL spreadsheet, and using was of data analysis by combined data method. Results have shown that the variable of financial structure has no statistically significant effects on company’s value. Results of the study regarding, there is a positive relationship between financial leverage and profitability on company’s value.

JEL: G32, O16, D53